Lantana caatingensis Moldenke (Verbenaceae) is an endemic plant from northeastern Brazil. However, its chemical composition is almost unknown. This study aimed to characterize the chemical compounds found in L. caatingensis and investigate the antileishmanial potential of its hydroalcoholic extract and polar fractions. Compounds present in the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from L. caatingensis leaves and its polar fractions (ethyl acetate and methanolic) were analyzed by liquid chromatography with a photodiode-array detector coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An antileishmanial assay was performed in a 96-well plate against Leishmania major promastigotes using resazurin on a plate spectrophotometer and the results were expressed as percentage of growth inhibition. Nine compounds were determined in the investigated extract and fractions, classified as flavonoids, flavonoid C-glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides. The antileishmanial activity revealed that the hydroalcoholic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction were active against L. major promastigotes with inhibitory concentration of 71.78 and 26.86 µg mL-1, respectively, while the methanolic fraction was inactive (478.40 µg mL-1). This is the first report on the chemical composition and antileishmanial activity of L. caatingensis extracts. These results contribute to further knowledge of species belonging to the Lantana genus. Verbenaceae (Verbenaceae Brazil However unknown L photodiodearray photodiode array timeofflight time flight spectrometry 96well well 96 inhibition flavonoids Cglycosides C glycosides 7178 71 78 71.7 2686 26 86 26.8 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 mL-1 respectively 478.40 47840 478 40 (478.4 mL1. . mL-1) extracts genus 9 717 7 71. 268 2 8 26. mL- 478.4 4784 47 4 (478. 478. (478 (47 (4 (

Bredemeyera Willd. is a genus of the Polygalaceae family, occurring in Brazil. This research aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antifungal potential, in vitro and in silico, of Bredemeyera brevifolia extracts. The identification of fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their quantification by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector showed that palmitic (36.55 mg g−1), margaric (3.66 mg g−1), linolelaidic (108.82 mg g−1), oleic (7.86 mg g−1), stearic (41.11 mg g−1), dihomo-γ-linolenic (85.48 mg g−1), and arachidic (209.00 mg g−1) acids are present in the hexane extract. From the chloroform extract, 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone was isolated and identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay with methanolic extract demonstrated antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida, Sporothrix, and Trichophyton for up to 96 h, with values ranging from 64-1024 μg mL−1. The in silico study with the chemical compounds of this species showed fungal inhibition potential of sterol-14-α-demethylase, highlighting 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, which presented an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal mol−1, greater than that observed for fluconazole (−8.3 kcal mol−1). The fatty acids interacted with the active site of the enzyme but presented energies ≥ −7.4 kcal mol−1. Compounds isolated from this species have pharmacokinetic potential for the development of pharmaceutical formulations. Willd family Brazil extracts chromatographymass chromatography mass chromatographyflame flame 36.55 3655 36 55 (36.5 g−1, g1 g g−1 , 1 3.66 366 3 66 (3.6 108.82 10882 108 82 (108.8 7.86 786 7 86 (7.8 41.11 4111 41 11 (41.1 dihomoγlinolenic dihomo γ linolenic 85.48 8548 85 48 (85.4 209.00 20900 209 00 (209.0 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone 1hydroxy37dimethoxyxanthone hydroxydimethoxyxanthone hydroxy 3,7 dimethoxyxanthone identified Candida Sporothrix 9 h 641024 64 1024 64-102 mL1 mL mL−1 sterol14αdemethylase, sterol14αdemethylase sterolαdemethylase sterol 14 α demethylase, demethylase sterol-14-α-demethylase 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone, dimethoxyxanthone, 8.8 88 8 -8. mol1 mol mol−1 −8.3 83 (−8. . mol−1) 74 4 −7. formulations 36.5 365 5 (36. g− 3.6 6 (3. 108.8 1088 10 (108. 7.8 78 (7. 41.1 411 (41. 85.4 854 (85. 209.0 2090 20 0 (209. 1hydroxy3 7dimethoxyxanthone 37 3, 64102 102 64-10 mL− αdemethylase 8. -8 mol− −8. (−8 −7 36. (36 3. (3 108. (108 7. (7 41. (41 85. (85 209. 2 (209 1hydroxy 6410 64-1 - −8 (− − ( (10 (4 (8 (20 641 64- (1 (2

RESUMO O sistema semi-hidropônico é uma alternativa para a produção de hortaliças, pois combina substrato inerte e solução nutritiva, necessitando de menos água. O pimentão é uma hortaliça da família Solanaceae, principalmente produzida em ambiente protegido, apresentando diversas vantagens financeiras e agronômicas no seu manejo. Com os avanços nas pesquisas e a necessidade de uma produção de qualidade, selecionar cultivares produtivas e com alto rendimento econômico, adaptadas às condições favoráveis, torna-se um grande avanço para esta cultura hortícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento, características fisiológicas e produtivas das cultivares Red Jet, Spinel, Bachata e Fulgor em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro cultivares de pimentão colorido (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor e Red Jet) subdivididas em cinco épocas de avaliação (7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após transplantio - DAT) para as variáveis de crescimento e duas épocas (45 e 95 DAT) de avaliação para fisiologia. As variáveis produtivas e pós-colheita não foram subdivididas no tempo, levando-se em consideração apenas o fator cultivar para estas variáveis, com cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas plantas. Os índices de clorofila a e b, fluorescência máxima e eficiência no uso da água foram maiores nas plantas de pimentão da cultivar Spinel. Os frutos mais doces foram obtidos com a cultivar Bachata. A cultivar Fulgor foi a mais indicada para cultivo nas condições estudadas devido ao maior comprimento, diâmetro e peso médio dos frutos. semihidropônico semi hidropônico hortaliças nutritiva Solanaceae protegido manejo qualidade econômico favoráveis tornase torna se hortícola Jet Spinel semihidropônico. hidropônico. (Spinel 7, 7 (7 14 21 2 3 DAT 45 (4 9 fisiologia póscolheita pós colheita tempo levandose levando repetições b comprimento ( 1 4

ABSTRACT Semi-hydroponic systems are an alternative for vegetable production, combining inert substrates and nutrient solutions and requiring less water. Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable species of the Solanaceae family that is mainly grown in protected environments, which provide several financial and agronomic advantages for their management. Advancements in research and the need for high-quality productions have significantly contributed to this horticultural crop through the selection of productive cultivars with high economic yields and adapted to favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth, physiological, and production characteristics of colored bell pepper cultivars in a semi-hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, using four colored pepper cultivars (Spinel, Bachata, Fulgor, and Red Jet), five evaluation times (7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after transplanting - DAT) for growth variables, and evaluations at two developmental stages (45 and 95 DAT) for physiological variables. Production and post-harvest variables were not evaluated in different times, considering only the cultivar factor, with five replications, each plot consisting of two plants. Chlorophyll a and b, maximum fluorescence, and water use efficiency were greater in bell pepper plants of the cultivar Spinel. The sweetest fruits were those of the cultivar Bachata. The cultivar Fulgor was the most suitable for growth under the studied conditions due to its greater fruit length and diameter and total fruit weight. Semihydroponic Semi hydroponic Capsicum L. L environments management highquality quality semihydroponic semi system design Spinel, Spinel (Spinel Bachata Jet, Jet , Jet) 7, 7 (7 14 21 28 3 DAT 45 (4 9 postharvest post harvest factor replications b fluorescence weight ( 1 2 4

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo calibrar e testar o modelo de cultura SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) para o caupi, bem como realizar o zoneamento de risco climático para esta cultura em uma região localizada na Amazônia Oriental, a fim de permitir a identificação de locais e datas de semeadura que favoreçam a produção considerando tanto o déficit hídrico como a probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas severas durante o período da colheita. O modelo foi calibrado e validado com dados de experimentos realizados entre 2013 e 2016 no município de Castanhal, PA. As áreas de baixo risco climático foram definidas como aquelas que apresentaram índice de satisfação da necessidade hídrica (WRSI) maior ou igual a 0,5 na fase reprodutiva combinado com a ocorrência de chuvas abaixo de 20 mm na colheita por, pelo menos, 80% dos anos onde foi simulado o plantio. O modelo foi capaz de simular o balanço hídrico, crescimento e desenvolvimento do feijão-caupi nas condições climáticas e de solo da região estudada com boa precisão e exatidão. O período de ótima semeadura para o feijão-caupi compreende o intervalo entre 5 e 25 de junho para regiões localizadas acima de 2° S, e entre 25 de março e 15 de abril para regiões abaixo de 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques caupi Oriental 201 Castanhal PA WRSI (WRSI 05 0 0, 2 por menos 80 plantio feijãocaupi feijão exatidão S 1 º 8

ABSTRACT This study aimed to calibrate and test the SARRA-H (Système d’Analyse Régionale des Risques Agroclimatologiques) crop model for cowpea, as well as conducting a climate risk zoning for this crop in a region located in Eastern Amazon, allowing the identification of locations and sowing dates that favor the production considering both the water deficit and the probability of occurrence of severe rains during the harvest period. The model was calibrated and validated with data from experiments conducted between 2013 and 2016 in the municipality of Castanhal, PA, Brazil. Low climate risk areas were defined as those that had a water requirement satisfaction index (WRSI) greater than or equal to 0.5 in the reproductive phase combined with the occurrence of rainfall below 20 mm at the harvest for, at least, 80% of the years for which planting was simulated. The model was able to simulate the water balance, growth and development of cowpea under the climate and soil conditions of the studied location with high precision and accuracy. The optimal period for sowing cowpea comprises the interval between June 5th and 25th for regions located above 2° S and between March 25th and April 15th for regions below 2º S. SARRAH SARRA H Système dAnalyse d Analyse Agroclimatologiques Amazon 201 Castanhal PA Brazil WRSI (WRSI 05 0 5 0. 2 least 80 simulated balance accuracy th º 8

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

Resumo A sexagem das espécies é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo populacional. Em tartarugas, cágados e jabutis, a sexagem geralmente é feita de acordo com características secundárias, como morfologia do plastrão ou técnicas de eversão do falo. Neste artigo, apresentamos o método de eversão do falo e comparamos sua eficiência com outras técnicas existentes. Este novo método visa encurtar o tempo de manejo e reduzir os efeitos colaterais físicos nos animais, promovendo o manejo clínico e reprodutivo do cágado-de-barbicha (Phrynops geoffroanus) e espécies relacionadas. Uma amostra de cinquenta indivíduos foi coletada na região central do estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil. O método proposto consiste em remover a cabeça de sua posição de repouso. Os métodos que obtiveram índice de sucesso superior a 80% foram comparados entre si quanto ao tempo de estimulação necessário para a eversão do falo. O método aqui proposto alcançou 100% de eficiência na determinação do sexo de espécimes com comprimento de carapaça linear entre 10 e 34 cm. Além disso, quando comparado ao segundo método mais eficiente, reduziu substancialmente o tempo necessário para o manejo dos espécimes (91%), evitando possíveis sequelas nos indivíduos manuseados.

Abstract The sexing of species is an important tool for population management. In tortoises and turtles, sexing is usually done according to secondary characteristics, such as plastron morphology or phallus eversion techniques. In this paper, we present the phallus eversion method and compare its efficiency to other existing techniques. This new method aims at shortening the management time and reducing the physical aftereffects on the animals, fostering the clinical and reproductive management of Geoffroy’s side-necked turtle (Phrynops geoffroanus) and related species. A sample of fifty individuals was taken in the central region of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. The proposed method consisted of moving the head from its resting position. The methods achieving a success rate higher than 80% were compared to each other as for the stimulation time required for phallus eversion. The method as here proposed achieved 100% efficiency in the sex determination of specimens with a linear carapace length between 10 and 34 cm. Also, when compared to the second most efficient method, it substantially reduced the time needed for managing the specimens (91%), avoiding possible sequelae in the individuals handled.

The environmental impact of pharmaceuticals is a significant concern, as understanding their presence, spread, and harm in coastal regions remains limited. The occurrence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely, mefenamic acid (MFN), diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NPX) were studied in river waters. Four sample collections were carried out in five points in the dry and rainy seasons. Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) were applied to quantify the presence of MFN, DCF and NPX in river water samples. DCF had the highest concentration (640 ng L-1), followed by NPX (410 ng L-1). MFN was not detected in any point within the used working range (limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 µg L-1). Additionally, an assessment was conducted to evaluate the environmental risk associated with the pharmaceuticals detected in freshwater, specifically in various organisms including algae, mollusks, amphibians, fish, and cnidarians, spanning different trophic levels. The ecotoxicological assessment showed risks ranging from low to high, indicating deleterious effects on several exposed species. No high environmental risk was detected in the sampling areas. Although no immediate negative effects were detected, the potential impact on non-target species should not be disregarded. concern spread limited nonsteroidal non steroidal antiinflammatory anti inflammatory NSAIDs, NSAIDs , (NSAIDs) namely (MFN) (DCF (NPX waters seasons SFODME (SFODME HPLCDAD HPLC DAD (HPLC-DAD samples 640 (64 L1, L1 L 1 L-1) 410 (41 L1. . limit LOD (LOD 007 0 07 0.0 Additionally freshwater algae mollusks amphibians fish cnidarians levels areas nontarget target disregarded (NSAIDs (MFN 64 (6 L-1 41 (4 00 0. 6 ( L- 4

Resumo O beta (Betta splendens) é uma espécie ornamental carnívora que necessita de alimentos vivos. Neste estudo, avaliamos o crescimento e a sobrevivência de alevinos de beta alimentados com bioflocos produzidos ex-situ (BFT). Um total de 375 alevinos (8,3 ± 4,1 mg e 0,8 ± 0,14 cm) foi distribuído em tanques plásticos de 15 L (n=25), com cinco repetições para cada um dos seguintes tratamentos: (i) alimentação viva exclusiva (LF100), (ii) biofloco exclusivo (BFT100), (iii) alimentação viva suplementada com biofloco (LF100-BFT100), e uma redução de 15% (iv) e 30% (v) na alimentação viva com suplementação de biofloco (LF85-BFT100 e LF70-BFT100, respectivamente). Os peixes foram alimentados duas vezes por dia com artemia recém-eclodida (Artemia spp. nauplii) e/ou bioflocos frescos durante um período experimental de 16 dias. A suplementação de BFT (LF100-BFT100, LF85-BFT100 e LF70-BFT100) na dieta de Beta splendens resultou em peso final semelhante à dieta contendo exclusivamente artemia (LF100). Em relação ao comprimento total, os peixes do grupo LF100-BFT100 foram superiores aos do grupo LF100 (P<0,05). Os grupos LF100 e LF100-BFT100 apresentaram taxas de sobrevivência de 100% e 98,4%, respectivamente, as quais não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (P>0,05). Para todas as variáveis analisadas, os peixes alimentados exclusivamente com bioflocos (BFT100) apresentaram desempenho desfavorável. Esses resultados indicam que a suplementação dietética com bioflocos ex-situ, sem redução na oferta de alimento vivo, pode ser uma alternativa interessante no cultivo de Betta splendens, uma vez que o bioflocos melhora o desempenho em crescimento e mantém boa taxa de sobrevivência. vivos estudo exsitu ex situ BFT. . (BFT) 37 8,3 83 8 3 (8, 41 4 1 4, 08 0 0, 014 14 0,1 cm n=25, n25 n n=25 , 25 (n=25) tratamentos i (i LF100, LF (LF100) ii (ii BFT100, BFT100 iii (iii LF100BFT100, LF100BFT100 LFBFT (LF100-BFT100) iv (iv 30 v (v LF85BFT100 LF85 (LF85-BFT10 LF70BFT100, LF70BFT100 LF70 LF70-BFT100 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) recémeclodida recém eclodida Artemia spp nauplii eou ou dias (LF100-BFT100 LF85-BFT10 LF100. LF100-BFT10 LF10 P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 05 (P<0,05) 100 984 98 98,4% P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) analisadas (BFT100 desfavorável exsitu, situ, vivo (BFT 8, (8 01 n2 n=2 2 (n=25 (LF100 BFT10 LF100BFT10 LF85BFT10 LF8 (LF85-BFT1 LF70BFT10 LF7 LF70-BFT10 (LF100-BFT10 LF85-BFT1 LF100-BFT1 LF1 P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 10 9 98,4 P>0,0 (P>0,05 (BFT10 ( n= (n=2 (LF10 BFT1 LF100BFT1 LF85BFT1 (LF85-BFT LF70BFT1 LF70-BFT1 (LF100-BFT1 LF85-BFT LF100-BFT P0 P<0, (P<0,0 98, P>0, (P>0,0 (BFT1 (n= (LF1 LF100BFT LF85BFT LF70BFT LF70-BFT (LF100-BFT P<0 (P<0, P>0 (P>0, (n (LF P< (P<0 P> (P>0 (P< (P> (P

Abstract The betta (Betta splendens) is a carnivorous ornamental species that requires live food. In this study, we evaluated the growth and survival of Betta splendens fingerlings fed ex-situ biofloc (BFT). A total of 375 fingerlings (8.3 ± 4.1 mg and 0.8 ± 0.14 cm) were distributed into 15-L plastic tanks (n=25), with five replicates for each of the following treatments: (i) exclusive live food (LF100), (ii) exclusive biofloc (BFT100), (iii) live food supplemented with biofloc (LF100-BFT100), and a reduction of 15% (iv) and 30% (v) in live food with biofloc supplementation (LF85-BFT100 and LF70-BFT100, respectively). The fish were fed newly hatched brine shrimp (Artemia spp. nauplii) and/or fresh biofloc, twice daily, over a 16-day experimental period. Dietary supplementation of Beta splendens with ex-situ BFT (LF100-BFT100, LF85-BFT100, and LF70-BFT100) resulted in a similar final weight (P>0.05) compared to exclusive brine shrimp (LF100). Regarding total length, the fish in the LF100-BFT100 group were superior to those in the LF100 group (P<0.05). The LF100 and LF100-BFT100 groups showed survival rates of 100% and 98.4%, respectively, which were not statistically different (P>0.05). For all analyzed variables, fish exclusively fed biofloc (BFT100) exhibited unfavorable performance. These results indicate that dietary ex-situ biofloc supplementation, without reducing the supply of live food, can be an interesting alternative in the rearing of Betta splendens since biofloc improves growth performance and maintains a good survival rate. study exsitu ex situ BFT. . (BFT) 37 8.3 83 8 3 (8. 41 4 1 4. 08 0 0. 014 14 0.1 cm 15L L 15 n=25, n25 n n=25 , 25 (n=25) treatments i (i LF100, LF (LF100) ii (ii BFT100, BFT100 iii (iii LF100BFT100, LF100BFT100 LFBFT (LF100-BFT100) iv (iv 30 v (v LF85BFT100 LF85 (LF85-BFT10 LF70BFT100, LF70BFT100 LF70 LF70-BFT100 respectively. respectively respectively) Artemia spp nauplii andor or daily 16day day 16 period (LF100-BFT100 LF85BFT100, LF85-BFT100 P>0.05 P005 P 05 (P>0.05 LF100. length LF100-BFT10 LF10 P<0.05. P<0.05 (P<0.05) 100 984 98 98.4% P>0.05. variables (BFT100 rate (BFT 8. (8 01 n2 n=2 2 (n=25 (LF100 BFT10 LF100BFT10 LF85BFT10 LF8 (LF85-BFT1 LF70BFT10 LF7 LF70-BFT10 (LF100-BFT10 LF85-BFT10 P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 LF100-BFT1 LF1 P<0.0 (P<0.05 10 9 98.4 (BFT10 ( n= (n=2 (LF10 BFT1 LF100BFT1 LF85BFT1 (LF85-BFT LF70BFT1 LF70-BFT1 (LF100-BFT1 LF85-BFT1 P>0. P0 (P>0. LF100-BFT P<0. (P<0.0 98. (BFT1 (n= (LF1 LF100BFT LF85BFT LF70BFT LF70-BFT (LF100-BFT LF85-BFT P>0 (P>0 P<0 (P<0. (n (LF P> (P> P< (P<0 (P (P<

ABSTRACT We apply the similarity method to the Korteweg-de Vries equation, where we obtain a new equation, in terms of similarity variable. We use the power series method, getting the similarity solution, which is exemplified graphically by particular cases. Kortewegde Korteweg de equation variable solution cases

The aim of this work was to extract and characterize pectin from lyophilized noni pulp (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) at three different pHs using different extractor agents and to evaluate anti-viral activity. The extraction of high yield (acid extraction) was subjected to sulfation procedure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magneticresonance analysis were used to calculate the degree of methylation of pectin from acid extraction and its sulfated derivative. The data obtained for the degree of methylation of noni pectin and sulfated pectin were 30.3 and 30.7, respectively. Pectin was subjected to acute oral toxicity testing in mice. The results showed that pectin had a pro-inflammatory effect, and sulfated pectin had an anti-inflammatory effect. Both pectins were also evaluated for herpes simplex virus activity in vitro, and although they successfully inhibited virus replication, the sulfated pectins were cytotoxic. Morinda Linn. Linn antiviral anti viral procedure derivative 303 30 3 30. 307 7 30.7 respectively mice proinflammatory pro inflammatory effect antiinflammatory vitro replication cytotoxic

Resumo A variabilidade na composição dos venenos de serpentes é bem documentada e crucial para a compreensão da ecologia das serpentes ou do prognóstico dos envenenamentos ofídicos. Nesse estudo, caracterizamos a composição e a atividade biológica do veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos e sua mãe. Nossos resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre o veneno de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos, demonstrando uma ampla e diversificada gama de proteínas. Os venenos de fêmeas recém-nascidas apresentaram mais efeitos de serina protease, aumento da atividade hemorrágica e maior letalidade em comparação ao veneno dos machos recém-nascidos. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada na fosfolipase A2 e na atividade coagulante. As diferenças na composição proteica e nas atividades tóxicas entre o veneno materno e neonatal, bem como entre os venenos de fêmeas e machos recém-nascidos contribuem para a compreensão dos diversos resultados dos acidentes ofídicos. Esses resultados ressaltam a importância de considerar o sexo e a ontogenia na compreensão da composição do veneno desses animais. ofídicos estudo recémnascidos recém nascidos mãe recémnascidos, nascidos, proteínas recémnascidas nascidas protease recémnascidos. nascidos. entanto coagulante neonatal animais

Abstract Variability in snake venom composition is well-documented and crucial for understanding snake ecology and predicting snakebites. In this study, we characterize the venom composition and biological activities of newborn female and male Bothrops moojeni and their mother. Our results reveal significant differences between the venom of newborn females and males, demonstrating a broad and diverse range of proteins. The venoms of newborn females showed higher serine protease effects, increased hemorrhagic activity, and greater lethality compared to the venom of newborn males. However, no differences were observed in phospholipase A2 and coagulant activity. The differences in protein composition and toxic activities between maternal and neonatal venom, as well as between the venoms of newborn females and males, contribute to understanding the diverse outcomes of snakebites. These results underscore the importance of considering sex and ontogeny in understanding venom composition in snakes. welldocumented documented snakebites study mother males proteins effects activity However A snakes

Resumo Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) é uma árvore frutífera com amplo domínio fitogeográfico e adequada para diferentes sistemas silviculturais nos trópicos. O conhecimento associado à taxa de crescimento relativo de espécies como G. americana fornece diretrizes importantes para o estabelecimento e sobrevivência de mudas após o plantio no campo. Neste estudo investigamos diferenças no crescimento, alocação de biomassa e fotossíntese de mudas originárias de diferentes plantas-mãe de G. americana no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Para isso, foram avaliadas quinze variáveis associadas ao balanço de carbono em escala de planta inteira e escala foliar de doze progênies de G. americana. Todas as mudas cresceram durante um período de 198 dias sob condições microclimáticas semelhantes com aproximadamente 65% de pleno sol. Nossos resultados mostraram diferenças significativas nas taxas de crescimento relativo (RGR), sendo os valores médios mais altos e mais baixos 29.0 e 38.0 mg g-1 dia-1, respectivamente. As diferenças na RGR entre as progênies de G. americana foram altamente relacionadas às diferenças na alocação de biomassa tanto na planta inteira quanto em escala foliar. Do ponto de vista prático, demonstramos que a seleção de plantas matrizes para produção de mudas com maiores taxas de crescimento, e consequentemente maior capacidade de estabelecimento em plantios em campo, pode ser feita a partir da avaliação de variáveis de crescimento e alocação de biomassa em escala de planta inteira. Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae trópicos G campo plantasmãe mãe Bahia Brasil isso 19 65 sol RGR, , (RGR) 290 29 0 29. 380 38 38. g1 g 1 g- dia1, dia1 dia 1, dia-1 respectivamente prático 6 (RGR 2 3 dia-

Abstract Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) is a fruit tree with broad phytogeographic domain and suitable for different silvicultural systems in the tropics. The knowledge associated with the relative growth rate of species such as G. americana, provides important guidelines for the effective establishment and survival of seedlings after planting in the field. In this study we investigated differences in growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of seedlings originating from different mother plants of G. americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. For this, we evaluated fifteen variables associated with carbon balance at the whole plant and leaf scales of twelve G. americana progenies. All seedlings grew over a period of 198 days under similar microclimatic conditions with approximately 65% full sun. Our results showed significant differences in the relative growth rates (RGR), with the highest and lowest mean values being 29.0 and 38.0 mg g-1 day-1, respectively. Differences in RGR between G. americana progenies were highly related to differences in biomass allocation at both whole plant and leaf scales. From a practical point of view, we demonstrate that the selection of mother plants to produce seedlings with higher growth rates, and consequently greater establishment capacity in field plantings, can be made from evaluations of growth and biomass allocation variables at the whole plant scale. Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae tropics G Bahia Brazil 19 65 sun RGR, , (RGR) 290 29 0 29. 380 38 38. g1 g 1 g- day1, day1 day 1, day-1 respectively view plantings scale 6 (RGR 2 3 day-

RESUMO O pimentão é uma olerícola de importância mundial. O uso de substâncias húmicas pode elevar a eficiência de absorção nutricional reduzindo a quantidade de resíduos orgânicos aplicados no solo. Assim sendo, objetivou-se avaliar doses de esterco bovino associadas a substâncias húmicas para elevar a produção de pimentão. O delineamento em blocos casualizados distribuído em arranjo fatorial com quatro doses de esterco bovino (8, 18, 28 e 38 t ha-1) e três doses de substâncias húmicas (0, 8 e 12 kg ha-1), quatro repetições foi utilizado. As substâncias húmicas influenciaram nas características produtivas, obtendo-se valores máximos de peso médio de fruto (140,02 g), diâmetro de fruto (75,73 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 8 g ha-1 de substâncias húmicas, como também, obteve-se valor máximo de comprimento de fruto (80,94 mm) aplicando 8 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A produção máxima de 1,2 kg por planta e 60,14 t ha-1, obteve-se aplicando 38 t ha-1 de esterco associado a 12 kg ha-1 de substâncias húmicas. A associação de substâncias húmicas com esterco bovino aumentou a produção orgânica de pimentão nas condições edafoclimáticas do Semiárido. mundial solo sendo objetivouse objetivou se 8, (8 18 2 3 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1, , utilizado produtivas obtendose obtendo 140,02 14002 140 02 (140,0 g, g) 75,73 7573 75 73 (75,7 mm ha- também obtevese obteve 80,94 8094 80 94 (80,9 1, 6014 60 14 60,1 Semiárido ( 140,0 1400 (140, 75,7 757 7 (75, 80,9 809 9 (80, 601 6 60, 140, (140 75, (75 80, (80 (14 (7 (1

ABSTRACT Bell pepper is a globally important vegetable. The use of humic substances can enhance nutrient absorption efficiency, reducing the amounts of organic residues applied to the soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate cattle manure rates combined with humic substance rates to increase bell pepper production. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement consisted of four cattle manure doses (8, 18, 28, and 38 Mg ha-1) and three humic substance doses (0, 8, and 12 kg ha-1). Humic substances affected bell pepper production characteristics; the highest mean fruit weight per plant (140.02 g) and fruit diameter (75.73 mm) were obtained when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 8 kg ha-1 of humic substances. Similarly, the greatest fruit length (80.94 mm) was found when applying 8 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The highest yields (1.2 kg per plant and 60.14 Mg ha-1) were obtained when applying 38 Mg ha-1 of manure combined with 12 kg ha-1 of humic substances. The combination of humic substances and cattle manure increased the organic production of bell peppers under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Semiarid region of Brazil. vegetable efficiency soil Therefore used (8 18 28 ha1 ha 1 0, 0 (0 ha1. . characteristics 140.02 14002 140 02 (140.0 g 75.73 7573 75 73 (75.7 mm ha- Similarly 80.94 8094 80 94 (80.9 1.2 2 (1. 6014 60 14 60.1 Brazil ( 140.0 1400 (140. 75.7 757 7 (75. 80.9 809 9 (80. 1. (1 601 6 60. 140. (140 75. (75 80. (80 (14 (7