Abstract History of physiology experienced a division in XIX century into two trends which are little known: analytic and synthetic trend, which originated in West and Russia, respectively. Synthetic trend also received the name of Nervism due to its conceptual core held that nervous system was the coordinator of all physio-pathological states of organism. In this paper, it is intended to stablish a comparative description between Russian Nervism school and another school that originated in Great Britain, at the head of Head and Mackenzie who held closely concepts despite its occidental origin. It was found 7 aspects of correlation between two schools which include overcoming of cartesian dualism, inclusion of oral cavity and embryological considerations, among most important.

Resumen La historia de la fisiología experimentó una división en el siglo XIX en dos corrientes que fueron poco conocidas: la corriente analítica y la sintética o nervismo, cuyo origen se da en Occidente y en Rusia, respectivamente. Estas sostuvieron coetáneamente una marcada cercania conceptual en torno al sistema nervioso a pesar de sus diferentes origenes. La corriente sintética también recibió el nombre de nervismo debido a su eje conceptual que sostenía que el sistema nervioso era el coordinador de todos los estados fisiopatológicos del organismo. En el presente artículo se pretende establecer una descripción comparativa en estas escuelas enfatizando en siete aspectos de correlación entre las dos escuelas que incluyen la superación del dualismo cartesiano, la inclusión de la cavidad oral y consideraciones embriológicas, entre las más importantes.

RESUMEN. La rapidez y complejidad de las transformaciones en los escenarios de seguridad y defensa desafían la estabilidad y la reconciliación que han buscado los acuerdos de paz que han dado término a conflictos intra- e interestatales en diversas regiones del mundo. Por ello, a través del análisis de 34 casos en 5 continentes entre 1989 y 2012, este artículo identifica disposiciones comunes que han incluido los acuerdos de paz agrupados por regiones, con el fin de aportar una herramienta para futuros análisis. Se concluye que disposiciones como el desarme, el mecanismo de verificación/monitoreo y la reforma policial son las más empleadas a nivel mundial y, por ende, menos sujetas a modificaciones, mientras que otras como los derechos de las minorías, los derechos de los niños, el arbitraje internacional y el poder territorial compartido son las menos compartidas y quizás más propensas a generar nuevos agravios y episodios de violencia.

ABSTRACT. The speed and complexity of the transformations in security and defense scenarios challenge the stability and reconciliation sought by peace agreements that have ended intra- and inter-state conflicts in various world regions. By analyzing 34 cases in five continents between 1989 and 2012, this article identifies common provisions included in peace agreements, grouping them by region to provide a tool for future analysis. It concludes that provisions such as disarmament, verification/monitoring mechanism, and police reform are the most widely used globally and, thus, less subject to modification. Meanwhile, others, such as minority and children's rights, international arbitration, and territorial power-sharing, are the least common and, perhaps, the most prone to generating new grievances and episodes of violence.

Resumo: Objetivo O monitoramento do estado trófico de reservatórios requer índices que forneçam um relatório rápido do ecossistema aos tomadores de decisão. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de indicadores de estado trófico para reservatórios de montanha tropical usando gêneros de fitoplâncton. Métodos Entre 2004 e 2010, foram monitorados quatro reservatórios para abastecimento de água em Bogotá (Colômbia), que apresentam diferentes estados tróficos e gestão hidráulica. Amostras foram coletadas para análise de variáveis físicas e químicas e comunidade fitoplanctônica. Por meio de análise multivariada, estabeleceu-se a significância das relações entre variáveis ambientais e espécies e gêneros fitoplanctônicos. Posteriormente, os índices tróficos foram propostos como variáveis relevantes. O índice trófico global foi calculado como a soma dos índices parciais. Resultados A análise dos principais componentes mostrou que os reservatórios variam quimicamente dependendo do estado trófico. O fitoplâncton foi composto por 63 gêneros, 59% dos quais estavam presentes nos quatro reservatórios. Embora as características físicas da água, como temperatura e teor de sólidos totais, explicassem grande parte da variação dos gêneros, observou-se em cada reservatório uma relação significativa entre os gêneros e as variáveis relacionadas ao estado trófico. As análises multivariadas agrupando os dados por gênero mostraram um comportamento semelhante à análise utilizando informações em nível de espécie. Os índices de estado trófico do plâncton foram desenvolvidos para fósforo (TP), nitrogênio Kjeldahl total (TKN), carbono orgânico total (TOC) e disco de Secchi (SD) usando dados agrupados por gêneros. Os índices foram significativamente correlacionados com os valores de cada variável em cada reservatório. Modelos de regressão linear mostraram um poder preditivo significativa de clorofila-a usando os índices TP, TKN e SD nos três reservatórios com maior nível trófico. Além disso, o índice global apresentou relação significativa com variáveis relacionadas ao estado trófico. Conclusões Os dados do fitoplâncton em nível de gênero podem ser usados para avaliar o estado trófico. Os modelos para SD, TP e TKN podem ser utilizados como indicadores do estado trófico dos reservatórios estudados.

Abstract: Aim Monitoring the trophic state of reservoirs requires indices that provide a quick report of the ecosystem to decision makers. This study aimed to develop a system of trophic status indicators for tropical mountain reservoirs using phytoplankton genera. Methods Between 2004 and 2010, four reservoirs for water supply in Bogotá (Colombia), which have different trophic statuses and hydraulic management, were monitored. Samples were collected for the analysis of physical and chemical variables and phytoplankton community. Through multivariate analysis, the significance of the relationships between environmental variables and phytoplankton species and genera was established. Subsequently, trophic indices were proposed as relevant variables. The global trophic index was calculated as the sum of the partial indices. Results Analysis of the main components showed that reservoirs varied chemically depending on trophic status. Phytoplankton were composed of 63 genera, 59% of which were present in the four reservoirs. Although the physical characteristics of water, such as temperature and total solids content, explained a large part of the variation in the genera, a significant relationship between the genera and variables related to trophic state was observed in each reservoir. The multivariate analyses grouping the data by genera showed a behavior similar to the analysis using information at the species level. Plankton indices of trophic state were developed for phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total organic carbon (TOC), and Secchi disk (SD) using data grouped by genera. The indices were significantly correlated with the values of each variable in each reservoir. Linear regression models showed a significant prediction of chlorophyll-a using TP, TKN, and SD indices in the three reservoirs with the highest trophic level. In addition, the global index showed a significant relationship with variables related to the trophic state. Conclusions Phytoplankton data at the genus level can be used to assess trophic status. The models for SD, TP, and TKN could be used as indicators of the trophic status of the studied reservoirs.

El importante desarrollo de actividades mineras en Colombia durante los últimos lustros ha ocasionado que se incrementen de manera importante las actividades de exploración y explotación de recursos naturales. Los descubrimientos de importantes yacimientos, como La Colosa en el Departamento del Tolima han traído como consecuencia el inicio de proyectos de gran magnitud que traerán consecuencias en el entorno de las comunidades. La aparición de consultas populares que buscan la opinión de los ciudadanos con la finalidad de impedir la realización de dichas actividades ha provocado una discusión sobre la autonomía de los entes territoriales con respecto a estos temas. En este artículo de reflexión se hace una mención al estado de la actividad minera en Colombia, se revisa el marco legal de las consultas populares, las desarrolladas en temas mineros y la respuesta legal del Gobierno Nacional que busca conservar la autonomía del manejo del ordenamiento minero. Se menciona las decisiones legales adoptadas a la fecha y en las conclusiones se plantea que la manera en que se resuelva la misma dará luces si en realidad el país un Estado Social de Derecho.

The important development of mining in Colombia during the last periods has caused an increase of activities of exploration and exploitation of natural resources. The discoveries of important deposits, since The Colosa deposit in the department of the Tolima, have brought as consequence an impact on the environment of the communities. The appearance of popular consultations that look for the opinion of the citizens with the purpose of preventing the accomplishment of the above mentioned activities has provoked a discussion on the autonomy of the territorial entities with regard to these topics. In this article, it is stated how the condition of the mining activity in the country is, furthermore, there is a checked of the legal frame of the popular consultations, the developed ones in mining topics and the legal response of the National Government that seeks to preserve the autonomy of the managing of the mining classification. The legal decisions adopted to the date are mentioned, and so the conclusions in which there is a real and actual Social State of Law.

En Colombia, las pérdidas ocasionadas por Moniliophthora roreri Cif & Par en el cultivo de cacao continúan siendo considerables. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la actividad antagónica de dos aislamientos autóctonos de Trichoderma sp. y uno de Bacillus sp. ante M. roreri, en condiciones de campo. Los tratamientos fueron: T1, hongo H5; T2, hongo H20; T3, bacteria B3 y T4, testigo. Se evaluó incidencia y severidad externa e interna en los frutos. Los resultados de severidad externa e interna mostraron que respecto al control la disminución del daño en los frutos fue del 19,5 y 11,2% en el T1, del 28 y 19,5% en el T2 y del 13,5 y 8,5% en el T3, respectivamente con diferencias estadísticas a favor del T2. Se concluye que entre los tres antagonistas evaluados, el hongo H20 (Trichoderma sp.) tiene el mayor potencial para el control de la moniliasis del cacao en condiciones de campo

In Colombia, the economic losses caused by Moniliophthora roreri Cif & Par in the cocoa cultivation continue being considerable. The objective of this study was to investigate the antagonistic activity of two indigenous isolates of Trichoderma sp and one of Bacillus sp. over M. roreri under field conditions. The treatments were: T1, fungus H5; T2, fungus H20; T3, bacteria B3; T4, control. The variables evaluated on the cocoa fruits were incidence and external and internal severity. The results of the external and internal severity showed that with respect to the control the damage reduction on the cocoa fruits was 19,5 and 11,2% in T1, 28 and 19,5% in T2, and 13,5 and 8,5% in T3, respectively with statistical differences in favor of T2. It is concluded that among the three evaluated antagonists, the fungus H20 (Trichoderma sp.) has the greatest potential for the biocontrol of frosty pod rot in the cocoa cultivation under field conditions.

La abundancia y madurez sexual de la piangua Anadara similis fue analizada mensualmente entre septiembre de 2009 y agosto de 2010 en el archipiélago de La Plata, Bahía Málaga, Pacífico colombiano. La madurez sexual se analizó a nivel macroscópico mediante la observación del tejido reproductivo en fresco y microscópico por medio de métodos histológicos estándares. Se estimó una densidad media de 0.130 ± 0.098 ind/m² y una talla media de 42.30 ± 5.00 mm. Los meses de mayor densidad fueron mayo (0.295 ind/m²) y agosto (0.195 ind/m²). La talla media de madurez sexual fue de 41.8 ± 4.5 mm y talla media de 41 mm donde 50% de la población ha tenido mínimo un desove (L50%). Se registraron picos máximos reproductivos durante marzo (83.3%) y abril (75.0%), aunque durante todos los meses de estudio se evidenció actividad reproductiva. El 4.30% de los individuos presentaron casos de hermafroditismo, representando el primer registro de este tipo para la especie. La mayor densidad, mayor talla media, mayor rendimiento de carne en hembras y la presencia de un mayor volumen de tejido reproductivo femenino en hermafroditas, sugiere procesos de reversión sexual en esta especie, lo cual debería ser estudiado en detalle. Las bajas tallas de captura y de madurez sexual, así como la baja densidad de individuos encontrada, pueden ser producto de la alta presión por pesca, modificaciones de hábitat y procesos de contaminación, los cuales deben ser estudiados con el fin de implementar estrategias de manejo para este recurso en el área.

The abundance and sexual maturity of piangua Anadara similis in La Plata Archipelago, Bahía Málaga, Pacific coast of Colombia, was analyzed between September 2009 and August 2010. Sexual maturity of these organisms was studied at macroscopic level using fresh samples and at microscopic level using standard histological techniques. The mean density was estimated in 0.130 ± 0.098 ind/m² and the mean size was 42.30 ± 5.00 mm. Months with the presence of the highest densities of piangua were May (0.295 ind/m²) and August (0.195 ind/m²). The mean sexual maturity size was estimated in 41.8 ± 4.5 mm, while the size at which at least 50% of the population of A. similis have had its first spawn was estimated in 41 mm. Reproductive activity of the species was present year-round with higher peaks in March (83.33%) and April (75.00%). 4.30% of organisms analyzed showed signs of hermaphroditism, being this the first record of this kind for the species. Higher density, larger mean size, higher meat yield in females as well as the presence of more female reproductive tissue, suggest a process of sexual reversion in the species, which have to be further studied. Low capture and sexual maturity sizes, as well as the low density of organisms found during the present work, might be the product of high fishery pressure, habitat modifications, and pollution processes in the area, factors that have to be studied in detail in order to implement management strategies for the species.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar e comparar a transferência de imunidade passiva e o proteinograma em bezerros da raça Crioula Lageana (CL) e Holandesa Preta e Branca (HPB). Foram utilizados dois grupos sendo 13 bezerros da raça Crioula Lageana e 10 da raça HPB. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para a mensuração da proteína sérica total, eletroforese das proteínas séricas, atividade da gama-glutamiltransferase e concentração de IgG pelo método de turvação pelo sulfato de zinco nos períodos entre 24 e 36 horas de vida, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de ANOVA e Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância, e correlações entre as variáveis. As variações das proteínas séricas obedeceram a um padrão de comportamento fisiológico ao longo dos seis primeiros meses de vida e a produção ativa de imunoglobulinas foi mais precoce nos bezerros da raça Holandesa e mais lenta nos da raça Crioula Lageana, sem provocar qualquer impacto sobre a saúde dos mesmos. A gamaglobulina no primeiro dia de vida (24-36h) correlacionou-se com a IgG (r=0,87 CL e r=0,89 HPB), PTS (r=0,91 CL e r=0,92 HPB), Glob (r=0,99 CL e r=0,98) e GGT (r=0,14 CL e r=0,83 HPB). Conclui-se que não houve falha na transferência de imunidade passiva nos bezerros da raça Crioula Lageana e falha na raça Holandesa Preta e Branca. Os valores de IgG estimados pelo método da turvação pelo sulfato de zinco e das proteínas séricas foram bons indicadores da transferência de imunidade passiva nos bezerros entre 24 e 36 horas de vida.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the transfer of passive immunity and the proteinogram in Criollo Lageano (CL) and Black and White Holstein (BWH) calves. Two groups were utilized with 13 Criollo Lageano and 10 BWH calves. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of total serum protein, electrophoresis of serum proteins, activity of the gamma glutamyl transferase, and concentration of IgG by the method of the zinc sulfate turbidity in periods between 24 and 36 hours of life, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey test at 5% significance level, and correlations between variables were calculated. Variations of serum proteins followed a pattern of physiological behavior over the first six months of life and production of immunoglobulins was active earlier in BWH calves and slower in the Criollo Lageano, without causing any impact on their health. Gamma globulin in the first days of life (24-36h) was correlated with IgG (r=0.87 for CL and r=0.89 for BWH), PTS (r=0.91 for CL and r=0.92 for BWH), Glob (r=0.99 for CL and r=0.98 for BWH) and GGT (r=0.14 for CL and r=0.83 for BWH). It was concluded that there was no failure in the transfer of passive immunity in Criollo Lageano calves but this failure occurred in the BWH calves. IgG values estimated by the zinc sulfate turbidity and serum proteins were considered good indicators of the transfer of passive immunity in calves between 24 and 36 hours of life.