RESUMO Descreve-se a viabilidade da técnica cirúrgica de transposição uretral pré-púbica em cadáveres de cães machos, adultos, advindos de um hospital veterinário, a fim de se avaliar a manutenção da luz uretral a partir de um desvio uretral pré-púbico, descrevendo-se detalhadamente a abordagem e as estruturas anatômicas envolvidas. A técnica consistiu inicialmente da orquiectomia, seguida de celiotomia retroumbilical, tração vesical cranial, secção transversa da uretra membranosa a 1cm caudal à próstata, espatulação e reparo da borda livre. A seguir, divulsão e secção do pênis 1,5cm caudal ao osso peniano, espatulação da borda uretral peniana e transposição desta em direção à cavidade abdominal, fazendo-se anastomose por meio de sutura interrompida simples à uretra membranosa. Foi mensurado o comprimento uretral desde o meato externo até o início da uretra prostática em dois momentos: pré e pós-transposição. Ao final, avaliou-se, por meio de uretrografia retrógrada de contraste positivo, o diâmetro e o selamento na anastomose uretral e o fluxo do contraste até a bexiga. A transposição uretral pré-púbica é uma técnica cirúrgica exequível, anatomicamente compatível com a espécie canina e capaz de manter o diâmetro uretral e o fluxo do contraste de forma satisfatória, com manutenção estética externa idêntica a um cão macho orquiectomizado.

ABSTRACT We describe the viability of the surgical technique of pre-pubic urethral transposition in cadavers of adult male dogs, coming from a veterinary hospital to evaluate the maintenance of urethral light from a prepubic urethral deviation, describing in detail the approach and anatomical structures involved. The technique consisted initially of orchiectomy, followed by retroumbilical celiotomy, cranial vesical traction, transverse section of the membranous urethra at 1cm caudal to prostate, spatulation and free edge repair. Next, the penis divulsion and section 1.5cm caudal to the penile bone, spreading the penile urethral border and transposing it towards the abdominal cavity, making an anastomosis of simple interrupted suture to the membranous urethra. The dogs had the urethral length measured from the external meatus to the beginning of the prostatic urethra at two moments: pre-transposition and post-transposition. Postoperative retrograde urethrography was used to evaluate the diameter and sealing of the urethral anastomosis and contrast flow to the bladder. In conclusion, the prepubic urethral transposition is a feasible surgical technique, anatomically compatible with the canine species and able to maintain the urethral diameter and contrast flow satisfactorily, with an external esthetic maintenance identical to an orchiectomized male dog.

ABSTRACT We report the use of a new surgical technique in a male dog affected by extensive stenosis of intrapelvic urethra through a antepubic urethral deviation, as an alternative to prepubic urethrostomy and ablation of the external genitalia. The technique consisted initially of orchiectomy, followed by retroumbilical celiotomy, transverse section of the penis in the pre-scrotal region and transposition of this towards the abdominal cavity by making anastomosis to the prostatic urethra. The dog was evaluated clinically and by urethrography retrograde positive contrast for up to four years after the procedure without any clinical signs, changes in urine stream or stenosis image. It is concluded that the pre-pubic urethral transposition is a viable alternative treatment for this dog affected by extensive stenosis of the membranous urethra.

RESUMO Dioctophyme renale é um parasito que afeta tanto animais como humanos e tem como órgão de eleição o rim direito. Relata-se o caso clínico-cirúrgico de um paciente canino com histórico de eliminação de três exemplares de D. renale pela urina e presença de parasitos no rim esquerdo e na cavidade abdominal. No Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, foram realizados exames pré-cirúrgicos, entre eles a ultrassonografia abdominal, que identificou a localização dos nematódeos, e o exame de Doppler pulsado dos vasos intrarrenais, que demonstrou aumento nos índices resistivos nas regiões avaliadas. O paciente foi conduzido para a realização de laparotomia exploratória, sendo removidos 23 parasitos da cavidade abdominal. A presença de D. renale causa graves lesões nos rins e nos demais órgãos da cavidade abdominal, sendo essencial o diagnóstico precoce e a remoção dos nematódeos para recuperação do paciente.

ABSTRACT Dioctophyme renale is a parasite that attacks animals as well as humans and has the right kidney as a preferred target organ. This document reports the case of a clinical-chirurgical canine patient with a history of elimination of three D. renale samples through its urine and presence of parasites at its left kidney and abdominal cavity. Pre-cirurgical exams were performed at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas. Among these exams, abdominal ultrasonography identified the nematode’s location and the Pulse-Doppler of the intrarenal vessels showed an increase in the resistive indices of the evaluated areas. An Exploratory Laparotomy was conducted with the patient who had 23 parasites removed from its abdominal cavity. The presence of D. renale causes severe lesions at kidneys and other organs of the abdominal cavity, for this reason early diagnosis and nematode´s removal are essential for the patient’s recovery.

Swiss needle cast is a disease caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, a fungal pathogen causing severe defoliation in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) in some countries of the world, leading to losses in the volume of timber harvesting. This pathogen is distributed in the native range of P. menziesii in North America (U.S., Canada and Mexico) and has been introduced in Europe, New Zealand, Turkey and, recently, in Chile. Currently the country has an area larger than 16,000 ha of plantations of P. menziesii, which are increasing because it is a potentially productive species considered in species diversification programs. In Chile P. gaeumannii is distributed from the region of La Araucanía to Los Lagos, focusing on these areas the largest area of Douglas fir in the country (70 % approximately). The aim of this review was to examine studies related to biology and life cycle of the pathogen, epidemiology and infection processes, impact on plantations and control measures implemented in the different countries affected by this pathogen, in order to have a background take on the first studies to Chile, a referent to basic and applied research for the country.

El swiss needle cast o pérdida suiza de las acículas, es una enfermedad de carácter fungoso provocada por el patógeno Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, organismo que causa severas defoliaciones en Pseudotsuga menziesii (pino oregón) en el mundo, originando pérdidas en el volumen de madera para cosechar. Este patógeno se distribuye en el rango nativo de P. menziesii en América del Norte (EE.UU., Canadá y México) y se ha introducido en Europa, Nueva Zelanda, Turquía y, recientemente en Chile. Actualmente, el país cuenta con una superficie superior a las 16.000 hectáreas de plantaciones de P. menziesii, las cuales van en aumento por tratarse de una especie con potencial productivo considerada en programas de diversificación de especies. En Chile P. gaeumannii se encuentra distribuido desde las regiones de La Araucanía a Los Lagos, concentrándose en estas zonas la mayor superficie de P. menziesii del país (70 % aproximadamente). El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar estudios relacionados a la biología y ciclo de vida del patógeno, la epidemiología y procesos de infección, impacto en las plantaciones y medidas de control implementadas en los diferentes países afectados por este patógeno, de manera de contar con antecedentes científicos para realizar los primeros estudios en Chile, referentes a investigación básica y aplicada para el país.

In Chile, Pinus radiata wood has been classified as not durable according to Chilean standards NCh789. To increase its durability it is required to impregnate it with type CCA (copper, chromium, arsenic) soluble salts. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of the impregnation of five P. radiata round wood treated with this salt. From each 260 cm long round wood a disc was removed from one end, which withdrew a central strip that provided the samples for determination of preservative retention by calcinations and bio-deterioration through accelerated laboratory tests using two brown rot fungi, Gloeophylum trabeum and Poria placenta. It was observed, in the five samples of round wood, that the penetration of the preservative was irregular and pond shaped; covering between 40 to 80 % of the total area, with little consistency in the retention and focusing on the periphery of discs. The preservative salt retention reached 4.3 to 10.5 kg m-3 on discs periphery, while in the inner zone, close to the pith, the retentions were 0.3 to 3.1 kg m-3. The specimens from the periphery of the round wood subjected to attack by xylophages fungi showed a mass loss of 1 %, classifying the impregnated CCA wood of P. radiata as highly resistant and in the inner zone, close to the pith, mass loss reached 26 %, moderately resistant.

En Chile la madera de Pinus radiata ha sido clasificada como no durable según la norma chilena NCh789. Para aumentar su durabilidad se puede impregnar con sales hidrosolubles tipo CCA (cobre, cromo, arsénico). El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la efectividad de la impregnación de rolletes de P. radiata tratados con esta sal ante el biodeterioro. De cinco rolletes de 260 cm de largo se extrajo un trozo a 50 cm desde un extremo, del cual se retiró un listón central que proporcionó las probetas. Se determinó la retención del preservante mediante calcinación y el biodeterioro a través de ensayos acelerados de laboratorio, utilizando dos hongos de pudrición parda, Gloeophylum trabeum y Poria placenta. La penetración del preservante fue irregular y en forma de lagunas, cubriendo entre 40 y 80 % del área total, con poca uniformidad en la retención, concentrándose esta en la periferia de los rolletes. La retención de la sal preservante en la periferia alcanzó 4,3 a 10,5 kg m-3, mientras que en la zona interna, cercana a la médula, fue de 0,3 a 3,1 kg m-3. Las probetas de la periferia de los rolletes sometidas al ataque de los hongos xilófagos presentaron una pérdida de masa de 1 %, clasificando la madera impregnada de P. radiata con CCA como altamente resistente; en la zona interna, cercana a la médula, alcanzó una pérdida de masa de 26 %, clasificándose como moderadamente resistente.

We present two cases of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in two women of a seventy-seven and sixty-five years old. We revised the clinical and radiologic features, and their pathogenesis. It si necessary to recognize in a precocious time this entity and the utility of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnostic, for to begin a treatment with corticosteroids.

Se presentan dos casos de neumonía eosinófila crónica en dos mujeres de 77 y 65 años. Se revisan sus características clínicas y radiológicas, así como su patogenia. Se destaca la necesidad de reconocer precozmente esta entidad así como se resalta la utilidad del lavado broncoalveolar en el diagnóstico con el fin de instaurar un tratamiento adecuado con esteroides.

Objective: To estimate mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of intimate partner violence (IPV) by age groups and Spanish provinces. Methods: We performed a descriptive, epidemiological study of murders by intimate partners registered in the database of the Divorced and Separated Women's Federation (1998-2001) and of formal complaints of IPV in The Home Affairs database (1997-2000). The percentage of increase in formal complaints and deaths and the individual risk of dying from IPV and of reporting this crime was calculated through the simple accumulative method, specific mortality rates by age, average rates by provinces, and specific incidence rates of formal complaints of IPV by provinces. Finally, a simple regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV. Results: Between the first and the last year of the study, formal complaints increased by 27% and murders increased by 49%. In Spain, during the period analyzed, one out of every 100,000 women was murdered by an intimate partner and one out of every 200 women reported IPV. Women aged 22-41 years and those aged 82-86 years presented the highest rates of mortality from IPV. Mortality from IPV and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV showed no clear geographical pattern. No correlation between mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV by provinces was found (corrected r² = -0.016). Conclusions: IPV is an increasing public health problem in Spain. There seems to be a bimodal curve by age in mortality from IPV, but no geographical patterns in mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV or between the provinces with the highest incidence of formal complains and those with highest mortality were observed.

Objetivo: Estimar la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por la violencia del compañero íntimo (VCI) por grupos de edad y provincias españolas. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, basado en los asesinatos registrados en la base de datos de la Federación de Mujeres Separadas y Divorciadas (1998-2001) y las denuncias por VCI del Ministerio del Interior (1997-2000). Se calculó el porcentaje de incremento producido entre las denuncias y las muertes, el riesgo de una mujer de morir y denunciar por VCI por el método acumulativo simple, las tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad y ajustadas por edad y provincias y las tasas de incidencia bruta por provincias de las denuncias por VCI. También se realizó un análisis de regresión simple para explorar la relación entre mortalidad e incidencia de las denuncias. Resultados: Se observó un incremento del 27% en las denuncias y del 49% en los asesinatos desde el primer año del período al último. Durante el período de estudio una de cada 100.000 mujeres fue asesinada por VCI y u na de cada 200 denunció ser víctima de VCI. Las mujeres de 22-41 años y las de 82-86 presentaron las tasas de mortalidad por VCI más altas. La mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI en las provincias españolas no siguió un patrón geográfico definido. No existe correlación entre la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI por provincias (r² corregida = -0,016). Conclusiones: La violencia del compañero íntimo es un problema de salud pública creciente en España. Parece existir un patrón bimodal por edad en mortalidad por VCI, pero no un patrón geográfico en mortalidad e incidencia de denuncias, ni tampoco una relación entre las provincias de mayor tasa de incidencia de denuncias y las de mayor tasa de mortalidad.

Objective: To estimate mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of intimate partner violence (IPV) by age groups and Spanish provinces. Methods: We performed a descriptive, epidemiological study of murders by intimate partners registered in the database of the Divorced and Separated Women's Federation (1998-2001) and of formal complaints of IPV in The Home Affairs database (1997-2000). The percentage of increase in formal complaints and deaths and the individual risk of dying from IPV and of reporting this crime was calculated through the simple accumulative method, specific mortality rates by age, average rates by provinces, and specific incidence rates of formal complaints of IPV by provinces. Finally, a simple regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV. Results: Between the first and the last year of the study, formal complaints increased by 27% and murders increased by 49%. In Spain, during the period analyzed, one out of every 100,000 women was murdered by an intimate partner and one out of every 200 women reported IPV. Women aged 22-41 years and those aged 82-86 years presented the highest rates of mortality from IPV. Mortality from IPV and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV showed no clear geographical pattern. No correlation between mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV by provinces was found (corrected r² = -0.016). Conclusions: IPV is an increasing public health problem in Spain. There seems to be a bimodal curve by age in mortality from IPV, but no geographical patterns in mortality and the incidence of formal complaints of IPV or between the provinces with the highest incidence of formal complains and those with highest mortality were observed.

Objetivo: Estimar la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por la violencia del compañero íntimo (VCI) por grupos de edad y provincias españolas. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, basado en los asesinatos registrados en la base de datos de la Federación de Mujeres Separadas y Divorciadas (1998-2001) y las denuncias por VCI del Ministerio del Interior (1997-2000). Se calculó el porcentaje de incremento producido entre las denuncias y las muertes, el riesgo de una mujer de morir y denunciar por VCI por el método acumulativo simple, las tasas de mortalidad específicas por edad y ajustadas por edad y provincias y las tasas de incidencia bruta por provincias de las denuncias por VCI. También se realizó un análisis de regresión simple para explorar la relación entre mortalidad e incidencia de las denuncias. Resultados: Se observó un incremento del 27% en las denuncias y del 49% en los asesinatos desde el primer año del período al último. Durante el período de estudio una de cada 100.000 mujeres fue asesinada por VCI y u na de cada 200 denunció ser víctima de VCI. Las mujeres de 22-41 años y las de 82-86 presentaron las tasas de mortalidad por VCI más altas. La mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI en las provincias españolas no siguió un patrón geográfico definido. No existe correlación entre la mortalidad y la incidencia de las denuncias por VCI por provincias (r² corregida = -0,016). Conclusiones: La violencia del compañero íntimo es un problema de salud pública creciente en España. Parece existir un patrón bimodal por edad en mortalidad por VCI, pero no un patrón geográfico en mortalidad e incidencia de denuncias, ni tampoco una relación entre las provincias de mayor tasa de incidencia de denuncias y las de mayor tasa de mortalidad.