Resumo Este trabalho estuda o incremento da resistência mecânica à flexão e força de ruptura de porcelanatos através da têmpera química. A troca catiônica resulta em tensões residuais de compressão na superfície do material. Foram selecionados porcelanatos técnicos (60×60 cm) com 100%, 90% e 77% da espessura padrão. Os porcelanatos foram prensados, secos e sinterizados em forno industrial. O processo de têmpera química foi realizado com uma mistura de sais de composição correspondente a 27% de nitrato de potássio (KNO3 > 99%) e 73% de fertilizante (K2O ~ 43%). O tratamento químico foi realizado a 480 ºC durante 25 min. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades mecânicas do material atenderam à norma vigente (ABNT 10545-4 2018). Mesmo o material com 77% da espessura padrão, obteve-se um aumento de 15% na tensão de ruptura e 16% na força de ruptura. A análise de Weibull comprovou que as propriedades mecânicas foram incrementadas após a têmpera química. 60×60 6060 60 (60×6 cm 100 100% 90 77 padrão prensados industrial 27 KNO3 KNO (KNO 99% 99 73 K2O KO K 43%. 43 43% . 43%) 48 2 min ABNT 105454 10545 4 10545- 2018. 2018 2018) obtevese obteve se 15 16 60×6 606 6 (60× 10 9 7 1054 201 1 60× (60 105 20 (6 (

Abstract This work studies the increase in flexural strength and breaking strength of porcelain tiles through chemical tempering. Ion exchange results in residual compressive stresses on the material surface. Technical porcelain tiles (60×60 cm) with 100%, 90%, and 77% of the standard thickness were selected. The tiles were pressed, dried, and sintered in an industrial kiln. The chemical tempering process was performed using a salt mixture consisting of 27% potassium nitrate (KNO3 > 99%) and 73% fertilizer (K2O ~ 43%). The chemical treatment was conducted at 480 °C for 25 min. The results demonstrated that the material’s mechanical properties met the current standard (ABNT 10545-4 2018). Even with the material reduced to 77% of the standard thickness, there was a 15% increase in rupture stress and a 16% increase in rupture strength. Weibull analysis confirmed the increment in mechanical properties after chemical tempering. surface 60×60 6060 60 (60×6 cm 100 100% 90 90% 77 selected pressed dried kiln 27 KNO3 KNO (KNO 99% 99 73 K2O KO K O 43%. 43 43% . 43%) 48 C 2 min materials s ABNT 105454 10545 4 10545- 2018. 2018 2018) 15 16 60×6 606 6 (60× 10 9 7 1054 201 1 60× (60 105 20 (6 (

Abstract One of the solutions in civil construction to increase the life cycle of buildings is the ventilated facade due to its technical characteristics. Large porcelain tiles are used as a coating in this system, raising questions about its performance. This study used real size porcelain tiles (590 mm × 1190 mm) for pressure tests to evaluate the deformation suffered by the material at different pressure points, according to NBR 10821. In addition, the strength of the glass fiber-reinforced ceramic tiles has been tested against the impacts of rigid and soft bodies in a hidden clamp ventilated system, according to NBR 15575. Due to the wind, the system presented maximum deformation of 1.7 ±0.4 mm. When subjected to impacts, the system functioned within the norm for hard body strikes (20 J), meeting the requirements against minor proportions and wind pressures of up to 1480 Pa. Unsatisfactory performance when impacted by a soft body was observed. Such results show that the system needs to improve regarding resistance to major impacts. characteristics 590 (59 119 points 10821 addition fiberreinforced fiber reinforced 15575 17 1 7 1. 04 0 4 ±0. 20 (2 J, J , J) 148 Pa observed 59 (5 11 1082 1557 ±0 2 ( 14 5 108 155 ± 10 15

This work evaluated the water absorption of glazed porcelain stoneware ceramic tiles using three different methods. Two methods were based on a procedure of boiling in water, specified by standards ISO 10545 and ASTM C373, and the third was the vacuum method proposed by the standard ISO 10545. The three products produced under the three different firing conditions were tested according to a 22 factorial design, with intervening factors of the boiling time and immersion time for the methods involving boiling, and of pressure and immersion time for the vacuum method. The maximum saturation of the plates was evaluated by helium gas pycnometry testing. The results showed that no sample saturation occurs in the boiling water absorption test performed according to the conditions established by standards ISO 10545 and ASTM C373. The values of open porosity, using the method of helium gas picnometry, showed absolute values of saturation higher than those presented by the water absorption measured according to the current standards. Thus, the results showed that the current methods for determining the water absorption of glazed porcelain stoneware ceramic tiles do not guarantee the complete saturation of the plates and, therefore, they are not able to correctly measure this property.