Abstract Introduction : Combined prevention (CP) is considered the key strategy against the HIV epidemic. The objective of the study was to evaluate the perception of risk of HIV infection and the knowledge about the use of antiretro virals (ARV) for prevention, among patients who attend a Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) clinic. Methods : A survey on personal data and perception of risk of HIV infection, knowledge about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), was administered to patients at the time of applying doses of penicillin for the treatment of syphilis, or when taking a blood sample for STI diagnosis, between May and December, 2022. Results : 100 persons were surveyed: 43 were under 25 years of age, 67 reported male sex-gender and 33 fe males. Thirty of 91 (33%) perceived they had had some risk of infection in their lives, 19 of them in the last year; 77/96 (80%) stated that they had no knowledge about PEP, and 82/100, about PrEP. Only 22 out of 100 responded that antiretrovirals could provide benefit in preventing HIV; 26 (60%) of the 43 patients <25 years of age, and 18 of the 57 ≥ 25 years (31.6%) responded they have had two or more sexual partners in the last year. No statistically significant differences were observed related to gender and age group. Discussion : The low perception of infection risk and knowledge about the use of antiretrovirals in HIV pre vention, show the existing difficulties for the imple mentation of combined prevention (PEP-PrEP) in this population.

Resumen Introducción : La prevención combinada (PC) se con sidera la estrategia clave frente a la epidemia de HIV. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV y el conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales (ARV) para prevención, entre pacien tes que concurren a un consultorio de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS). Métodos : Una encuesta sobre datos personales y percepción de riesgo de infección por HIV, conocimiento sobre profilaxis posterior a la exposición (PEP) y previa a la exposición (PrEP), fue administrada a pacientes al momento de aplicar dosis de penicilina para tratamiento de sífilis, o de extraer muestra de sangre para diagnós tico de ITS, entre mayo y diciembre, 2022. Resultados : De 100 personas encuestadas, 43 eran menores de 25 años, 67 reportaron sexo-género mascu lino y 33 femenino. Treinta de 91, (33%), percibían haber tenido en su vida algún riesgo de infección, 19 de ellas en el último año; 77/96 (80%) manifestaron no tener conocimiento sobre PEP, y 82/100, sobre PrEP. Solo 22% respondió que los antirretrovirales podrían brindar be neficio para prevenir el HIV; 26 (60%) de los 43 menores de 25 años, y 18 de los 57 ≥ 25 años (31.6%) respondieron haber tenido dos o más parejas sexuales el último año. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signifi cativas, relacionadas con género y grupo etario. Discusión : La baja percepción de riesgo de infección y del conocimiento sobre uso de antirretrovirales para prevención de HIV, evidencian las dificultades existentes en la implementación de prevención combinada (PEP-PrEP) en esta población.

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the responses of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), IGF-1/CRP ratio, and skin temperature (Tsk) of the lower limbs (LL) of under-20 elite soccer athletes to a non-contact team sport activity circuit throughout 48h. Thirty elite soccer athletes (19.0 ± 1.0 years, 74.3 ± 7.13 kg, 10.3 ± 2.2 %F, 178.1 ± 6.6 cm, 56.3 ± 3.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) were submitted to a team sport activity circuit with intermittent exercises, jumps, direction shifts, accelerations and decelerations. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 and CRP were evaluated pre-training session (baseline), and immediately after, and at 3, 24 and 48h following exercise. While the Tsk of the LL was evaluated at baseline, and at 24 and 48h following exercise. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations were greater immediately after, 24 and 48h after the circuit compared to 3h (p< 0.05; ES= 0.66, 0.72 and 0.70, respectively). CRP values did not change throughout the study (p> 0.05). When verifying the IGF-1/CRP ratio, the values at 3h after the activity circuit were lower than those presented in baseline, and immediately after, 24 and 48h after the exercises (p< 0.05; ES= 0.53, 0.65, 0.56 and 0.57, respectively). The hot and neutral zones increased the number of pixels at 24 and 48h after the activity circuit, while the cold zone showed an opposite behavior (p< 0.05). Changes in the values of blood biomarkers and Tsk of the LL suggest that there is possibly an active tissue repair process throughout 48h following exercise. insulinlike insulin like IGF1, IGF1 IGF , (IGF-1) Creactive C reactive CRP, (CRP) IGF1/CRP IGF1CRP IGFCRP 1/CRP ratio (Tsk (LL under20 under 20 under-2 noncontact non contact h 19.0 190 19 0 (19. 10 1. years 743 74 3 74. 713 7 13 7.1 kg 103 10. 22 2 2. F %F 1781 178 178. 66 6 6. cm 563 56 56. 31 3. mL.kg1.min1 mLkg1min1 mLkgmin mL.kg 1.min mL min mL.kg-1.min-1 jumps shifts decelerations IGF- pretraining pre training baseline (baseline) exercise p< p (p 0.05 005 05 ES 066 0.66 072 72 0.7 070 70 0.70 respectively. respectively . respectively) p> 0.05. 0.05) 053 53 0.53 065 65 0.65 056 0.5 057 57 0.57 (IGF-1 (CRP 1CRP under2 under- 19. (19 71 7. 17 5 kg1 min1 mL.kg1.min mLkg mLkg1min 1min mL.kg-1.min- (baseline 0.0 00 06 0.6 07 0. (IGF- (1 mL.kg-1.min (IGF (

Resumo: O beneficiamento consiste em operações sequenciais que visam limpar, classificar e tratar as sementes, visando a melhoria da qualidade do lote. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito das etapas de beneficiamento na qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de grão-de-bico, cultivar BRS Cícero. As sementes foram amostradas antes do processamento e após a saída da máquina de ventilador e peneiras (peneira superior de 12 mm e inferior de 7,5 mm), elevadores, silo armazenador e mesa de gravidade (descarga superior, intermediária alta, intermediária baixa e inferior). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de água, pureza física, teste de germinação, teste de condutividade elétrica, emergência em areia, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado e teste de tetrazólio. O beneficiamento promoveu o aumento da pureza física e redução do percentual de sementes quebradas no lote de sementes de grão-de-bico. As sementes coletadas nas bicas superiores e intermediárias da mesa de gravidade apresentaram valores superiores de germinação. O beneficiamento de sementes, utilizando a máquina de ar e peneiras e a mesa de gravidade, é eficiente para o aprimoramento da qualidade física e fisiológica do lote de sementes de grão-de-bico cultivar BRS Cícero. Resumo limpar Objetivouse Objetivou se grãodebico, grãodebico grão bico, bico Cícero peneira 1 75 7 5 7, mm, , mm) elevadores descarga alta inferior. . inferior) água germinação elétrica areia tetrazólio grãodebico. bico.

Abstract: Processing consists of sequential operations aimed at cleaning, classifying, and treating seeds, with the goal of improving the quality of the lot. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the processing stages on the physical and physiological quality of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero. Seeds were sampled before processing and after passing through the air screen machine (upper sieve of 12 mm and lower sieve of 7.5 mm), elevators, storage silo, and gravity table (upper discharge, high intermediate, low intermediate, and lower discharge). The seeds were evaluated for moisture content, physical purity, germination test, electrical conductivity test, emergence in sand, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, and tetrazolium test. The processing resulted in increased physical purity and reduced percentage of broken seeds in the lot of chickpea seeds. Seeds collected from the upper and intermediate chutes of the gravity table showed higher germination values. Seed processing using the air screen machine and the gravity table is effective in improving the physical and physiological quality of the lot of chickpea seeds, cultivar BRS Cícero. Abstract cleaning classifying Cícero 1 75 7 5 7. mm, , mm) elevators silo discharge discharge. . discharge) content test sand index aging values

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is currently the main blood-borne viral infection. One of the main obstacles to achieving its control in Argentina is related to difficulties in accessing the diagnosis and timely treatment of infected people. We carried out this study with the aim of characterizing the HCV-infected patients who started treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and to describe the experience related to treatment. The medical records of 82 patients, 44 (53.7%) male, 37 (45.1%) female, and one (1.2%) transgender, were selected. The mean age was 49 years. We report a frequency of cirrhosis, 39%, in 32 patients, coinfection with HIV in 48 (58.5%) and with HBV in 27 (32.9%). In 52 patients (63.4%), no risk factor clearly associated with infection was observed. All completed the therapy, of them 72 (87.8%) carried out the control to confirm sustained viral response (SVR), that attained 98.6%. We conclude that universal testing should be implemented over testing based on a risk approach, and that a simplified and decentralized care criterion should be promoted, reserving specialized care for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Resumen La principal infección viral transmisible por sangre es actualmente la debida al virus de hepatitis C (VHC). Uno de los mayores obstáculos para el logro de su control en la Argentina se relaciona con las dificultades de acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de las personas infectadas. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar a los pacientes infectados con VHC que iniciaron tratamiento con antivirales de acción directa (AAD) y describir la experiencia vinculada al tratamiento. Se seleccionaron las historias clínicas de 82 pacientes, 44 (53.7%) de sexo masculino, 37 (45.1%) de sexo femenino, y uno (1.2%) transgénero. La media de edad fue de 49 años. Se halló una frecuencia de cirrosis de 39%, 32 pacientes, coinfección con HIV en 48 (58.5%) y con VHB en 27 (32.9%). En 52 (63.4%) no se observó ningún factor de riesgo claramente asociado a infección. Todos completaron la terapia, de ellos 72 (87.8%) efectuaron el control para confirmar respuesta viral sostenida (RVS), que fue de 98.6%. Concluimos que el testeo universal debe implementarse por sobre el testeo con enfoque de riesgo, y que debe promoverse un criterio de atención simplificado y descentralizado, reservando la atención especializada para pacientes con cirrosis descompensada y cáncer de hígado.

We present data from a retrospective observational descriptive study with the objective of evaluating characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women, analyze the level of control of pregnancy and assess adherence to treatment and loss of follow up after delivery. We analyzed reported data of 104 pregnancies, 32.7% of them under 25 years old. The diagnosis was performed as part of pregnancy control in 36.5% of women. TARV started before 24 weeks of pregnancy in 70% of them and a regimen with 2 nucleos(t)ides and 1 ritonavir potenciated protease inhibitor (PIr) was prescribed in 84.5%. Elective c-section was the most frequent mode of delivery. The viral load after 32 weeks of pregnancy was available in 82.7%, being less than 1000 cop/ml in 78 (75%), less than 200 cop/ml in 70 (67.3%) and not available in 18 (17.3%) of cases. We observed a considered high rate of adherence failure and loss of follow up after delivery. Reported data should alert programs on the need to implement strategies to promote early pregnancy control and increase adherence and retention in care, especially in the postpartum period.

Presentamos los datos de un estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo realizado con el objetivo de evaluar las características de las mujeres embarazadas infectadas por HIV, analizar el nivel de control del embarazo y evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento y las pérdidas de seguimiento posterior al parto. Analizamos los datos informados de 104 embarazos, 32.7% de mujeres menores de 25 años. El diagnóstico se realizó durante el control del embarazo en 36.5% de ellos. La terapia antirretroviral (TARV) se inició antes de la semana 24 en 70% de los embarazos. El régimen utilizado incluyó 2 nucleós(t)idos + 1 inhibidor de la proteasa potenciado con ritonavir (IPr) en 84.5% de los casos. La cesárea electiva fue el modo mas frecuente de parto. La carga viral luego de la semana 32 de embarazo estaba disponible en el 82.7% de las pacientes siendo menor a 1000 copias/ml en 78 (75%) y menor a 200 en 70 (67.3%), no hallándose disponible en 18 (17.3%) de los casos. Observamos una alta frecuencia de fallos de adherencia y pérdidas de seguimiento posteriores al parto. Los datos comunicados deben alertar a los programas y centro de atención sobre la necesidad de implementar estrategias que promuevan el control temprano del embarazo e incrementen la adherencia y la retención en cuidado, especialmente en el período posterior al parto.

A análise comparativa da anatomia do lenho das espécies Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth, Diplotropis brasiliensis (Tul.) Benth., Diplotropis martiusii Benth., Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff e Diplotropis racemosa (Hoehne) Amshoff é descrita no presente trabalho, visando a determinar as principais características anatômicas necessárias à distinção dessas espécies. Qualitativamente, as características anatômicas mais importantes para a diferenciação do lenho dessas espécies foram: camadas de crescimento, estratificação dos raios, arranjo dos vasos e fileira marginal dos raios. Quantitativamente, a análise estatística mostrou que os parâmetros anatômicos mais importantes no agrupamento das espécies foram: diâmetro dos elementos de vasos, largura dos raios em micrometros, comprimento, espessura da parede e largura das fibras. Verificou-se que a anatomia do lenho pode ser utilizada como importante subsídio na identificação das espécies estudadas.

In this study, we describe the comparative anatomical analysis of the following wood species: Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth, Diplotropis brasiliensis (Tul.) Benth., Diplotropis martiusii Benth., Diplotropis purpurea (Rich.) Amshoff, and Diplotropis racemosa (Hoehne) Amshoff. The aim was to determine the main anatomical characteristics to distinguish between these wood species. Qualitative analysis showed that the most important anatomical characteristics for the differentiation of these wood species were growth rings, stratification rays, arrangement of vases, and row marginal rays. Quantitative statistical analysis showed that the major anatomical parameters in the clustering of species were diameter of vessel elements, length of rays in micrometers, length, wall thickness, and width of fibers. We verified that wood anatomy can be of great importance in identifying the species studied.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a variação dos elementos celulares de Astronium lecointei Ducke no sentido medula-câmbio, analisaram-se amostras de madeira de três regiões radiais da árvore, a 1,30 m do solo: 0% (próximo à medula), 50% (região intermediária) e 100% (próximo ao câmbio vascular). A metodologia aplicada no trabalho foi aquela tradicionalmente recomendada para estudos em anatomia de madeira, seguindo orientação do IAWA Committee. Observou-se que alguns elementos anatômicos apresentaram tendências de variação definidas e estatisticamente significativas: frequência, diâmetro e comprimento dos elementos de vaso, altura dos raios em micrômetros e comprimento das fibras. Observou-se também maior obstrução dos poros por tilas próximo à medula e na região intermediária. A tendência de estabilização das dimensões dessas estruturas pode estar indicando a formação de madeira adulta a partir da região intermediária analisada no lenho da espécie.

In order to evaluate the variation of the cellular elements of Astronium lecointei Ducke from the pith towards the vascular cambium, wood samples from three regions of the radial sense in the tree at 1.30 m above the groundwere analyzed: 0% (near to the pith), 50% (intermediate region) and 100% (near to the vascular cambium). The methodology applied in the work was the one traditionally recommended for studies in wood anatomy, following the guidance of the IAWA Committee. It was possible to observe that some anatomical elements showed well-defined, statistically significant variation trends: frequency, diameter and length of the vessel elements, length of rays in microns, and fiber length. There was also greater pore blockage by tyloses close to the pith and in the intermediate region. The tendency to stabilize the values of these structures may indicate the formation of adult wood as from the intermediate region analyzed in the wood of Astronium lecointei Ducke.

In order to evaluate the frequency of a late clinical stage in HIV infected patients at onset of antiretroviral therapy (LART) and to identify possible associated factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of data reported in two prospective cohorts of HIV infected patients who started antiretroviral therapy for the first time between 2005 and 2009. Medical records of 265 patients -123 women (46.6%) and 141 men, median age 37.7 years old- were analyzed. LART was observed in 132 cases (50%), out of them 102 (77.2%) were associated to late diagnosis of HIV infection and 30 (22.8%) to patients that had not been retained in HIV care. The median of CD4 was 120 cells/ml and that of viral load 58 038 copies/ml. CD4 cells count was below 200 cells/ml in 174 patients (71.3%). There was a higher incidence of LART in men than in women (59.8% and 42.2% respectively). Diagnosis in women took place during pregnancy control in 25:2% of the cases. High alcohol consumption (p 0.006), single hood (p 0.04) and level of education lower than secondary (p 0.008) were associated to LART at bivariate analysis. Male sex (p 0.003) was the only associated factor both in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Our data reinforce the need of expanding HIV testing and should assist programs to define actions promoting early entry in HIV care.

A fin de evaluar la frecuencia y posibles factores asociados a la presencia de estadio clínico avanzado al inicio de terapia antirretroviral (ECAITA), efectuamos un análisis retrospectivo de datos de dos cohortes prospectivas de pacientes infectados por HIV que iniciaron terapia antirretroviral (sin tratamiento anterior) entre 2005 y 2009. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 264 pacientes, 123 mujeres (46.6%) y 141 hombres (53.4%). La mediana de edad fue de 37.7 años. Observamos ECAITA en 132 casos (50%), de los cuales 102 (77.2%) se asociaron a diagnóstico tardío de infección por HIV y 30 (22.8%) a pacientes con diagnóstico previo no retenidos en el cuidado clínico de la salud. La mediana de células CD4 fue 120/ml y de carga viral 58 038 copias/ml. El recuento de células CD4 era inferior a 200 cel/ml en 174 pacientes (71.3%). Los hombres presentaron ECAITA con mayor frecuencia que las mujeres (59.8% vs. 40.2%), en quienes el diagnóstico se realizó durante el control de un embarazo en el 25.2% de los casos. Consumo elevado de alcohol (p 0.006), ser soltero (p 0.04) y nivel de educación menor al secundario completo (p 0.008) se asociaron a ECAITA en el análisis bivariado. Ser de sexo masculino (p 0.003) fue el único factor asociado tanto en el análisis bivariado como en el multivariado. Nuestros datos refuerzan la necesidad de expandir el testeo para HIV y deberían impulsar a definir acciones programáticas que promuevan el ingreso precoz al cuidado de la infección por HIV.

In order to evaluate the incidence rate and possible risk factors associated with AIDS-related malignancies and infections (ARMI) we performed data analysis of clinical charts of HIV patients in two hospital cohorts, that started high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between July 2003 and October 2007. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and azytromicin prophylaxis was provided according to current guidelines. We evaluated development of ARMI six months after-starting HAART and its association with clinical and epidemiological variables. Of 235 patients analyzed -118 women (50.2%) and 117 men (49.8%)- 11 presented ARMI: 3 pulmonary TB and 3 lymph nodes TB cases, 3 cases with meningeal Cryptococcus, one Chagas' disease presenting brain mass and one with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ARMI incidence: 4.7%. A CD4 cell count < 100/150 was associated with risk of developing ARMI. The mean CD4 cell count was 73 in patients who developed ARMI and 143 in those who did not. No association was found with the other analyzed variables. In the CD4 cell count < 150 group one out of 4 patients with reactive serology presented Chagas's disease causing brain mass; none of the 46 patients with reactive serology presented toxoplasmosis encephalitis. The incidence rate of ARMI was 4.7%. TB in first place and cryptococcosis in second were the AIDS events more frequently observed. A low CD4 cell count was the only observed risk factor statistically associated with development of ARMI. The role of prophylaxis in this population should be re-evaluated.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia de neoplasias e infecciones definitorias de Sida (NIDS) y los posibles factores asociados a su desarrollo luego de iniciada la terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia (HAART) analizamos las historias clínicas de los pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento entre julio 2003 y octubre 2007. Todos recibieron profilaxis con trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol y azitromicina según la recomendación actual. Evaluamos el desarrollo de NIDS en los 6 meses posteriores al inicio de la terapia y su asociación con variables clínicas y epidemiológicas. Analizamos 235 historias clínicas: 118 mujeres (50.2%) y 117 hombres (49.8%). Observamos 11 casos de NIDS: 3 formas pulmonares y 3 ganglionares de tuberculosis, 3 meningitis por Criptococcus neoformans, 1 chagoma cerebral y 1 linfoma no Hodgkin. Presentar recuento de células CD4 menor a 100 o 150 células/ml se asoció con riesgo de desarrollar NIDS. La media de células CD4 fue 73 en los pacientes que desarrollaron NIDS y 143 en los que no la desarrollaron. No hubo asociación con las otras variables analizadas. En pacientes con CD4 menor a 150 células/ml observamos un caso de chagoma cerebral entre 4 con serología reactiva para Chagas, y ninguno de toxoplasmosis cerebral entre 46 con serología reactiva para toxoplasmosis. Concluimos que la tasa de incidencia de NIDS fue del 4.7%, siendo tuberculosis en primer lugar y criptococosis en segundo las enfermedades más frecuentemente observadas. Presentar bajo recuento de células CD4 se asoció de manera significativa al desarrollo de NIDS. Debería reevaluarse el rol de la quimioprofilaxis.

With the aim of evaluating gender differences in one of the poorest districts of Buenos Aires, we reviewed epidemiological and clinical data of newly-diagnosed HIV patients at the Diego Paroissien Hospital between 1998 and 2005.We analyzed 524 clinical charts, 329 (62.8%) of which were from the 1998 to 2002 period and 195 (37.2%) from 2003 to 2005. Women accounted for 241 (46%) of the patients. The dominant mode of transmission was sexual intercourse in women and intravenous drug-use in men. At the time of diagnosis, women were at a significantly lower clinical stage, were younger, and had higher CD4 counts and lower viral loads. No gender differences were found in the rates of continued clinical care or continued antiretroviral therapy at one year follow-up. Comparing the periods 1998 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005, there was a statistically significant increase in diagnoses made during the pregnancy screening in women, in sexual transmission as the primary route of HIV infection, in the frequency of patients (both men and women) who had continued clinical care at one year follow-up, and a decreasing of intravenous drug-use in both sexes.The observed gender differences in the 2003-2005 period persisted even when those women who were diagnosed during their pregnancy screening were excluded from the analysis.

Con el propósito de evaluar características de la infección por HIV/sida en uno de los distritos más pobres del Gran Buenos Aires, revisamos datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de infección por HIV en el hospital Dr. Diego Paroissien entre 1998 y 2005. Analizamos 524 historias clínicas, 329 (62.8%) correspondientes al período 1998-2002 y 195 (37.2%) al 2003-2005, 241 mujeres (46%) y 283 hombres (54%). El modo dominante de transmisión en las mujeres fue sexual y en los hombres el uso de drogas intravenosas. Las mujeres presentaron al momento del diagnóstico de infección por HIV, de manera estadísticamente significativa, menor estadio clínico, menor edad, mayores valores de recuento de células CD4 y menores de carga viral. No observamos diferencias entre ambos sexos en la frecuencia con que los pacientes continuaron en control clínico al año de seguimiento, iniciaron terapia antirretroviral y continuaron en tratamiento al año de haber iniciado el mismo. Comparando los períodos 1998- 2002 y 2003-2005 se determinó un aumento, estadísticamente significativo, del diagnóstico como parte del control del embarazo en la mujer, del modo primario sexual de adquisición, de la frecuencia de pacientes que continuaron en control clínico al año de seguimiento y de la disminución del uso de drogas inyectables para ambos sexos. Las diferencias de sexo observadas persisten en el período 2003-2005 cuando se excluyeron del análisis las mujeres en las que se realizó el diagnóstico como parte del control del embarazo.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of occupational blood and body fluids exposure (OBBFE) among the nursing staff at the Dr. Diego Paroissien Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina; analyze the possible risk factors associated; and assess the level of knowledge regarding universal precautions and control procedures following exposure. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed using a voluntary and anonymous survey administered between April and May 2005. In addition to personal and professional data, information was collected on knowledge and practice of universal precautions and procedures, OBBFE experienced, barriers to following the standards, and whether or not the Hepatitis B vaccine had been received. The dependent variable in the analysis was ever having experienced an OBBFE accident. RESULTS: Of the 186 responses analyzed, 77.7% were female, the mean age was 44.6 ± 8.9 years, and the institution was 13.3 ± 6.4 years old. Of those surveyed, 91 (48.9%) indicated that at some time they had an OBBFE, with 33 (17.7%) of these having occurred during the previous year; 73.0% confirmed that the tools necessary for complying with universal precautions were available always or almost always; 76.2% felt they had complete information, although 56.3% said they had not received adequate training; and, 94.1% claimed to have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Being overworked (54.5%), insufficient training (21.8%), and a lack of protective tools (18.8%) were the reasons most often identified as impeding compliance with universal precaution guidelines. Not having received training during the preceding year and having recently started work in a clinical or adult intensive-care unit were significantly associated with having experienced an OBBFE. CONCLUSIONS: These results signal a risk alert for OBBFE among health care workers and underscore the need for improving standards and surveillance.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de la exposición ocupacional a sangre y fluidos corporales (EOSFC) en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Dr. Diego Paroissien, de Buenos Aires, Argentina, analizar los posibles factores de riesgo asociados y evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre las normas vigentes de prevención y control después de la exposición. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal mediante una encuesta voluntaria y anónima aplicada entre abril y mayo de 2005. Además de los datos personales y profesionales, se recabó información acerca de los conocimientos y la capacitación sobre las medidas de precaución universales y los procedimientos a seguir, los accidentes de EOSFC sufridos, los factores que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las normas y si estaban vacunados contra la hepatitis B. La variable dependiente para el análisis fue haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 186 encuestas, de ellas 77,7% correspondían a mujeres; la edad promedio era de 44,6 ± 8,9 años y la antigüedad en la institución de 13,3 ± 6,4 años. De los encuestados, 91 (48,9%) refirieron haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC y 33 (17,7%) de ellas ocurrieron el año previo; 73,0% afirmó disponer de los elementos adecuados para cumplir con las normas de precaución universal siempre o casi siempre, 76,2% consideró tener la información adecuada, aunque 56,3% afirmó no haber recibido una capacitación adecuada; 94,1% refirió estar vacunado contra la hepatitis B. La sobrecarga de trabajo (54,5%), la insuficiente capacitación (21,8%) y la carencia de los elementos de protección necesarios (18,8%) fueron las situaciones señaladas con mayor frecuencia que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las precauciones universales. No haber recibido capacitación el año previo y desempeñarse en una unidad de cuidados clínicos o intensivos de adultos se asociaron significativamente con haber presentado alguna EOSFC. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados constituyen una alerta del riesgo de EOSFC en los trabajadores de la salud y confirman la necesidad de mejorar los estándares de prevención y vigilancia.

Este trabalho procurou detectar a influência de efeitos de borda, espaciais e variáveis do substrato sobre as variações estruturais da comunidade arbórea de um pequeno (4,0 ha) fragmento florestal situado em Lavras, MG. Árvores com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) > 5 cm foram identificadas e medidas em 29 parcelas de 20 ×20 m, distribuídas sistematicamente por todo o fragmento. Variáveis relacionadas ao substrato foram obtidas para cada parcela a partir da topografia, análises laboratoriais de amostras do solo e medidas da compactação do solo. Um 'fator borda' foi calculado por parcela a partir da morfometria do fragmento. Variáveis espaciais foram derivadas das coordenadas cartesianas do centro das parcelas. Uma análise de correspondência canônica da distribuição da abundância das espécies indicou correlações significativas com algumas variáveis das matrizes ambiental e espacial. As primeiras foram classe de drenagem, cota média e saturação por bases, que explicaram 22,4% da variância total. As espaciais, x e x2*y, explicaram 12,7%, mas os dois conjuntos compartilharam, indistintamente, 4,6% da variância total. Portanto, descontadas as variações estocásticas e não explicadas (69,5%), a distribuição das espécies arbóreas no fragmento é primariamente influenciada pela distribuição espacial, status nutricional e regime de água dos solos.

The present study aimed at detecting the influence of both edge effects and space substrate-related variables on the structural variations of the tree community in a small (4.0 ha) forest fragment in Lavras, Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil. Trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 5 cm were identified and measured in 29 (20 ×20 m), systematically distributed plots over the fragment. Substrate-related variables were obtained for each plot from the topography, laboratory analyses of soil samples and soil compaction measures. An 'edge factor' was calculated per plot from the fragment morphometry. Spatial variables were derived from the Cartesian coordinates of plot center. A canonical correspondence analysis of the species distribution abundance indicated significant correlations with some variables of the environmental and spatial matrices. The first ones were drainage classes, mean elevation, and saturation of bases, which explained 22.4% of the total variance. The spatial variables, x and x2*y, explained 12.7%, but the two sets shared, indistinctly, 4.6% of the total variance. Therefore, apart from the unexplained and stochastic variations (69.5%), the species distribution on the fragment is primarily influenced by spatial proximity, soil nutritional status and ground water regime.

Occupational exposure to Hepatitis C virus is an area of growing concern due to a lack of prophylaxis and limited knowledge regarding prevalence in hospital environment. Between 1999 and 2003, a total of 128 occupational exposures to this virus were registered in Diego Paroissien Hospital, eight of which led to hepatitis (6.3%) and one case to serum conversion (0.8%). Currently there is no preventive therapy and great interest is focused on acute infection therapy the effectiveness of which is still controversial. This study reinforces the fact that adherence to the Universal Precautions is still the most important preventive measure for health care workers, and the most cost beneficial.

La transmisión ocupacional de virus de hepatitis C (VHC) es un área de creciente preocupación dada la falta de profilaxis y la poca información de su prevalencia en el medio hospitalario. Sobre 128 exposiciones ocupacionales ocurridas en el Hospital Diego Paroissien entre 1999 y 2003 hubieron 8 casos de exposición a VHC (6.3%) y un caso de seroconversión posterior a la exposición (0.8%). No existiendo en la actualidad terapia preventiva para VHC resulta de gran interés la posibilidad de tratamiento de la infección aguda. La mayor parte de los autores coincide en recomendar el tratamiento del episodio agudo de hepatitis por VHC basado en la evidencia actual, aunque aún no está bien definida la mejor estrategia diagnóstica y terapéutica. El acatamiento de las Normas de Precauciones Universales sigue siendo en la actualidad la más importante medida preventiva para evitar la infección ocupacional por VHC en el personal de salud y la de mejor equilibrio costo-beneficio.

Realizou-se o levantamento da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta ombrófila alto-montana situada nas vertentes interiores do maciço do Itatiaia, em Bocaina de Minas, MG (22º13'S; 44º34'W, altitude 1.210 a 1.360m), com o propósito de avaliar as correlações entre variações estruturais e variáveis ambientais relacionadas ao substrato. Foram analisados aspectos da estrutura fisionômica (densidade, área basal e distribuição de tamanhos das árvores) e comunitária (composição, distribuição e diversidade de espécies). Foram alocadas 26 parcelas de 20×20m para amostragem dos indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) > 5cm, onde também foram coletados dados topográficos e amostras de solo superficial para análises químicas e texturais. Foram registrados 2.574 indivíduos, 221 espécies, 120 gêneros e 54 famílias, bem como três subgrupos de solos: Latossolos Amarelos, Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos e Latossolos Vermelhos, distribuídos seqüencialmente da baixa para a alta encosta. A comunidade arbórea correspondeu ao perfil florístico e fisionômico das florestas alto-montanas do Sudeste brasileiro, diferenciando daquelas de menores altitudes da mesma região. Uma análise de correspondência canônica detectou um gradiente de distribuição das espécies arbóreas significativamente correlacionado com variações do substrato ao longo da encosta do morro. Houve ainda variações significativas entre os três habitats de solo quanto à diversidade de espécies, mas não para a densidade e área basal das árvores e para as distribuições de altura e diâmetro. O regime de água no solo foi provavelmente a variável ambiental chave, relacionada com as variações florísticas e estruturais da floresta.

The tree community of an area of upper montane rain forest situated on the interior mountain-side of the Itatiaia Range, Brazil (22º13'S 44º34'W, altitude 1,210 to 1,360m), was surveyed with the purpose of assessing the correlations between their structural variations and environmental variables related to the substratum. Variations were analyzed for physiognomic structure (tree density, basal area and size distribution) and community structure (species composition, distribution and diversity). Individual trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 5cm were surveyed within 26 plots of 20×20m of dimensions where topographic data and samples of surface soil were also collected, the latter for chemical and textural analyses. The survey totaled 2,574 individual trees, 221 species, 120 genera and 54 families, as well as three soil classes: Yellow Latosols, Red-Yellow Latosols, and Red Latosols, distributed sequentially from the slope base to the hilltop. The tree community corresponded to the floristic and physiognomic features of the upper montane forests of southeastern Brazil, differing from those of lower altitudes in the same region. A canonical correspondence analysis detected a main gradient of tree species distribution significantly correlated with variations of the substratum along the hill-slope. There were also significant variations among the three soil habitats for species diversity but not for tree density and basal area and for height and diameter distributions. Ground water regime was probably the key environmental variable related to the floristic and structural variations of the forest.