ABSTRACT Background: Vegetation indices have recently been proposed for remote sensing SAR (synthetic aperture radar) sensor measurements to monitor vegetation. However, they still lack validation studies on different vegetation types for their correct application. Thus, the objective of this study was to test the applicability of the Dual-polarization SAR Vegetation Index (DPSVI) and the modified DPSVI (DPSVIm) as indicators of aboveground biomass (AGB) from dense forest fragments. Results: Three forest fragments, comprising 54 forest plots with AGB ranging from 12 up to 220 Mg ha-1, were studied. These forest fragments belong to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome, and were located within the Doce river hydrographic basin in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. AGB was compared with the DPSVI and DPSVIm indices, computed from dual-polarization Sentinel-1 images, using Spearman’s rank correlation test through two approaches. In the first approach (A1), correlation tests were performed using all forest plots; in the second approach (A2), samples were taken from plots on flat to undulating terrain slopes. The correlation of AGB with DPSVI presented no significant correlation (p-value >> 0.05). In contrast, for DPSVIm, the correlation with AGB was significant and positive, with coefficients ranging from 0.4 in approach A1 to 0.7 in approach A2. Conclusion: While the DPSVI index did not show a correlation with the AGB of the studied forests, even though it is a C-band index, the DPSVIm was found to be a good indicator of the amount of AGB in forests and therefore has potential for applications in future studies, particularly in areas with reasonable slope or flat terrain. Background synthetic radar However application Thus Dualpolarization Dual polarization (DPSVI (DPSVIm (AGB Results 5 1 22 ha1, ha1 ha 1, ha-1 biome Gerais Brazil dualpolarization dual Sentinel1 Sentinel Sentinel- images Spearmans Spearman s approaches A1, A , (A1) A2, A2 (A2) slopes pvalue p value > 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) contrast positive 04 4 0. 07 7 Conclusion Cband C band 2 ha- (A1 (A2 00 0.0 (A

ABSTRACT Soil attributes can provide indicators for the management and conservation of natural and agrarian ecosystems. This study was carried out before the rupture of the Córrego do Feijão dam and aimed to evaluate and quantify the stocks of carbon, nitrogen and the C/N ratio in soils around the Paraopeba-MG river basin in five regions corresponding to the high, middle, and low river course, considering three usage factors: forest, pasture, and Shrubbery forest, correlating them with the chemical and physical properties of the soil, aiming at the interpretation of past use, to obtain management and conservation strategies for ecosystems. The results indicate a significant variation in carbon and nitrogen stocks with an increase in the 20-40 cm layer. Concerning the type of use, the forest system was the most efficient in accumulating carbon. About to site, the regions of Brumadinho and Fortuna de Minas showed similarities in the incorporation of carbon in the soil, differing from the regions of Jeceaba, Florestal, and Três Marias. There was a close correlation between stocks and the chemical and physical properties of the soil, making it possible to assess the quality of the soils in the study regions in terms of structure and fertility.

Abstract Sub-daily resolution rain gauge data (pluviographic records) should be used to define extreme rainfall intensity-frequency-duration curves. However, there is a lack of these records for many countries, which leads to the application of rainfall disaggregation models that transforms maximum daily rainfall data into sub-daily depths. The agreement between the intensity-duration-frequency curves obtained with disaggregation models and using sub-daily rainfall data is necessary to support the disaggregation method's applicability. The daily rainfall disaggregation method using disaggregation coefficients is the most used in Brazil, despite the lack of performance evaluation. The linear regression and model identity test was used to compare the intensity of rainfall obtained with different methodologies to obtain intensity-duration-frequency curves in 116 rain gauges in Minas Gerais, Brazil. There is a significant difference between the maximum rainfall intensity (im) obtained from pluviographic records and those estimated by the daily rainfall disaggregation. Nevertheless, comparing the im estimated by the daily rainfall disaggregation methods and the im obtained by sub-daily rainfall data, good precision and accuracy are observed, especially using specific disaggregation coefficients. The disaggregation IDF relationships had an underestimation tendency of im, especially in larger return periods, which can be considered less harmful since the larger return periods are associated with higher safety projects. The practical result of this paper was the possibility of a simple and effective methodology to disaggregate the daily into a sub-daily resolution rainfall.

RESUMO A captação de água doce para subsidiar as atividades agrícolas é estimada em 70% do consumo mundial. Na região oeste da Bahia, maior polo agrícola do estado, verifica-se o uso intensivo de água para a produção de commodities agrícolas. Em regiões com elevada demanda de água, a quantificação do uso desse recurso pode ser realizada utilizando indicadores da pressão antrópica, como a Pegada Hídrica. Deste modo, este trabalho determinou as Pegadas Hídricas das culturas de soja, algodão e milho produzidas na região oeste do Estado da Bahia. A fim de se determinar a Pegada Hídrica foram utilizados dados das características ambientais e de produção das culturas na região, os quais foram obtidos de diferentes instituições públicas e privadas do país. O cálculo das Pegadas Hídricas das culturas foi realizado pela soma das componentes verde, azul e cinza. A Pegada Hídrica média entre 2012 e 2017 para a soja correspondeu a 1.972,3 m3 t-1, sendo a do algodão de 1.825,2 m3 t-1 e a do milho de 512,4 m3 t-1. Na análise dos resultados obtidos e na comparação com os valores de Pegada Hídrica de outras regiões, demonstrou-se que as condições edafoclimáticas da região oeste da Bahia são propícias ao desenvolvimento dessas culturas.

ABSTRACT Water catchment to subsidize agricultural activities is estimated at 70% of world consumption. In the western region of Bahia, the main agricultural center of the state, there is intensive use of water for the production of agricultural commodities. In regions with high water demand, quantification of the use of this resource can be performed using anthropic pressure indicators, such as the Water Footprint. Thus, this work determined the Water Footprint of the soybean, cotton, and corn crops produced in the western region of Bahia State. In order to determine the Water Footprint, data of the environmental characteristics and crop production in the region were used, were obtained from different Brazilian public and private institutions. The calculation of Water Footprint of the crops was performed by the sum of the green, blue, and gray components. The average Water Footprint between 2012 and 2017 for soybean corresponded to 1,972.3 m3 t-1, with cotton at 1,825.2 m3 t-1, and corn 512.4 m3 t-1. The analyses of the results and the comparison with the values of the Water Footprint of other regions demonstrate that the edaphoclimatic conditions of the western region of Bahia are propitious to the development of these crops.

ABSTRACT Detecting trends in streamflow and rainfall series can have great significance for proper water resource management. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the trends of historical streamflow and rainfall series using nonparametric statistical tests. A historical series of pluviometric and fluviometric gauges, which belong to the hydrometeorological network of the Brazilian Water National Agency in the Santo Antônio River Basin, Brazil, from 1985 to 2014 were used. By applying statistical tests, it was found that the time series are independent and random, and from the total 24 rainfall gauges evaluated, 12 presented nonstationary behavior, exhibiting mostly decreasing trends. Based on the six fluviometric gauges used for the annual streamflow series, only the annual data of one gauge tended to decrease to the minimum streamflow. However, for the monthly series, three gauges showed decreasing trends between July and September. This decrease in streamflow may be a consequence of rainfall reductions, high water demand, and changes in land use and cover.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo mapear chuvas intensas com durações de 10, 30, 720 e 1440 minutos, associadas aos tempos de retorno de 10, 50 e 100 anos, para o Estado do Tocantins. Foram aplicadas séries históricas de 95 postos pluviométricos localizados no Estado do Tocantins e proximidades, com período padronizado de 1983 a 2013. Foi conduzido um estudo geoestatístico, avaliando-se os modelos de semivariograma esférico, exponencial e gaussiano, ajustados pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ponderados. A partir deste estudo, o modelo que apresentou o menor erro médio com base na validação cruzada foi aplicado ao processo de mapeamento por krigagem ordinária. Houve bom desempenho das técnicas geoestatísticas, podendo-se destacar o modelo esférico para o mapeamento da precipitação máxima diária anual, e o modelo gaussiano para as chuvas calculadas pela metodologia de desagregação. Verificou-se ainda que as áreas de ocorrência das chuvas intensas de maior severidade no estado estão no Bico do Papagaio (norte), Ilha do Bananal (sudoeste) e noroeste do estado.

Abstract This study aimed to map heavy rainfall with durations of 10, 30, 720 and 1440 minutes, associated with return times of 10, 50 and 100 years for the Tocantins State. Historical series of 95 pluviometric stations located in the Tocantins State and nearby were applied, with standard period from 1983 to 2013. A geostatistical study was conducted, evaluating the spherical, exponential and gaussian semivariogram models, adjusted by the weighted least squares method. From this study, the model that presented the smallest average error based on cross-validation was applied to the mapping process by ordinary kriging. There was good performance of the geostatistical techniques, being possible to highlight the spherical model for the mapping of the annual maximum daily precipitation and the Gaussian model for the rains calculated by the methodology of disaggregation. It was also verified that the areas of intense rainfall of greater severity in the state are in the Bico do Papagaio (north), Bananal Island (southwest) and northwest of the state.

Abstract The knowledge of the frequency and magnitude of low flow events is necessary to mitigate social, economic and ecological impacts inside the basin. However, the measurement network in Brazil is still restricted to large drainage areas, while basins with less than 300 km2 remain ungauged. Among different flow estimation methods, we used a rainfall-runoff model designed specifically to estimate flow rates during the dry season in small ungauged basins: the Silveira Method (SM). We tested the model performance for the São Bartolomeu river basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil), a small ungauged basin that experienced severe droughts and water supply shortages in 2014-2016. We tested eleven different scenarios based on the time and duration of drought periods used to estimate the model parameters. In the best scenario, the model underestimated low flow rates by 31% for Q95 and was considered suitable to predict local low flow. Finally, the model results suggest that a water volume higher than the river can support has been granted concession during the dry season, which may lead to an unsustainable water supply scenario soon. This result showed the capacity of SM as a complementary tool for the evaluation of water potential in small basins.

Resumo Os modelos hidrológicos conceituais e as Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) podem ser associados, caracterizando uma conformação híbrida que represente, ao mesmo tempo, os processos conceituais e não lineares relacionados ao escoamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a utilização das RNAs combinadas aos modelos hidrológicos conceituais IPH II e SAC-SMA, de forma a obter um modelo híbrido para estimativa de vazões dos cursos de água da bacia do rio Piracicaba-MG. Como dados de entrada das RNAs foram utilizadas as vazões estimadas com os modelos IPH II e SAC-SMA e como paradigma neural foi empregado o Perceptron de múltiplas camadas. Para o treinamento e a validação das RNAs foram utilizados dados de estações pluviométricas, fluviométricas e meteorológica localizadas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba e no seu entorno. A fim de se verificar o desempenho dos modelos híbridos na estimativa das vazões da bacia do rio Piracicaba, as vazões estimadas por esses modelos foram comparadas com as vazões medidas nas estações fluviométricas utilizando-se o erro absoluto médio (MAE); a raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE); o viés; o índice de concordância de Willmott (d); e o índice de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe (ENS). A utilização das vazões preditas pelo modelo IPH II como dado de entrada das RNAs aumentou a acurácia das estimativas das vazões visto que o erro do modelo híbrido ficou menor. Já a associação das RNAs com o modelo SAC-SMA não proporcionou melhoria das estimativas quando comparada aos resultados advindos da aplicação isolada do referido modelo. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a associação das RNAs com o modelo hidrológico IPH II, caracterizando uma conformação híbrida, permitiu melhorar as estimativas das vazões diárias na bacia do rio Piracicaba e que a qualidade das estimativas do modelo híbrido depende do modelo conceitual utilizado. Detectou-se, ainda, que os modelos híbridos tiveram melhor desempenho na estimativa das vazões associadas às maiores áreas de drenagem da bacia do rio Piracicaba.

Abstract The association of conceptual hydrological models and artificial neural networks (ANNs) characterizes a hybrid conformation that represents simultaneously conceptual and non-linear processes related to water flow. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ANNs combined with the conceptual hydrological models IPH II and SAC-SMA to obtain a hybrid model for the estimation of watercourse flows in the Piracicaba River basin, located in the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil. The water flow rates estimated by IPH II and SAC-SMA models were used as input data for the ANN, and a multi-layered perceptron was employed as a neural paradigm. Data from pluviometric, fluviometric, and meteorological stations located in the studied basin and surrounding areas were used for the ANN training and validation. To verify the performance of the hybrid models in estimating water flow, the estimated flow rates were compared with those measured in the fluviometric stations using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), bias, Willmott’s concordance index, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (Ef). The results showed that the use of IPH II model as input data for an ANN increased the accuracy of flow prediction as the hybrid model error decreased. Conversely, if compared to the results from its isolated application, when associated with the ANN, SAC-SMA-model did not improve water flow estimates. Lastly, the hybrid conformation using the IPH II hydrological model improved daily flow estimates of the Piracicaba River basin; therefore, the quality of estimates in a hybrid model depends on the conceptual model used. In addition, the hybrid models had better performance when estimating water flows in larger drainage areas within the Piracicaba River basin.

RESUMO A outorga de direito de uso da água é um dos principais instrumentos de gestão para controle quantitativo e qualitativo dos recursos hídricos. Para sua implantação, é necessário, entre outras ações, definir critérios e desenvolver ferramentas para análise integrada dos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos da água. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um sistema para análise das outorgas de captação de água e diluição de efluentes aplicado à bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba (MG). Inicialmente, foram realizados o levantamento e a preparação da base de dados geográfica, hidrológica e administrativa. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando tecnologias open source, sendo estruturado em três camadas: de dados, de negócios e de apresentação. De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se que os trechos mais críticos quanto à vazão passível de outorga localizam-se na foz e na cabeceira do rio Piracicaba. A análise dos dados permitiu concluir que o sistema determina, de forma consistente, a disponibilidade hídrica outorgável ao longo da hidrografia e as vazões de diluição e indisponível pelos lançamentos, além de identificar trechos dos cursos d’água com disponibilidade hídrica crítica, fornecendo subsídios para análises das outorgas quali-quantitativas dos recursos hídricos na bacia.

ABSTRACT The granting of water use rights is one of the main management instruments for the quantitative and qualitative control of water resources. For its implementation, it is necessary, among other actions, to develop tools for integrated analysis of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water. Thus, the objective of the study was to create a system for the analysis of water abstraction and effluent dilution in the Piracicaba river basin in Minas Gerais. Initially, the survey and preparation of the geographic, hydrological and administrative database were carried out. The system was developed using open-source technologies, with a three-layer structure: data, business, and presentation. According to the results, it was verified that the most critical sections regarding the grantable flow available are located at the mouth and spring of the Piracicaba river. The analysis of the data allowed us to conclude that the system consistently determines the availability of water throughout the hydrography, the dilution flow and discharge unavailability, and identifies stretches of the watercourses with critical water availability, providing support for analyses of the quali-quantitative granting of water resources in the basin.

Resumen En las regiones con riego intenso, la fertirrigación aumenta la productividad de los cultivos, pero la aplicación excesiva de fertilizantes aumenta el riesgo de salinización del suelo. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron ecuaciones de lixiviación para evaluar sistemas de recuperación de suelos salinizados por exceso de fertilizantes. Las fases del estudio fueron: la salinización de los suelos en lisímetros, la recuperación de estos suelos y la medición de las concentraciones de sal en los suelos para la comparación con estimaciones de ecuaciones empíricas. Los tratamientos combinaron sistemas de recuperación del suelo (continuo e intermitente) en cinco niveles iniciales de salinidad del suelo (2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0 y 10,0 dS m-1). El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con seis repeticiones. La ecuación de Volobuyev representó mejor la remediación del suelo salinizado en relación con los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente. Las ecuaciones evaluadas mostraron un mejor desempeño en el sistema intermitente que en el sistema continuo.

Abstract In regions with intense irrigation, the use of fertirrigation increases crop productivity, but excessive fertilizer application increases the risk of soil salinization. Therefore, this work used leaching equations to evaluate systems of remediation of soils salinized by excess fertilizers. The phases of the study were: salinization of soils in lysimeters, remediation of these soils, and measurement of salt concentrations in soils for comparison with estimates of empirical equations. The treatments combined soil remediation systems (continuous and intermittent) with five initial levels of soil salinity (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 dS m-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Volobuyev equation best represented the salinized soil remediation in relation to the results obtained experimentally. The equations tested showed better performance in the intermittent remediation system compared to the continuous system.

RESUMO O presente trabalho foi conduzido aplicando a estatística multivariada de componentes principais para comparar as demandas hídricas das culturas da banana, manga, uva, cana de açúcar, milho e feijão em diferentes regiões da bacia do rio São Francisco, visando identificar os elementos climáticos que mais influenciam a evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) nas localidades de Pirapora-MG, Jaíba-MG, Barreiras-BA e Petrolina-PE. Adicionalmente, procurou-se identificar as localidades que apresentam maior semelhança em relação aos parâmetros avaliados, por meio da aplicação da análise de cluster, e determinar as relações de equivalência entre as culturas estudadas, integrando os parâmetros relativos aos elementos climáticos e às características das culturas e do solo. Com base na estatística multivariada de componentes principais, identificou-se que os elementos climáticos que possuem maior significância na estimativa da ET0 foram distintos para cada local. O modelo com duas componentes explicou 90%, 88%, 95% e 97% da variância total para as localidades de Pirapora, Jaíba, Barreiras e Petrolina, respectivamente. Por estar situada em uma região de clima semiárido, Petrolina apresentou elevada demanda hídrica pelas culturas, sendo comprovado este comportamento com a análise de cluster. As relações de equivalência permitiram comparar as demandas hídricas das diferentes culturas, fornecendo, em termos gerais, um parâmetro comparativo entre as culturas, e discriminando qual cultura será mais adequada em função da disponibilidade hídrica na bacia do rio São Francisco.

ABSTRACT The present work was performed by applying the principal component analysis, in order to compare the water needs of banana, mango, grape, sugarcane, maize and beans crops in different regions of the São Francisco river basin, aiming to identify the climate elements that most influence the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the locations of Pirapora-MG, Jaíba-MG, Barreiras-BA and Petrolina-PE. In addition, the locations with more similarities, according to the evaluated parameters, were verified by applying cluster analysis, and the equivalence relations between the studied crops were determined by integrating the parameters related to the climatic elements and the characteristics of crops and soils. Based on the principal components analysis, it was observed that the most significant climate elements for ET0 estimation were different for each place. The model with two components explained 90%, 88%, 95% and 97% of the total variance, respectively for the locations of Pirapora, Jaíba, Barreiras and Petrolina. Because it is in a semi-arid climate region, Petrolina showed high crop water needs, a behavior proven with the cluster analysis. The equivalence relations allowed comparing the water needs for the studied crops, providing, in general terms, a parameter comparison between the crops, and specifying which one will be more adequate depending on the water availability in the São Francisco basin.

Resumo A rápida expansão do eucalipto leva à necessidade de estudos que identifiquem áreas com aptidões climáticas para a implantação e desenvolvimento dos seus diferentes tipos de espécies. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a aptidão de áreas para a implantação de duas espécies de eucalipto no estado do Espírito Santo, utilizando Sistemas de Informações Geográficas apoiado em análise estratégica de decisão. Na análise foram utilizados como fatores de decisão dados de precipitação média, temperatura média, déficit hídrico e declividade do estado do Espírito Santo. Estes fatores foram submetidos à padronização fuzzy, agregados e compensados pelo processo de Combinação Linear Ponderada (WLC), resultando no mapeamento final de aptidão. Para a conciliação das áreas de conflito entre as espécies utilizou-se o módulo para Alocação Multi-objetiva do Terreno (MOLA), maximizando assim a adequabilidade do terreno para o objetivo. A análise WLC permitiu identificar a adequabilidade das áreas e com o uso do módulo MOLA foi possível resolver o conflito de adequabilidade entre as duas espécies de eucalipto. A maior parte do estado do Espírito Santo apresenta alta adequabilidade para o desenvolvimento das espécies, sendo a região noroeste e parte da região norte as que apresentaram menor adequabilidade para ambas as espécies de eucalipto analisadas. Considerando os 10.000 km2 mais adaptáveis ao cultivo do Eucalipto no estado do Espírito Santo verificou-se que as áreas mais adequadas para plantio das duas espécies de eucalipto estão localizadas nas regiões serrana, parte da sul e próximas ao litoral nordeste.

Abstract The rapid expansion of eucalyptus cultivation necessitates studies that can identify areas amenable to the planting and development of its different varieties. This study therefore aimed to verify the suitability of two varieties of eucalyptus in the state of Espírito Santo, using Geographic Information Systems supported by strategic decision analysis. Mean precipitation, mean temperature, hydric deficit and land slope data were used as decision factors. These factors were submitted to fuzzy standardization, aggregated and compensated by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) process, resulting in the final aptitude mapping. For the reconciliation of conflict areas between the varieties, the Multi-objective Land Allocation (MOLA) module was used to maximize the suitability of the land for the objective. The WLC analysis allowed us to identify the suitability of the areas and with the use of the MOLA module it was possible to resolve the conflict of suitability between the two eucalyptus varieties. Most of the state of Espírito Santo is highly suitable for the the development of varieties. The northwestern region and part of the northern region presented less suitability for both analyzed eucalyptus varieties. Considering the 10,000 km2 most adaptable area for eucalyptus cultivation in the state of Espírito Santo, it was verified that the most suitable areas for planting the two eucalyptus varieties are located in the mountainous regions, part of the southern region and near the northeastern coast.

RESUMO O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir da análise da viabilidade de criação de uma Agência de Água na bacia hidrográfica do rio Grande, localizada no Oeste do Estado da Bahia. Foram aplicados à bacia os mecanismos de cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos de cinco diferentes Agências de Água do país. As simulações demonstraram a possibilidade de uma arrecadação anual média na bacia de mais de R$ 2,2 milhões, o que proporcionaria para custeio administrativo da agência, um valor mediano superior a R$ 160 mil anuais. Desse modo, considerando que o valor anual mediano do custeio administrativo das agências estaduais estudadas situa-se próximo a R$ 300 mil, a arrecadação proporcionada pelos mecanismos utilizados não viabilizaria, inicialmente, a criação de uma Agência de Água para a bacia hidrográfica do rio Grande. No entanto, a adoção de uma das agências de água existentes seria uma alternativa mais adequada de ser efetivada, em menor espaço de tempo, haja vista a estrutura técnica e operacional de funcionamento das agências atuais.

ABSTRACT The work was developed from the analysis of the viability of creating a water agency in the Grande river basin, located in western Bahia, Brazil. The charging mechanisms of five different water agencies in Brazil were applied to the basin. The simulations showed the possibility of an average annual collection in the basin of over R$ 2.2 million, which would provide a median value above R$ 160,000 per year for administrative costs of the agency. Thus, considering that the median value of the annual administrative cost to state agencies is close to R$ 300,000, the collection provided by the mechanisms studied would not initially allow the creation of a water agency for the Grande river basin. However, the adoption of one of the existing water agencies would be a more appropriate alternative for the implementation during a shorter period of time, given the technical and operational structure within which the current agencies function.

Resumo Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o custo relativo da cobrança pelo uso da água em relação aos custos de produção dos usuários na bacia do rio Grande, localizada no Cerrado Brasileiro, considerando os principais mecanismos de cobrança existentes no Brasil. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir do levantamento dos dados de outorga dos direitos de uso de recursos hídricos e de enquadramento dos corpos de água em classes de uso; da simulação da cobrança pelo uso da água utilizando diferentes mecanismos de cobrança; e da análise do custo relativo da cobrança no custo de produção dos usuários de água. Foram estudados os mecanismos de cobrança do Comitê para Integração da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul (CEIVAP), Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ), Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio São Francisco (CBHSF) e Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Doce (CBH-DOCE). O levantamento dos dados de outorga permitiu verificar que a agricultura irrigada é o setor que mais utiliza água, representando 46.4% da vazão outorgada na bacia. A cobrança na bacia do rio Grande, considerando os diferentes mecanismos de cobrança, poderia permitir investimentos nessa região na ordem de US$ 1.2 milhão (PCJ), US$ 920 mil (CEIVAP), US$ 426 mil (CBH-DOCE), ou de US$ 297 mil (CBHSF), gerando impactos econômicos médios de 0.68% (irrigação), 0.28% (humano) e 0.08% (indústria). Deste modo, há possibilidade de implantação da cobrança pelo uso da água na bacia do rio Grande, sendo o mecanismo do CEIVAP ou o do PCJ os mais adequados, haja vista os parâmetros destes mecanismos estarem alinhados às atividades existentes na bacia.

Abstract This study analyzed the relative cost of charging for water use with respect to water users' production costs in the Grande River Basin, located in the Brazilian Cerrado, considering the principal charging methods existing in Brazil. The study was developed based on: the rights of use grant data surveys pertaining to water resources and the classification of bodies of water into usage classes; a simulation of charging for water use through various methods; and an analysis of the relative cost of charges on the production cost of the water users. The charging methods used by the following were studied: the Committee of the Basin of River Paraíba do Sul (CEIVAP), the Committee of Basins of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí Rivers (PCJ), the São Francisco River Basin Committee (CBHSF) and the Doce River Basin Committee (CBH-DOCE). The study verified that irrigated agriculture is the sector that uses the most water, representing 46.4% of the outflow granted in the basin. Considering the different charging methods, the collection in the basin of the Grande River potentially allows for investments of US$ 1.2 million (PCJ), US$ 920,000 (CEIVAP), US$ 426,000 (CBH-DOCE), or US$ 297,000 (CBHSF) in this region, leading to average relative costs of 0.68% (irrigation), 0.28% (human) and 0.08% (industry). For this reason, there is the possibility of implanting charges for water use in the Grande River Basin, with either the CEIVAP's or PCJ's method appearing to be the most suitable, given that the parameters of these mechanisms are in line with existing activities in the basin.

RESUMO Para o dimensionamento da estrutura hidráulicas do Brasil, é necessário a obtenção de dados de chuvas intensas de curta duração a partir de séries históricas de chuva diária. Esta situação recorrente pode ser atendida pela metodologia de desagregação de chuvas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar constantes de desagregação de chuvas intensas para o Estado do Tocantins e proceder a comparação destas constantes com aquelas obtidas para outras regiões do Brasil. Para a modelagem da frequência das chuvas intensas de diferentes durações, foi empregada a distribuição de probabilidades Gumbel, tendo sido utilizadas séries pluviográficas de 10 localidades do estado do Tocantins. Os resultados mostraram que a distribuição de probabilidades Gumbel foi considerada adequada pelos testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Qui-quadrado. Observou-se que as constantes de desagregação apresentaram valores praticamente invariáveis para tempos de retorno entre 10 e 100 anos, tendo sido obtidas as seguintes constantes médias para o estado do Tocantins: h12h/h24h=0,93, h6h/h24h=0,86, h4h/h24h=0,82, h3h/h24h=0,78, h2h/h24h=0,72, h1h/h24h=0,61, h50min/h1h=0,92, h40min/h1h=0,83, h30min/h1h=0,68, h20min/h30min=0,76 e h10min/h30min=0,46. A comparação dos resultados com os de estudos desenvolvidos para outras regiões brasileiras mostrou variações de até -62,30%, permitindo se concluir que a utilização de constantes locais é importante no procedimento de desagregação de chuvas.

ABSTRACT In order to design effective Brazilian hydraulic structures, it is necessary to obtain data relating to short-duration intense rainfall from historical series of daily rainfall. This recurring need can be fulfilled by rainfall disaggregation methodology. The objective of this study was to determine the intense rainfall disaggregation constants for the State of Tocantins and to compare these constants with those obtained for other regions of Brazil. For the modeling of the frequency of intense rainfall of different durations of less than 24 hours, the Gumbel probability distribution (GPD) was employed using rainfall series from 10 locations in Tocantins state. The results showed that the GPD was adequate by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square tests. The disaggregation constants presented low variability values for different return periods (from 10 to 100 years); the values for Tocantins state are: h12h/h24h=0.93, h6h/h24h=0.86, h4h/h24h=0.82, h3h/h24h=0.78, h2h/h24h=0.72, h1h/h24h=0.61, h50min/h1h=0.92, h40min/h1h=0.83, h30min/h1h=0.68, h20min/h30min=0.76 e h10min/h30min=0.46. The comparison of the results with those from studies developed for other Brazilian regions showed variations of up to -62.30%, allowing us to conclude that the use of local constants is important in the process of rainfall disaggregation.