Resumo: Objetivo O objetivo foi avaliar a diversidade beta de macroinvertebrados associados a macrófitas aquáticas em uma planície de inundação de um rio regulado por hidrelétrica. Testamos duas hipóteses: (1) macroinvertebrados associados a macrófitas aquáticas têm maior diversidade beta (em ambos os componentes turnover e nestedness) em áreas a jusante próximas ao Rio São Francisco se comparadas a áreas a montante, e (2) lagos próximos são mais similares, independente de sua posição em relação à barragem. Métodos Foram amostrados quatro lagos, sendo dois a montante (L1- natural e L2- regulado pela Pequena Central Hidrelétrica - PCH) e dois a jusante (L3, L4- não regulados pela PCH). Resultados Nossa primeira hipótese foi corroborada porque encontramos maior turnover no lago próximo ao Rio São Francisco (L4 a jusante), onde ocorre maior riqueza de espécies não nativas de moluscos, enquanto aninhamento foi mais importante nos lagos a montante e a jusante da PCH (L1, L2, L3). Nossa segunda hipótese também foi corroborada porque lagos mais próximos são mais similares do que lagos distantes. Finalmente, essas diferenças foram consistentes entre lagos para as macrófitas emergentes, com folhas flutuantes e submersas. Conclusões As macrófitas aquáticas são importantes habitats para macroinvertebrados na bacia do Rio Pandeiros, com maior diversidade beta no lago mais próximo ao Rio São Francisco. Resumo hidrelétrica hipóteses 1 (1 nestedness 2 (2 barragem L1 L (L1 L2 L3, L3 (L3 L4 PCH. . (L jusante, , jusante) moluscos L1, L3. L3) distantes Finalmente emergentes submersas Pandeiros (

Abstract: Aims We assessed the beta diversity of macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes in a dam-regulated river floodplain. We tested two hypotheses: (1) macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes have higher beta diversity (higher turnover and nestedness components) in the downstream areas closer to the São Francisco River compared to upstream sites; (2) closer lakes share a higher similarity of aquatic macroinvertebrates, disregarding their position relative to the dam. Methods We sampled four lakes, including two upstream (L1- natural and L2- regulated by a Small Hydropower Dam - SHD) and two downstream (L3, L4, unregulated) by the SHD. Results We corroborated our first hypothesis because we found a higher turnover of macroinvertebrates associated with aquatic macrophytes close to the São Francisco River (L4 downstream), where higher non-native mollusk species richness occurs, while we found higher nestedness upstream and downstream of the SHD (L1, L2, L3). We corroborated our second hypothesis, as closer lakes are more similar than distant lakes. Finally, these differences were consistent between lakes for emergent, floating leaf, and submerged aquatic macrophytes. Conclusions Aquatic macrophytes are essential habitats for macroinvertebrates in the Pandeiros River basin, with higher beta diversity in the lake closer to the São Francisco River. Abstract damregulated dam floodplain hypotheses 1 (1 components sites 2 (2 L1 L (L1 L2 L3, L3 (L3 L4 unregulated (L downstream, , downstream) nonnative non native occurs L1, L3. . L3) Finally emergent leaf basin (

Abstract Ecological knowledge plays a significant role in ensuring efficient ecological restoration. We conducted a systematic review to assess if sufficient ecological knowledge has been accumulated to aid restoration practices for the Cerrado, a Brazilian biome dominated by savanna ecosystems and threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. Most Cerrado restoration studies were performed by few research groups and focused primarily on two vegetation types: cerrado sensu stricto (typical savanna) and riparian forest. We also found that defining reference ecosystems and selecting plant species for restoration programs is neglected, mostly disregarding their original occurrence and proportion of plant growth forms. Furthermore, studies lacked standardized and systematic evaluation of restoration outcomes. Hence, we argue that current ecological knowledge is insufficient to guarantee the success of large-scale ecological restoration of the Cerrado. We strengthen the need to explicitly define the reference ecosystem for each Cerrado ecosystem and use its structure and composition as guidance for ecological restoration research, which should be based on a scientific approach. We encourage investigations into ecological dynamics and natural regeneration of the different vegetation types of the Cerrado and highlight the importance of integrating such knowledge with environmental laws, societal engagement and cost-effective techniques to advance Cerrado ecological restoration.

Resumo A presença de uma ideia generalizada sobre nossa evidente crise ecológica global suscitou, no campo das humanidades, uma série de reflexões críticas, criativas e empáticas pelas ações de denúncia ecológica, sustentabilidade e preservação do meio ambiente. Diante disso, consideramos que os escritos poéticos recentes de Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950) apresentam uma série de características e qualidades que podem estar relacionadas às representações da natureza e do meio ambiente como dimensões ecológicas. Partindo de uma série de abordagens teórico-críticas anteriores, pretendemos inicialmente mostrar o desenvolvimento de uma imaginação estética de relacionamento e crítica entre seres humanos e natureza, para depois ler a expressividade poética de Raúl Zurita como uma reflexão crítica sobre natureza e linguagem, relacionada a uma proposta conceitual de uma nova episteme urbano-ambiental (Heffes), focada no imaginário de denúncia ecológica, sustentabilidade e preservação.

Abstract The presence of a generalized idea about our global ecological crisis, has generated, a series of critical, creative and empathic reflections in the field of humanities for the actions of ecological denunciation, sustainability and preservation of the environment. Given this, we consider that the recent work of Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950), presents a series of features that can be related to the representations of nature and the environment as ecological dimensions. Based on a series of previous theoretical-critical approaches, we intend to show the development of an aesthetic imagination of relationship and criticism between human beings and nature, and then read the poetic expressiveness of Raúl Zurita as a critical reflection on nature and language, related to the conceptual proposal of a new urban environmental episteme (Heffes), focused on the imaginary of ecological denunciation, sustainability and preservation.

Resumen La presencia de una idea generalizada sobre nuestra evidente crisis ecológica global, ha suscitado, en el campo de las humanidades, una serie de reflexiones críticas, creativas y empáticas para con las acciones de denuncia ecológica, sosteniblilidad y preservación del medioambiente. Ante aquello, consideramos que la escritura poética reciente de Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950), presenta una serie de rasgos y cualidades susceptibles de ser relacionadas con las representaciones de la naturaleza y el medioambiente en tanto dimensiones ecológicas. A partir de una serie de aproximaciones teórico-críticas precedentes, pretendemos evidenciar el desarrollo de una imaginación estética de relación y crítica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza, para luego leer la expresividad poética de Raúl Zurita en tanto reflexión crítica sobre la naturaleza y el lenguaje, afín a la proposición conceptual de una nueva episteme urbanoambiental (Heffes), centrada en los imaginarios de denuncia ecológica, sostenibilidad y preservación.

SUMMARY: Learning Anatomy can be a difficult and unmotivating process for the student, due to its complex vocabulary. One of the initial challenges in the teaching-learning process of Human Anatomy is the approach to the general terms of the musculoskeletal system grouped with the names of repairs, bone marks or accidents on the surface of the bone. These are usually mentioned with little or no definition in bibliographic resources. The objective of this work was to review the bibliographic resources that effectively have definitions of the terms known as repairs, bone marks or accidents on the bone surface, in order to provide clarifying information on the use of these bone terms and thus facilitate the teaching-learning processes of Human Anatomy. The terms commonly used to describe repairs, bone marks or accidents on the bone surface were analyzed in Terminologia Anatomica (FIPAT, 2019) and in five texts on Human Anatomy. To facilitate understanding, the results were classified and tabulated. There was a lack of bibliographic resources with definitions of the repairs, bone marks or accidents on the bone surface. Most of these bone terms were found in the musculoskeletal system. However, they are not exclusive to this system, and conceptual errors were observed in the definitions of some of the bone terms. One way to better understand these terms is to frequently review the Terminologia Anatomica.

RESUMEN: El aprendizaje de la Anatomía puede resultar un proceso dificultoso y poco motivador para el estudiante, esto debido a su complejo vocabulario. Uno de los desafíos iniciales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Anatomía Humana es el abordaje de los términos generales del sistema musculoesquelético agrupados con los nombres de reparos, marcas óseas o accidentes de la superficie del hueso. Estos suelen ser mencionados con una escasa o nula definición en los recursos bibliográficos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar los recursos bibliográficos que efectivamente cuentan con definiciones de los términos denominados como reparos, marcas óseas o accidentes de la superficie del hueso, con la finalidad de aportan información aclaratoria sobre el uso de estos términos óseos y así facilitar los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la Anatomía Humana. Los términos utilizados comúnmente para describir reparos, marcas óseas o accidentes de la superficie del hueso fueron analizados en Terminologia Anatomica (FIPAT, 2019) y en cinco textos de Anatomía Humana. Para facilitar la comprensión, los resultados fueron clasificados y tabulados Se pudo evidenciar una escasez de recursos bibliográficos con definiciones de los reparos, marcas óseas o accidentes de la superficie del hueso, la mayoría de estos términos óseos se encontraron en el sistema musculoesquélico, sin embargo, no son exclusivos de este sistema, además, se observaron errores conceptuales en las definiciones de algunos de los términos óseos. Una manera de comprender mejor estos términos, es revisar de manera frecuente la Terminologia Anatomica.

Resumen A partir de las relaciones entre sujeto, ciudad y poesía el artículo explora algunas dimensiones de la poética de Tomás Harris con el fin de realizar una lectura crítica del poema “La nave”, publicado en los libros Crónicas maravillosas (1997) y Noche de brujas y otros hechos de sangre (2012). Con este propósito, inicialmente se especifica una dimensión crítica de la poesía de Tomás Harris en tanto estética relacional y escritura procesual, para luego proponer un desplazamiento conceptual respecto de la figuración del sujeto poético desde el paradigma del flâneur de la modernidad hacia un sujeto traficante de la postmodernidad sudamericana. De este modo, posteriormente se pretende precisar la originalidad de la escritura de Tomás Harris en tanto acontecimiento poético, además de evidenciar la presencia de una écfrasis traficante en tanto cualidad retórica para la conceptualización y entendimiento último del poema.

Abstract From the relationships between subject, city and poetry, this article explores some dimensions of the poetry of Tomás Harris in order to make a critical reading of the poem "La nave", published in the Crónicas maravillosas (1997) and Noche de brujas y otros hechos de sangre (2012). For this purpose, is initially specified a critical dimension of Tomás Harris's poetry as both relational aesthetic and process writing, and then proposes a conceptual displacement regarding the figuration of the poetic subject from the flâneur of modernity towards the trafficker of South American postmodernity. In this way, it is intended to specify the originality of the writing of Thomas Harris as a poetic event, in addition to evidencing the presence of an ecfrasis trafficker as a rhetorical quality for conceptualization and ultimate understanding of the poem.

ABSTRACT Soil nutrients are one of the main drivers of plant species composition and distribution, mainly due to the role they play in plant survival and reproductive success. However, the nutritional requirements of plants inhabiting their native ecosystems are still poorly known. This is the case for most species of campo rupestre vegetation, which are found on infertile soils of quartzitic and ferruginous origin. The present study evaluated the effects of macronutrients and substrates on survival and growth of the micro-endemic Vellozia nanuzae (Velloziaceae). Plant mortality was about 95 % higher in soil enriched with macronutrients and almost 100 % in soils with added manure in the first 30 days. Individual plants from treatments with added nutrients had lower growth (53 % less) compared to individuals on natural substrates. In conclusion, Vellozia nanuzaesurvived and developed better on soil of its original habitat even though it is acidic and poor in nutrients. Our results show that more nutrients are not always better for the survival and development of native species that inhabit harsh ecosystems.

ABSTRACT The growth-survival trade-off hypothesis states that functional traits of stem, wood, leaves and fruits govern acquisitive and conservative strategies of plant species that grow/survive differently in forests. We aimed to determine whether heterogeneity during the colonization of a secondary Atlantic Forest fragment causes differences in colonization-related traits and determines taxonomic composition of subplots. A total of 5,078 subplots were censused with leaf and fruit traits and height measurements being determined for each tree of each species, and with averaged-abundance-weighted values calculated for each subplot. A dendrogram was generated from the taxonomic composition of subplots using Sorensen similarity and UPGMA clustering. A total of 74,335 trees of 178 species were recorded. Clustering revealed five main groups of subplots that were tested against each other and found to differ in terms of average leaf width, leaf-width/petiole-width, wood density, mean height, height mode, fruit width and fruit length. Greater leaf averages in subplots were associated with greater fruit averages, and with higher wood densities and greater heights among groups of subplots, revealing that heterogeneity during colonization directed the communities of the 50-ha plot. The averaged values of functional traits detected subplots associated with conditions favorable to colonization, thereby reinforcing the growth-survival trade-off hypothesis.

Abstract: This article reviews a series of theoretical-conceptual contributions coming from the literary studies related to fantastic literature in order to focus on the theoretical debate not only about the presence of the fantastic in poetry but also in its manifestations around postmodernity. Subsequently, reviewing specific poems, it is intended to show a relationship between the fantastic and the work of the Chilean poets Jaime Quezada and Oscar Hahn as a fantastic postmodern, contributing to the field of general knowledge about the possibilities of transformation and renewal of the Chilean poetry.

Resumen: El artículo revisa una serie de contribuciones teórico-conceptuales provenientes del campo de pensamiento de los estudios literarios relacionados con la literatura fantástica para concentrar su atención en el debate teórico respecto de la presencia de lo fantástico al interior de la poesía como en sus manifestaciones en torno a la postmodernidad. Posteriormente, revisando poemas específicos, se pretende evidenciar una relación entre lo fantástico y la obra de los poetas chilenos Jaime Quezada y Oscar Hahn a la manera de un fantástico postmoderno, contribuyendo al campo de conocimiento general sobre las posibilidades de transformación y renovación de la poesía chilena.

From the notion of "minor literature" proposed by Gilles Deleuze, the article comprises a general approach to the writings of the Chilean poets Tomás Harris and Nicolás Miquea, to raise the possibility of a "minor reading", as an exercise of reflection on both authors. From a broad theoretical approach, the article also explores the identity of poetry as health event, otherness, and relational aesthetics for the conceptual development of a "poetic trafficker"

A partir de la noción de "literatura menor" propuesta por Gilles Deleuze, el artículo comprende una aproximación general a las escrituras de los poetas chilenos Tomás Harris y Nicolás Miquea, para plantear la posibilidad de una "lectura menor" en tanto ejercicio de reflexión para la escritura crítica de ambos autores. Así, desde un amplio enfoque teórico, el artículo también explora la identidad de lo poético en tanto acontecimiento de salud, otredad y estética relacional para la formulación conceptual de una "poética traficante".

Resumen:El compromiso o balance adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/ número (trade-off seed size/number) es un reconocido fenómeno capaz de dar forma a los procesos ecológicos de la colonización y el establecimiento de especies de plantas. Los estudios que describen el compromiso adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/número en especies con fructificación supra-anual siguen siendo raros. En este estudio, se probaron dos hipótesis predictivas para compromiso adap-tativo de las semillas en tamaño/número: (i) una a escala poblacional, semillas producidas durante el año de mayor inversión reproductiva mostraran un tamaño reducido, y (ii) otra a escala individual que se dará una relación inversa entre el tamaño y número de semillas producidas por la planta individual. Para probar estas predicciones, 102 plantas adultas de Copaifera langsdorffii fueron monitoreadas mensualmente entre enero y septiembre, durante cuatro años consecutivos (2008-2011) con el fin de estudiar la inversión reproductiva de las plantas. Plantas langsdorffii C. exhibieron actividad reproductiva sólo durante el 2008 y 2011. El número promedio de semillas por rama fue 26.4 % mayor en 2008 en comparación con 2011. También se observó que el tamaño de la semilla fue mayor en 2008, cuando las plantas producen mayor número de frutos. Por lo tanto, los datos no apoyan la primera hipótesis de predicción de tamaño/número. En ambos años reproductivos, existía una relación negativa entre el tamaño de la semilla y el número de semillas, comprobando la segunda hipótesis de predicción del tamaño/número de semillas. El periodo de interacción con el año reproductivo sugiere que el compromiso adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/número fue de hecho más fuerte en 2011, cuando las plantas produjeron baja cantidad de semillas. Por último, este estudio llama la atención por el patrón de fructificación supra-anual en C. langsdoffii, y sugiere que los patrones fenológicos contribuyen a explicar la amplia variación en el tamaño de la semilla y la distribución geográfica.

Abstract:The trade-off seed size/number is a recognized phenomenon capable of shaping ecological processes of colonization and establishment of plant species. Studies that describe trade-offs size/number of seeds in supra-annual fruiting species are still rare. In this study, two predictions for trade-off size/number hypothesis were tested: (i) on a population scale, seeds produced during years of greater reproductive investment showed reduced size, and (ii) on individual scale there is an inverse relationship between size and number of seeds produced by individual plant. To test these predictions, 102 Copaifera langsdorffii adult plants were monitored monthly from January to September during four consecutive years (2008 to 2011) in order to study the reproductive investment of plants. C. langsdorffii plants exhibited reproductive activity only during years 2008 and 2011. The mean number of seeds per branch was 26.4 % greater in 2008 comparatively to 2011. It was also observed that seed size was greater in the year of 2008, when plants produced greater number of fruits. Thus, the data did not support the first prediction of seed size/number hypothesis. In both reproductive years, there was a negative relationship between seed size and number of seeds, supporting the second prediction of the seed size/number hypothesis. The interaction term with the reproductive year suggests that the trade-off size/number of seeds was indeed stronger in 2011, when the plants produced lower seed number. Finally, this study calls the attention to supra-annual fruiting pattern in C. langsdoffii, and suggests that the phenological patterns contribute to explain the wide variation in their seed size and geographical distribution.

Academic talent occurs in approximately 6% of the population and can be defined by a superior intellectual performance in specific or general academic fields. This research explores the application of an active and participative teaching model in the field of functional neuroanatomy to high school academically talented students (n=27) that participate in an enrichment program (BETA program). This method integrates interactive lessons, performance of practical steps that include dissections, constructing tridimensional models and the preparation of anatomic techniques. Students were also reinforced through an internet-based virtual classroom called "Aula Virtual de Anatomía Humana". Students were part of the courses implemented during the program's first and second semester of 2008. At the end of the course students do an evaluation using a survey that includes questions using a Likert scale and a qualitative (open) section. The results of the comparative analysis between students that participated in this course versus students from different science courses of the Beta program show that student learning opportunities have been maximized. This is reflected on the significant differences that support our method. Student academic talent plus the teaching methodology allows each student to progress according to their own rhythm and to discover, through direct experience, the morphology of the nervous system.

El talento académico se presenta en aproximadamente un 6% de la población, y se caracteriza por un destacado desempeño intelectual en algún área específica del conocimiento o en áreas generales. Esta investigación explora la aplicación de un método de enseñanza activo-participativo en el área de la neuroanatomía funcional, a estudiantes con talento académico de cursos de Enseñanza media (n=27), que formaban parte de un programa de enriquecimiento curricular (Programa BETA-PUCV). Este método integra las clases interactivas, la realización de pasos prácticos que incluyen disecciones, la confección de modelos tridimensionales y la preparación de técnicas anatómicas, además de un refuerzo virtual a través del Aula Virtual de Anatomía Humana. Los estudiantes formaron parte de cursos impartidos durante el primer y segundo semestre 2008. Al fin del período, los estudiantes evalúan el curso mediante una encuesta que contiene preguntas en escala Likert y una sección cualitativa. Los resultados de la comparación de las evaluaciones realizadas por los estudiantes que participaron en dichos cursos versus estudiantes de otros cursos del área científica del programa BETA, demuestran que a través de las metodologías utilizadas, se han maximizando las posibilidades de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Esto, se ha reflejado en diferencias significativas de nuestra propuesta versus el resto de los cursos. El talento académico que presenta este tipo de estudiantes sumado a la metodología de trabajo, permiten que cada estudiante avance a su propio ritmo y además descubra a través de la experiencia directa la morfología del sistema nervioso.

Simopelta minima (Brandão, 1989) foi originalmente descrita com base em quatro operárias coletadas em amostras de solo provenientes de uma pequena plantação de cacau localizada em Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. Nos anos seguintes à descrição, esta pequena plantação de cacau foi eliminada e a espécie passou a ser considerada extinta pelas instituições ambientais brasileiras. Recentemente foram coletadas operárias de Simopelta minima em amostras de armadilhas subterrâneas do tipo "pitfall", em Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, a mais de 1.000 km de distância da localidade tipo. Esta redescoberta sugere que o status de raridade e/ou vulnerabilidade atribuído a algumas espécies de formigas pode ser explicado pela amostragem insuficiente de microhabitats adequados, no tempo e no espaço.

Simopelta minima (Brandão, 1989) was originally described based on four workers collected in soil samples from a small cocoa plantation in Ilhéus, state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. In the subsequent years after the description, this cocoa plantation was eliminated and the species was then considered extinct by the Brazilian environmental institutions. The recent rediscovery of S. minima workers in subterranean pitfall trap samples from Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, over 1.000 km distant from type locality, suggests that the rarity and vulnerability status of some ant species may be explained by insufficient sampling of adequate microhabitats, in time and space.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a very common disorder that occurs up to 10% of premenopausal women. Although PCOS is known to be associated with a higher reproductive morbility and increased risk of hormone dependent-cancer, its diagnosis is particularly important because PCOS is strongly linked to insulin resistance. This involves a major risk of early metabolic and cardiovascular complications. On the other hand, the prevalence of metabolic disorders associated with insulin resistance is higher in family members of patients with PCOS than in those of normal women, which suggests that the treatment of this syndrome should be preventive rather than symptomatic. For that reason, PCOS might be considered a signal of a family disorder, a route to diabetes and a public health problem (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 805-12).