Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água do Rio Carahá no município de Lages (Brasil), utilizando o conceito de carga de poluentes e comparar a representação dos resultados com aquela expressa por meio do índice de qualidade da água. Para este estudo foram selecionados 13 pontos ao longo da calha do rio e realizadas 8 coletas durante o período de 16 meses. As análises realizadas envolveram os parâmetros necessários para o cálculo do índice de qualidade da água (IQA). Foram ainda realizadas medições de vazão, o que possibilitaram a realização do cálculo da carga poluidora. Os resultados do IQA mostraram que a pontuação varia entre 24,95 para a nascente, chegando a 40 no exutório da bacia, classificando a água de “péssima” a “ruim”. O cálculo da carga orgânica demonstrou uma adição constante de poluentes ao rio, o que demonstra que a qualidade da água é continuamente degradada. Esta informação não foi possível de ser obtida analisando-se somente o IQA, o qual apresentou uma qualidade praticamente constante a partir do ponto 4. Desta forma, para o rio Carahá, a utilização do cálculo da carga constitui-se em uma ferramenta de avaliação da poluição que pode trazer informações mais adequadas para a gestão de deste recurso hídrico.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of Carahá River in Lages (Brazil), using the concept of pollutant load and comparing the results with the water quality index. Thirteen points along the river were selected and eight collections were carried out over a period of 16 months. The parameters analysed were those required for the calculation of the water quality index (WQI). Flow measurements were also carried out, which enabled the calculation of the polluting load. The results showed that the WQI score ranges between 24.95 at the source and peaks at 40 at the outlet. The water classification, therefore, ranges from “very bad” to “bad”. The calculation of the pollutant load showed a constant disposal of contaminants into the river, which demonstrates that the quality of the water is continuously degraded. This information could not be obtained by analysing only the WQI, which presented a nearly constant quality at point 4 and beyond. The use of the calculation of pollutant load for Carahá River is, therefore, a tool for assessment of pollution that can provide more appropriate information for the water resources management.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the environmental impact on water quality in a small-scale trout farming facility. The parameters measured were pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), color, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand (BDO5), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4), nitrate (N-NO3), nitrite (N-NO2), and thermotolerant coliforms. The quality of the water after being used by the farming facility did not exceed the values measured upstream. The physical, chemical and microbiological analyses of the water showed that trout activities do not significantly affect the water quality when compared with the upstream and downstream sampling points of the fish farm. Results showed that the water load used on the trout farm was 148 m3 kg-1, similar to values observed worldwide. The flow rate used by the trout farm, along with a conventional decantation system, were responsible for maintaining the water quality. In general, the results indicate that small trout farming facilities can be attractive from an economic point of view, with low environmental impact.

ABSTRACT Chemical speciation of the soil solution is an important tool to identify Al species related to phytotoxicity. In some Brazilian acid soils, the Al extractable by the KCl 1.0 mol L -1 solution (Al-KCl) exceeds 10 cmol c kg -1 and even then, in some situations, it does not cause toxicity to the plants. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between these high concentrations of Al-KCl found in some Brazilian acid soils and the activity of the different Al chemical species in the soil solution, as well as the response of soybean and corn plants to lime application. Subsurface horizon (B) samples of five soils were collected in four states of Brazil (AC, PE, RS, and SC) from areas that had never been cultivated. The samples were then given increasing rates of limestone, equivalent to that required to neutralize 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.00 times the contents of H+Al and were incubated for 98 days. After that period, the soils were fertilized and planted to soybean and corn in the greenhouse for 60 and 45 days, respectively, in 2015. The experimental units consisted of 8 L pots, filled with 5 kg of soil (dry basis). After each crop, the plants and soil samples were collected to determine the leaf, stem, and root dry matter, and chemical composition. In the soil solution, cations and anions, pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon were quantified. The distribution of the Al species was evaluated using the program Minteq. Free Al (Al 3+ ) was the species found in highest proportion in treatments without limestone, in all soils. Application at the lowest limestone rate, equivalent to 25 % of that required for H+Al neutralization, was sufficient to decrease Al activity in the soil solution to levels considered non-toxic to plants in four of the five soils. High levels of Al-KCl are not related to manifestation of toxicity and to Al 3+ activity in the solution of Hapludult (Acre profile 9; AC9) and Hapludult (Rosario do Sul; RS) since dry matter (DM) production in these soils was little influenced by liming, unlike what occurred in the Hapludult (Pernambuco; PE), Humudepts (Bom Retiro; BR), and Kandiudox (Curitibanos; CB) soils, in which Al-KCl contents were related to Al activity in the solution and to DM production of the plants grown in them.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar o impacto ambiental da aplicação de cinzas de biomassa vegetal no solo e os efeitos sobre a qualidade da água após a lixiviação. As cinzas são geradas por caldeiras industriais usadas na indústria de celulose e papel. Os experimentos foram realizados em colunas preenchidas com solo e, em seguida, as cinzas foram adicionadas sobre o solo para simular condições de campo. As cinzas foram aplicadas em quantidades iguais em uma taxa de 30 e 60 toneladas por hectare. A água da chuva foi preparada para simular três cenários: pH 3,0; 6,5 e 8,0. Cada experimento de lixiviação foi realizado para simular uma precipitação anual de 2.045 mm. Os resultados mostraram que o parâmetro principal que exige mais atenção é a concentração de alumínio. Neste contexto, em condições ácidas (pH 3,0) e com uma grande quantidade de cinzas adicionadas (60 toneladas por hectare), o nível de alumínio no lixiviado pode atingir o nível máximo de água potável. Apesar do potencial impacto do alumínio, a adição de cinzas da biomassa vegetal no solo para a agricultura pode servir como uma estratégia alternativa para uso deste resíduo.

Abstract This work analyzed water leached from soil treated with leachate from plant biomass ash. The ash was generated by industrial boilers used in the pulp and paper industry. Experiments were carried out in columns filled with soil, and the ash was then added to the soil to simulate field conditions. The ash was applied at 30 and 60 tons per hectare rate. The simulated rainwater was prepared for three scenarios: pH 3.0, 6.5 and 8.0. Each leaching experiment simulated an annual precipitation of 2,045 mm. The results showed that the parameter that demands more attention is aluminum concentration. In this context, in acidic conditions (pH 3.0) and with a significant amount of ash added (60 tons per hectare), the level of aluminum may reach the maximum level for drinking water. Despite the potential impact of aluminum, the use of ash from plant biomass in soil for agricultural purposes may serve as an alternative strategy for disposal of this waste.

Este trabalho descreve o desempenho de um reator Fenton em grande escala usado para remoção de fenol em uma planta de valorização dos resíduos da indústria de papel e celulose. O efluente consiste em óleo vegetal e fenol. A estação de tratamento objetiva tratar 4 m3 h-1 e é constituída por um pré-tratamento para remoção de óleo, reator Fenton, Flotador de Ar Dissolvido - FAD e uma lagoa de aeração. Para a avaliação da estação de tratamento foram comparadas análises próprias do efluente com análises feitas em laboratório certificado. A eficiência global de remoção de fenol é maior do que 99,7%. Foi demonstrado que a combinação do processo de oxidação avançada com o biológico constitui-se em um sistema de tratamentos interessante a fim de remover contaminantes recalcitrantes.

This paper describes the performance of a Fenton reactor on an industrial scale applied to the removal of phenols in a waste recovery plant from the pulp and paper industry. The effluent consists of vegetal oil and phenol. The treatment plant is designed to treat 4 m3 h-1 and consists of a pre-treatment for oil removal, a Fenton reactor and an extended aeration tank. Internal and external analyses of the effluent were performed in order to evaluate the treatment plant. The overall efficiency of phenol removal was higher than 99.7%. It was demonstrated that the combination of biological and advanced oxidative process is a promising method of removing recalcitrant contaminants.

A cinza resultante da queima do carvão mineral pulverizado é um dos resíduos gerados pelas empresas produtoras de materiais cerâmicas. Quimicamente, é constituída de uma ampla mistura de óxidos, sendo os majoritários Al2O3, SiO2 e Fe2O3 e outros menores como CaO, MgO, sulfatos e outras combinações. Atualmente, em muitas empresas, a cinza produzida é aterrada em áreas licenciadas por órgãos ambientais. Com o ritmo acelerado de produção de revestimentos cerâmicos e em virtude da sua limitada vida útil é necessário a utilização de outros locais, adequados, para deposição das cinzas, medida que provoca um gasto mensal elevado. Diante deste cenário, a adição de cinza à matéria-prima, além de diminuir o impacto ao meio-ambiente, pode propiciar uma redução geral de custos, tanto pelo barateamento da produção, como pela diminuição daquantidade de cinzas a serem aterradas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas de revestimentos cerâmicos produzidos com a adição de cinza pesada de carvão mineral. Para sua realização, corpos de prova foram confeccionados com adição de 1 a 30% de cinza em base mássica. Os corpos de prova foram armazenados dentro de placas refratárias e queimados em forno túnel a uma temperatura de 1084ºC em um ciclo de 29 horas. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos para a barbotina e corpo de prova pós-queima. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os padrões estabelecidos pela norma NBR 13818. Foi demonstrado que os experimentos realizados com adição de 1 a 10 % de cinza apresentaram-se dentro dos padrões estipulados pela norma. Para porcentagens de cinza adicionada acima de 4 %, alguns valores estiveram fora dos padrões, sendo a formação de "coração negro" o parâmetro que mais se afastou das exigências da norma em questão.

The ash is a solid waste generated in ceramic processing, being one of the outcomes of burning pulverized coal. The chemical composition of ash consists of a mixture of oxides, especially Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3, and other species like calcium, magnesium, sulfates or other combinations. In many companies, the residual ash is transported to landfills, which are licensed by environmental agencies. With the increasing current production of ceramic tiles, the landfills have a limited lifetime, so the companies must search for other expensive alternatives for ash deposition. Henceforth, the addition of ash to the raw material, besides contribution to reduction of the environment impact, may also reduce the total costs, by decreasing the amount of raw material demanded in process and the amount of residual ash to be deposed. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of ceramic tiles produced with the addition of coal ash. Specimens were prepared by adding 1 to 30% of ash to mass base. The specimens were stored in refractory recipients and fired in a tunnel furnace at the temperature of 1084 °C in a 29 hours cycle. Physical parameters were analyzed for slip and specimens after firing. The results were compared with standards according to NBR 13818. The results showed that properties of specimens produced with the addition of 1 up to 10 % of ash are in accordance with NBR 13818. For samples with higher percentages of ash, e.g. above 4 %, some parameters did not achieve the norm standards. The formation of "black core" was the main problem for these samples.

Nas estações de tratamento de água para abastecimento, a adequação da qualidade da água é realizada por meio do processo de coagulação e floculação, seguido de sedimentação e filtração. Normalmente são utilizados coagulantes inorgânicos como sais de ferro e alumínio que geram lodos que precisam ser dispostos em aterros específicos. Desta forma, a utilização do tanino como coagulante possibilita um tratamento que gera lodo com maiores possibilidades de manejo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de um tanino obtido a partir da acácia negra, no tratamento da água do rio Tubarão. Foram avaliados parâmetros como concentração de tanino, cor aparente, turbidez, alcalinidade, fenóis e volume de lodo gerado. As concentrações ótimas para coagulação da água captada no rio situaram-se entre 1,0 e 7,5 mg L-1, dependendo da qualidade da água coletada no rio. Nas condições ótimas de dosagem de coagulante, a alcalinidade apresentou redução máxima de 30% após o tratamento, a cor aparente situou-se entre 4,2 e 7,6 uC, a turbidez entre 0 e 2 uT e o volume de lodo gerado apresentou valores entre 5 e 20 mL L-1. A concentração de fenol na água tratada ficou abaixo de 0,003 mg L-1. Neste sentido, os valores obtidos atenderam à portaria nº 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde em relação aos parâmetros analisados. Estes resultados motivam estudos mais aprofundados sobre a viabilidade de aplicação do tanino como coagulante, sobretudo em relação aos efeitos tóxicos de compostos que possam ser agregados à água após o tratamento.

Water quality acceptance in treatment plants is dependent upon the coagulation and flocculation processes, followed by settling and filtration. Normally inorganic coagulants such as salts of iron and aluminum are used but generate sludge that must be disposed of at special landfills. The use of tannins as coagulants would allow easier sludge management. This study evaluated the use of tannin derived from the black wattle tree in the treatment of water from the Tubarão River. The study analyzed parameters such as concentration of tannins, apparent color, turbidity, alkalinity, phenols and the volume of sludge generated. The optimal concentrations for coagulation of water sampled from the river were between 1.0 and 7.5 mg L-1, depending on the quality of the water collected. Under the optimum conditions of coagulant dosage, alkalinity showed a maximum reduction of 30% after treatment, the apparent color was between 4.2 and 7.6 uC, turbidity between 0 and 2 NTU and the volume of sludge generated was between 5 and 20 ml L-1. The phenol concentration in the treated water was below 0.003 mg L-1. In this sense, the values are in accordance with those established by Regulation number 2914/2011 of the Brazilian Ministry of Health with respect to the parameters analyzed. These results motivate further research on the feasibility of application of tannin as a coagulant, especially in relation to the toxic effects of compounds that can be added to water after treatment.

The immobilization of laccase on chitosan by cross-linking and application of the immobilized laccase in the bioconversion of phenolic compounds in batch and fixed bed reactors were studied. The process for immobilization of enzyme was optimized using a rotational central composite design. The optimized conditions to generate immobilized laccase with maximal activity were determined to be a glutaraldehyde concentration of 1.0% (v/v), a pH of 6.0, an immobilization time of 5.0 hours and an enzyme concentration of 5.2 g L-1. In packed bed reactors, the activity of the immobilized enzyme is maintained for a longer time in the bioconversion of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol than in the bioconversion of syringaldazine.

The application of Lipozyme (Termomyces lanuginosus) immobilized in gelatin gel in aliphatic ester synthesis was investigated taking the esterification of hexanoic acid with n-butanol as a model reaction. Conditions were optimized by factorial design and the highest conversion was obtained under the following conditions: molar ratio alcohol: acid of 2:1, reaction time of 48 h and biocatalyst weight of 7.0 g. Under these conditions the esterification yield was around 98 %. The operational stability of the immobilized lipase was assessed and results showed that after 12 batch runs, the enzyme showed no significant loss of activity.

Nesse trabalho foi estudada a produção do éster alifático octanoato de n-pentila por esterificação direta usando a enzima Lipozyme TL IM como catalisador, sendo esse éster usado como aroma na indústria de alimentos. Foi verificada a influência da concentração inicial de substratos na velocidade inicial da reação, sendo esta determinada através do consumo de ácido octanoico ao longo do tempo. Modelos cinéticos clássicos descritos na literatura não se ajustaram bem aos dados experimentais. A máxima velocidade da reação foi alcançada a 40 ºC. A enzima Lipozyme TL IM sofre inibição por substrato

In this work, the production of the aliphatic ester n-amyl octanoate by direct esterification using the enzyme Lipozyme TL IM as catalyst was studied. The influence of the initial concentration of the substrate on the initial rate of reaction was verified. The initial rate of the reaction was determined by the octanoic acid consumption over time. The kinetic models described in the literature did not fit to the experimental data. The maximum rate was reached at 40 ºC. Lipozyme TL IM was inhibited by the initial concentration of the substrate