BACKGROUND. Enuresis, also referred to as nocturnal enuresis, is characterised by discrete episodes of urinary incontinence during sleep in children aged >5 years in the absence of congenital or acquired neurological disorders. This guideline is an update of the 2017 version. RECOMMENDATIONS. The guideline provides recommendations and suggestions for various therapeutic options for enuresis available in South Africa (SA). These options include behavioural modification, urotherapy, pharmaceutical therapy, alarm therapy, alternative therapies, neuromodulation, psychological support and biofeedback. Additionally, it explores the role of a voiding diary, additional investigations and mobile phone applications (apps) in treating enuresis. The document also outlines standardised definitions for clarity. CONCLUSION. This is an updated guideline endorsed by relevant key opinion leaders in SA, with additional input from international experts in the field.

RESUMO: Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Acácia-negra) é uma espécie florestal de grande importância social e econômica para a região sul do Brasil. Essa espécie apresenta características multifuncionais, sendo cultivada para produção de tanino, celulose e energia. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar genótipos de acácia-negra com competência ao enraizamento adventício para a propagação por miniestaquia. Miniestacas de gema única foram tratadas com AIB na concentração de 2000 mg L-1. Aos 30 dias de cultivo as miniestacas foram avaliadas quanto às porcentagens de sobrevivência e enraizamento, número e comprimento médio das três maiores raízes e número de miniestacas enraizadas por minicepa. A identificação dos melhores genótipos foi realizada com o auxílio do software Selegen REML/BLUP. A seleção entre e dentro de progênies de acácia-negra pode ser realizada para o número de miniestacas enraizadas, sendo possível selecionar genótipos com alta competência ao enraizamento adventício, mantendo variabilidade genética para novos ciclos de seleção, visando desenvolver clones para a propagação vegetativa por miniestaquia. RESUMO Wild Acácianegra Acácia negra (Acácia-negra Brasil multifuncionais tanino energia acácianegra acácia miniestaquia 200 L1. L1 L 1. 1 L-1 3 minicepa REMLBLUP REML BLUP REML/BLUP 20 L- 2

ABSTRACT: Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Black wattle) is a forest species with great social and economical importance for the southern region of Brazil. This species has multifunctional characteristics, being cultivated to produce tannin, cellulose and energy. This research identified black wattle genotypes with competence for adventitious rooting for mini-cutting propagation. Single-bud mini-cuttings were treated with IBA at a concentration of 2000 mg L-1. After 30 days of cultivation in a humid chamber, the mini-cuttings were evaluated for percentages of survival, rooting, number of roots, average length of the three largest roots, and the number of mini-cuttings rooted per mini-stump. The identification of the best genotypes was performed with the Selegen REML/BLUP software. Selection between and within black wattle progenies can be performed based on the number of rooted mini-cuttings, making it possible to select genotypes with high competence for adventitious rooting while maintaining genetic variability for new selection cycles to develop clones for vegetative propagation by mini-cutting. ABSTRACT Wild Black Brazil characteristics tannin energy minicutting mini cutting Singlebud Single bud minicuttings cuttings 200 L1. L1 L 1. 1 L-1 3 chamber survival roots ministump. ministump stump. stump mini-stump REMLBLUP REML BLUP software minicuttings, cuttings, minicutting. cutting. 20 L- 2

The appropriate management of the habitat of the endangered and endemic White-spotted Ketsi Blue butterfly, Lepidochrysops ketsi leucomacula Henning & Henning, 1994, is necessary for its survival. Much of the life history and ecology of this butterfly are unknown. The oviposition plant was found to be Selago tarach-odes Hilliard and the plants that were observed to be visited by L. k. leucomacula for nectar all had pink flowers. Monitoring of two populations of L. k. leucomacula in protected areas commenced in March 2022. Surveillance and walked transects were the monitoring methods used. Observed threats to this endangered butterfly in protected areas were uncontrolled grazing by domestic livestock and mowing of its grassland habitat. Fencing of its grassland habitat may be a way to control these threats.

Resumo Objetivo: Quantificar o uso de plataformas de rede social por traumato-ortopedistas, com ênfase nas diferenças demográficas, regionais e de tipo de prática clínica. Materiais e Métodos: Utilizando o banco de dados de membros da Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA), foram realizadas pesquisas on-line para identificar perfis de profissionais em diversas plataformas de rede social. Esta presença foi quantificada por uma pontuação cumulativa de redes sociais, que foi correlacionada com as informações demográficas coletadas. Resultados: Foram identificados 1.262 profissionais com treinamento especializado em trauma ortopédico. Observou-se que os cirurgiões que atuam em ambiente acadêmico têm maior probabilidade de usar diversas plataformas de rede social e apresentam pontuação geral maior em redes sociais do que aqueles que atuam em consultório particular. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas quanto ao uso de redes sociais com base na região de atuação. Conclusão: Atualmente, as plataformas de rede social são subutilizadas pelos traumato-ortopedistas. Nível de Evidência: IV. Objetivo traumatoortopedistas, traumatoortopedistas traumato ortopedistas, ortopedistas traumato-ortopedistas clínica Métodos OTA, OTA , (OTA) online on line coletadas Resultados 1262 1 262 1.26 ortopédico Observouse Observou se particular atuação Conclusão Atualmente traumatoortopedistas. ortopedistas. Evidência IV (OTA 126 26 1.2 12 2 1.

Abstract Objective: To quantify the use of social media platforms by orthopedic traumatologists with an emphasis on demographic, practice-based, and regional differences. Materials and Methods: Using the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) membership database, online searches were performed to identify professional profiles on numerous social media platforms. This presence was then quantified by a cumulative social media score which was correlated to the demographic information collected. Results: In total, 1,262 active fellowship-trained orthopedic traumatologists were identified. Surgeons practicing in an academic setting were found to be more likely to use numerous social media platforms and to present an overall greater social media score than those in private practices. No significant differences in use were found based on practice region. Conclusion: Social media platforms are currently underused by orthopedic traumatologists. Level of Evidence: IV. Objective practicebased, practicebased based, practice-based Methods OTA (OTA database collected Results total 1262 1 262 1,26 fellowshiptrained fellowship trained identified practices region Conclusion Evidence IV 126 26 1,2 12 2 1,

Coulometry is a well-established technique for certified reference materials (CRM). However, commercial coulometers are currently expensive and utilize outdated software. The National Metrology Institute of Colombia (INMC) has developed a cheaper and modular coulometer with powerful software capable of controlling the instrument, and acquiring pH, the potential difference between generator electrodes, and the electrical current at any stage of the coulometric titration. The results obtained from this new coulometer align well with the novel method for calculating the amount of substance content of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). This method involves the experimental data fitting with the theoretical titration curve TC(NLR), also developed by the INMC. TC(NLR) replaces the traditional empirical W-function (eWf), which has no chemical basis and does not account for CO2 as an impurity. The KHP content of the CRM KHP 84L from NIST was measured using the developed coulometer, resulting in 4.9069 ± 0.0090 mol kg-1 with a bias of 0.21% for the eWf, and a more accurate result of 4.8983 ± 0.0047 mol kg-1 with a bias of 0.041% for the TC(NLR). The challenges during the development of the coulometer, particularly in terms of instrumentation, as well as their impact on uncertainty, are also discussed. wellestablished established CRM. . (CRM) However INMC (INMC instrument pH electrodes KHP. (KHP) TCNLR, TCNLR TC NLR , TC(NLR Wfunction W function eWf (eWf) CO impurity L 49069 4 9069 4.906 00090 0 0090 0.009 kg1 kg 1 kg- 021 21 0.21 48983 8983 4.898 00047 0047 0.004 0041 041 0.041 TCNLR. instrumentation uncertainty discussed (CRM (KHP (eWf 4906 906 4.90 0009 009 0.00 02 2 0.2 4898 898 4.89 0004 004 04 0.04 490 90 4.9 000 00 0.0 0. 489 89 4.8 49 9 4. 48 8

Resumo O crescimento populacional aliado à necessidade de energia elétrica resultou na construção de centenas de usinas hidrelétricas no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A consequência dessas intervenções foi a fragmentação dos rios, formando barreiras, que dificultam a mobilidade das espécies de peixes migradores, gerando impacto no ciclo de vida dessas espécies, principalmente no que diz respeito à movimentação entre áreas de reprodução e alimentação. Por esse motivo, objetivou-se atraves desse artigo avaliar o estado da arte do conhecimento a cerca dos barramentos, trechos livres e espécies migradoras nas três principais bacias hidrográficas do estado de São Paulo e seus tributários. Através de uma revisão sistemática do periodo de 2003 a 2023 foram obtidos 89 artigos, sendo 48 sobre barramentos, 5 que abordavam sistemas de transposição de peixes e 36 retratando as espécies migradoras. Na primeira metade as pesquisas focaram mais os impactos dos barramentos na ictiofauna, enquanto que na segunda metade do período estudado, estudos dos peixes migradores foram dominantes. A maioria das pesquisas foram conduzidas nos rios principais, sendo poucas nos trinutários. E por fim 16 espécies migradoras, consideradas de longa distância foram estudadas, sendo que as mais estudadas foram P. lineatus, P. maculatus, L. friderici, M. obtusidens and S. hilarri e as que ocorreram com maior frequência nos rios são Prochilodus lineatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Megaleporinus obtusidens and Salminus hilarii. Assim, recomendamos a manutenção do regime de fluxo natural ainda existente nos principais rios e tributários do estado de São Paulo, para manter populações saudáveis of migratory species inventoried. Brasil barreiras alimentação motivo objetivouse objetivou se 200 202 8 artigos 4 3 ictiofauna estudado dominantes trinutários 1 P lineatus maculatus L friderici M S hilarii Assim inventoried 20 2

Abstract Population growth combined with the need for electrical energy resulted in the construction of hundreds of hydroelectric plants in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The consequence of these interventions was the fragmentation of rivers, forming barriers, that hinder the mobility of migratory fish species, generating an impact on the life cycle of these species, especially about movement between breeding and feeding areas. For this reason, this article aimed to evaluate the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding dams, free stretches, and migratory species in the three main river basins of the state of São Paulo and its tributaries. Through a systematic review from 2003 to 2023, 89 articles were obtained, 48 of which were about dams, 5 which addressed fish transposition systems, and 36 portraying migratory species. In the first half, research focused more on the impacts of dams on fish fauna, while in the second half of the period studied, studies of migratory fish were dominant. Most research was conducted in the main rivers, with few in the tributaries. Finally, 16 migratory species, considered long-distance, were studied, the most studied being P. lineatus, P. maculatus, L. friderici, M. obtusidens and S. hilarri and the ones that occurred most frequently in rivers are Prochilodus lineatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Megaleporinus obtusidens and Salminus hilarii. Therefore, we recommend maintaining the natural flow regime that still exists in the main rivers and tributaries of the state of São Paulo, to maintain healthy populations of the inventoried species. Brazil barriers areas reason stateoftheart art stretches 200 2023 8 obtained 4 systems 3 fauna dominant Finally 1 longdistance, longdistance long distance, distance long-distance P lineatus maculatus L friderici M S hilarii Therefore 20 202 2

BACKGROUND: Neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of term neonatal death worldwide, with a higher incidence in low- to middle-income settings OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether nucleated red blood cell (nRBC) counts could predict severity of HIE and outcomes in term neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH METHODS: We conducted a retrospective sub-study at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. The review included all cooled neonates' clinical records and blood samples from a National Health Laboratory Services database. One experienced neurodevelopmental expert assessed patients over a period of 12 months RESULTS: Twenty-five files out of a total of 100 were excluded owing to missing data. In accordance with the Thompson HIE score, the cohort was classified as mild (56%), moderate (27%), and severe (17%). All included patients (n=75) had full blood counts within 6 hours of delivery. nRBC were detected in 52% of the samples. There was no correlation between nRBC category and HIE severity (p=0.265). Raised nRBCs (>30 cells/100 white blood cells (WBCs)) were more frequent in infants who died than in those who survived (p=0.008). Infants with nRBC counts >30 cells/100 WBCs had an increased likelihood of having cerebral palsy or impaired neurodevelopment (p=0.013 CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a significant association between an early increase in nRBC counts in HIE infants treated with TH, and both short- and long-term outcomes. A larger multicentre study is required to better understand the relationship between nRBC counts and HIE in the era of cooling in our local setting

ABSTRACT: The buccal adipose body (BAB) is a well- defined multilobulated adipose component, located bilaterally in the facial region, closely related to nervous and vascular structures. BAB removal is a widely studied procedure in the field of maxillofacial surgery, used mainly to cover defects. Its influence on facial aesthetics has started to popularize the removal of the BAB buccal extension to obtain a more stylized face, an intervention widely known as minimally invasive and without complications. The objective of this study was to collect and evaluate studies that report and evaluate complications associated with the removal of BAB for cosmetic reasons. The evidence was reviewed in the Medline databases via PubMed, Epistemonikos, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using predefined terms, selecting primary studies from case reports. 7 articles with a total of 10 patients were included; Of these, eight patients underwent this procedure in Brazil, one in the United States, and one in Chile. The distribution of the population was 3:7 between men and women with an average age of 35 years and a range between 23 to 49 years. In relation to the reported complications, 100 % of the patients presented facial asymmetry, 80 % presented facial edema, 30 % manifested sialocele, trismus 20 %, 40 % presented hematoma, 20 % compromised general state, 20 % presented dysphagia, in the cases of hypoesthesia, paresthesia, abscess, seroma, facial paralysis, odynophagia, fever were expressed in 10 % of the studied population. All the studies described a surgical reintervention after cosmetic removal of the bichat adipose body. The scarce literature and its low quality do not allow estimating the real percentage of possible complications, nor is it possible to determine their long-term results since there is no evidence of appropriate follow-up for these patients.

RESUMEN: El cuerpo adiposo de la boca (CAB) es un componente adiposo multilobulado bien delimitado, localizado de manera bilateral en la región facial íntimamente relacionado a estructuras nerviosas y vasculares. La remoción de CAB es un procedimiento ampliamente estudiado en el campo de la cirugía maxilofacial, utilizado principalmente para cubrir defectos. Su influencia en la estética facial ha iniciado una popularización de la remoción de la extensión bucal de CAB para obtener un rostro más estilizado, intervención difundida como poco invasiva y sin complicaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar y evaluar estudios que reporten y evalúen complicaciones asociadas a la remoción por razones estéticas de CAB. Se revisó la evidencia en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, Epistemonikos, Scopus y Google Scholar, utilizando términos predefinidos, seleccionando estudios primarios de reportes de casos. Se incluyeron 7 artículos con un total de 10 pacientes; de estos, ocho pacientes se realizaron este procedimiento en Brasil, uno en Estados Unidos y uno en Chile. La distribución de la población fue de 3:7 entre hombres y mujeres con edad promedio de 35 años y un rango entre los 23 a los 49 años. En relación a las complicaciones reportadas, 100 % de los pacientes presentaron asimetría facial, un 80 % presentó edema facial, 30 % manifestaron sialocele, Trismus 20 %, 40 % presentó hematoma, 20 % compromiso del estado general, 20 % presentaron disfagia, en los casos de hipoestesia, parestesia, absceso, seroma, parálisis facial, odinofagia, fiebre se expresaron en 10 % de la población estudiada. En todos los estudios se describió una reintervención quirúrgica posterior a la remoción estética del cuerpo adiposo de bichat. La escasa literatura y la baja calidad de esta, no permite estimar el porcentaje real de posibles complicaciones, tampoco es posible determinar sus resultados a largo plazo ya que no existe en la evidencia un seguimiento apropiado para estos pacientes.

In 2019, Discovery Health published a risk adjustment model to determine standardised mortality rates across South African private hospital systems, with the aim of contributing towards quality improvement in the private healthcare sector. However, the model suffers from limitations due to its design and its reliance on administrative data. The publication's aim of facilitating transparency is unfortunately undermined by shortcomings in reporting. When designing a risk prediction model, patient-proximate variables with a sound theoretical or proven association with the outcome of interest should be used. The addition of key condition-specific clinical data points at the time of hospital admission will dramatically improve model performance. Performance could be further improved by using summary risk prediction scores such as the EUROSCORE II for coronary artery bypass graft surgery or the GRACE risk score for acute coronary syndrome. In general, model reporting should conform to published reporting standards, and attempts should be made to test model validity by using sensitivity analyses. In particular, the limitations of machine learning prediction models should be understood, and these models should be appropriately developed, evaluated and reported.

BACKGROUND There is interest in lingering non-specific symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, referred to as Long coronavirus disease 2019 (Long COVID-19). It remains unknown whether the risk of Long COVID-19 is associated with pre-existing comorbidities or initial COVID-19 severity, including infections due to new Omicron lineages which predominated in 2023. OBJECTIVES The aim of this case report was to characterize the clinical features of acute XBB.1.5 infection followed by Long COVID-19. METHODS We followed a 73-year old female resident of Rio de Janeiro with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection and subsequent months. The SARS-CoV-2 lineage was determined by genome sequencing. FINDINGS The participant denied comorbidities and had completed a two-dose vaccination schedule followed by two booster doses eight months prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Primary infection by viral lineage XBB.1.5. was clinically mild, but the participant subsequently reported persistent fatigue. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This case demonstrates that Long COVID-19 may develop even after mild disease due to SARS-CoV-2 in fully vaccinated and boosted individuals without comorbidities. Continued monitoring of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages and associated clinical outcomes is warranted. Measures to prevent infection should continue to be implemented including development of new vaccines and antivirals effective against novel variants. nonspecific non specific SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV (SARS-CoV-2 201 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19 . COVID-19) COVID-1 preexisting pre existing severity 2023 XBB15 XBB 1 5 XBB.1. 19. 73year year 73 laboratoryconfirmed laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV- sequencing twodose dose fatigue warranted variants (SARS-CoV- 20 COVID1 COVID- 202 XBB1 XBB.1 7 SARS-CoV (SARS-CoV XBB.

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence levels of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants (goats and sheep) and the associated risk factors in the Khomas region of Namibia. A total of 299 and 345 sheep and goat sera from 22 farming establishments were tested, respectively. An IDEXX Toxotest Ab®, a commercial ELISA kit, was used to screen for IgG antibodies to T.gondii. Overall, 3.68% (11/299) of the sheep sera were positive, and 61.54% (8/13) of the sheep flocks tested had at least one positive animal. Only one of the 345 goat sera from 19 flocks was positive, giving animal-level and herd-level prevalences of 0.29% and 5.26%, respectively. Sheep flocks had significantly greater animal-level and flock-level prevalences than goats (p < 0.05) and were 13.14 times more likely to be seropositive (OR = 13.14; CI 95%: 1.686-102.382) than goat flocks. A questionnaire was also administered to identify any putative risk factors associated with seropositivity. Eight risk factors were evaluated, including the total number of goats, total number of sheep, farm size, average rainfall, presence of wild Felidae (African lions, caracals, cheetahs and leopards), presence of domesticated and stray cats and history of abortions in the flocks. Seropositivity to T. gondii in sheep was positively associated with the total number at the farming establishment, history of abortions and farm size (p < 0.05), but not with goats. The study determined that sheep in the Khomas region were probably more exposed to T. gondii infection than goats. It also found T. gondii seroprevalences that were much lower than those in similar studies from other countries in the sub-region and elsewhere.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) has been linked to decreased social functioning, poor mental health, and quality of life (QOL). Increased physical functioning and activity can result in improvements in social, mental and overall health, as well as lowered depression and anxiety levels OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine physical activity levels and QOL amongst patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia in the Johannesburg region of South Africa METHODS: The research design was cross-sectional. Descriptive and quantitative data were collected. FMS patients (n=38) completed an online questionnaire on the Google Forms platform. The questionnaire was comprised of four components, namely Demographics, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR), and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). During data analysis, descriptive characteristics and correlations were computed. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 RESULTS: Results revealed high FIQR scores (67%) accompanied with low QOL scores (<50% in all domains). There was no correlation between physical activity and FIQR, and physical activity and QOL CONCLUSION: High scores on the impact of FMS were associated with lower overall QOL scores. However, the relationship between physical activity, and the impact of FMS and QOL remain inconclusive

BACKGROUND: By using complementary therapies, such as exercise rehabilitation during and after cancer treatment, breast cancer patients and survivors can improve their quality of life and overall health while also negating the deleterious effects of breast cancer and its treatment. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the physical activity levels of female breast cancer patients and survivors in Ekurhuleni, South Africa. METHODS: The International Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (2002) determined participants' physical activity levels during work, travel and leisure. The questionnaire was disseminated to medical facilities in hard copy format and online via the Google Forms platform. Statistics were computed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) with the level of significance set at 95% (p < 0.05 RESULTS: One hundred female breast cancer patients and survivors with a mean age of 55 years from Ekurhuleni, South Africa. participated in this study. The findings reflected that most participants (59%) were meeting the American College of Sports Medicine's physical activity guidelines when considering activity done during work, travel and leisure. No significant difference was seen in physical activity participation between breast cancer patients and breast cancer survivors, or those attending private and public facilities. CONCLUSION: For the breast cancer patient, physical activity and exercise may be a promising and effective adjuvant treatment both during and after anticancer therapies, improving quality of life, playing a role in increasing treatment tolerance, mitigating a range of symptoms and side effects brought on by cancer diagnosis and treatments and enhancing outcomes.

RESUMEN Las actitudes del público sobre la genética parecen depender del contexto local. Analizamos las respuestas de una encuesta suministrada en 2015 a 293 residentes de Luján, una ciudad de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, quienes autoevaluaron su conocimiento sobre genética y su confianza en las pruebas genéticas. La encuesta integraba un proyecto de investigación más amplio en el que los adultos participantes que dieron su consentimiento compartieron información demográfica y genealógica y proporcionaron muestras de saliva para un estudio de ancestría genética. Cuando se les preguntó sobre su conocimiento y confianza, los participantes informaron tener poco conocimiento sobre genética, pero mucha confianza en las pruebas genéticas. Historias muy conocidas de los medios de comunicación sobre investigaciones genéticas forenses basadas en el ADN para identificar a las víctimas de la represión estatal durante la dictadura militar pueden haber contribuido a la alta autoevaluación del propio conocimiento genético manifestado por algunos participantes, independientemente de su nivel educativo. Nuestro análisis proporciona información que podría utilizarse como base para comenzar a desentrañar los niveles actuales de confianza pública en la genética en una región del Sur Global donde las pruebas genéticas se han generalizado, pero el conocimiento y confianza de las personas sobre genética están poco estudiados.

ABSTRACT Public attitudes about genetics appear to depend on the local context. We analyzed survey responses obtained in 2015 from 293 residents of Luján, a city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, who self-assessed their knowledge about genetics and their trust in genetic tests. The survey integrated a larger research project for which consenting adult participants shared demographic and genealogical information and provided saliva samples for genetic ancestry analyses. Participants reported little knowledge but high trust in genetic testing when questioned about knowledge and trust. Well-known media stories of DNA-based forensic genetic investigations to identify the victims of state repression during the military dictatorship may have contributed to the high self-assessment of their genetic knowledge expressed by some participants, regardless of educational attainment. Our analysis provides information that could be used as a baseline to begin unraveling the current level of public trust in genetics in a region of the Global South where genetic testing has become widespread, but people’s knowledge of and trust in genetics remain poorly studied.