A natureza da luz sempre intrigou a humanidade. Entre os textos dos antigos gregos que sobreviveram até nossos dias, é frequente menções sobre a luz e sua natureza. O primeiro livro conhecido sobre óptica é atribuído a Euclides no século III a.C. O fenômeno da refração, embora conhecido há milênios, resistiu a uma explicação matemática até a idade moderna. W. Snellius (Snell) foi o primeiro a apresentar a equação correta que relacionasse os ângulos de incidência, refração e velocidades da luz em cada meio em uma refração, mas não publicou seus resultados. A publicação foi feita por René Descartes. Esse resultado é conhecido hoje como lei de Snell-Descartes ou lei da refração. Descartes tratou a luz como partícula em sua dedução. Huygens, no século XVII, também deduziu essa lei, mas tratando a luz como onda. Esses resultados diferiam quanto à velocidade da luz em meios mais refringentes. A medida da velocidade só foi possível no século XIX e corroborou o resultado de Huygens indicando a natureza ondulatória da luz. O interessante é que Einstein, em 1905, explica o efeito fotoelétrico tratando a luz como partícula (quantum de energia). Mas se a luz possui também um comportamento corpuscular, não deveria ser possível obter a lei de Snell-Descartes tratando-a dessa forma? Nesse trabalho, mostraremos que é possível obter essa lei partindo da hipótese corpuscular da luz. Além do forte apelo didático, o trabalho faz uma interessante discussão sobre a história do entendimento atual da ciência sobre a natureza da luz. humanidade dias aC C a.C milênios moderna W Snell (Snell incidência SnellDescartes dedução XVII onda refringentes Einstein 1905 quantum energia. energia . energia) tratandoa forma didático 190 19 1

The nature of light has always intrigued humanity. Among the texts of ancient Greeks that have survived to our days, there are frequent mentions of light and its nature. The first known book on optics is attributed to Euclid in the 3rd century BCE. The phenomenon of refraction, although known for millennia, resisted a mathematical explanation until the modern age. W. Snellius (Snell) was the first to present the correct equation that related the angles of incidence, refraction, and the speeds of light in each medium during refraction, but he did not publish his results. The publication was made by René Descartes. This result is now known as Snell-Descartes’ law or the law of refraction. Descartes treated light as a particle in his deduction. Huygens, in the 17th century, also deduced this law but treated light as a wave. These results differed in terms of the speed of light in more refractive media. The measurement of speed became possible only in the 18th century and corroborated Huygens’ result, indicating the wave nature of light. Interestingly, in 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by treating light as a particle (quantum of light). But if light also exhibits corpuscular behavior, shouldn’t it be possible to derive Snell-Descartes’ law by treating it this way? In this work, we will demonstrate that it is possible to derive this law from the corpuscular hypothesis of light. Besides its strong didactic appeal, the work engages in an interesting discussion of the current understanding of science regarding the nature of light. humanity days rd BCE refraction millennia age W Snell (Snell incidence SnellDescartes Snell-Descartes deduction Huygens th media Interestingly 1905 quantum . light) behavior shouldnt shouldn t way appeal 190 19 1

The present study investigated the reliability and sensitivity of a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (wNIRS) device in moderate and heavy exercise intensity domains. On three separate days, eleven males performed an incremental test to exhaustion, and in the following visits, four submaximal constant-load bouts (i.e., test and retest) were performed in the moderate-intensity domain (100 and 130 W) and heavy-intensity domain (160 and 190 W). The local tissue oxygen saturation index (SmO2) and pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2) were measured continuously. The absolute SmO2 and V̇O2 values and the change (Δ) from the 3rd to 6th min of exercise were calculated. There was good reliability for SmO2 measurements, as indicated by the high intraclass correlation coefficient analysis (ICC ≥0.84 for all) and low coefficient of variation between the two trials (CV ≤4.1% for all). Steady-state responses were observed for SmO2 and V̇O2 from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two moderate-intensity bouts (P>0.05), whereas SmO2 decreased and V̇O2 increased from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two heavy-intensity bouts (P<0.05). Together, these findings suggested that the SmO2 measured with a wNIRS device is reliable and sensitive to track local metabolic changes provoked by slight increments in exercise intensity. nearinfrared near infrared (wNIRS domains days exhaustion visits constantload constant load i.e., ie i e (i.e. retest moderateintensity 100 (10 13 W heavyintensity 160 (16 19 W. . SmO (SmO2 VO2 VO V O2 O (V̇O2 continuously V̇O Δ (Δ rd th calculated measurements ICC 084 0 84 ≥0.8 all CV 41 4 1 ≤4.1 all. Steadystate Steady state P>0.05, P005 P P>0.05 , 05 (P>0.05) P<0.05. P<0.05 (P<0.05) Together i.e. (i.e 10 (1 16 (SmO (V̇O 08 8 ≥0. ≤4. P00 P>0.0 (P>0.05 P<0.0 (P<0.05 i.e ( ≥0 ≤4 P0 P>0. (P>0.0 P<0. (P<0.0 ≥ ≤ P>0 (P>0. P<0 (P<0. P> (P>0 P< (P<0 (P> (P< (P

RESUMO O Brasil possui mais de 1.800 espécies de aves catalogadas. Quando mantidos em cativeiro, esses animais podem ser susceptíveis a vários tipos de patógenos, inclusive como parasitos gastrointestinais. No entanto, a falta de informações sobre os principais tipos de parasitos que infectam esses animais e as relações parasito-hospedeiro acabam sendo fatores limitantes na manutenção da saúde dessas aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o levantamento de helmintos e protozoários de aves exóticas e silvestres cativas da região Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, amostras fecais (n = 182 pools) foram coletadas de 656 aves em cativeiro, pertencentes a 9 ordens e a 53 espécies. As análises parasitológicas foram realizadas por técnicas de Mini-FLOTAC®, flotação em sacarose, exame direto e coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen, além da sedimentação por centrifugação. Todos os dados foram analisados usando o software InStat, com um nível de significância definido em P<0,05. Parasitos gastrointestinais foram encontrados em 84,07% (153/182; P<0,0001) das amostras analisadas. Foram identificados 18 tipos de parasitos, sendo os enteroparasitos o mais frequentes: Cryptosporidium sp. (52,28%; P= 0,008), coccídeos não esporulados (41,17%; P= 0,0001), Entamoeba sp. (46,40%; P= 0,0480), Giardia sp. (18,33%; P= 0,0001), Strongyloides sp. (19,60%; P= 0,0001) e Trichostrongylidae (16,33%; P= 0,0001). As aves de rapina (n=17, 94,44%; P= 0,0004) e os psitaciformes (n=12, 66,67%; P=0,0001) apresentaram os maiores percentuais de infecção por endoparasitos gastrointestinais. 1800 1 800 1.80 catalogadas cativeiro patógenos entanto parasitohospedeiro parasito hospedeiro isso n pools 65 5 MiniFLOTAC®, MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC®, FLOTAC Mini-FLOTAC® sacarose ZiehlNeelsen, ZiehlNeelsen Ziehl Neelsen, Neelsen Ziehl-Neelsen centrifugação InStat P005 P 0 05 P<0,05 8407 84 07 84,07 153/182 153182 153 (153/182 P<0,0001 P00001 0001 analisadas frequentes sp 52,28% 5228 52 28 (52,28% 0,008, 0008 0,008 , 008 0,008) 41,17% 4117 41 17 (41,17% 0,0001, 00001 0,0001 46,40% 4640 46 40 (46,40% 0,0480, 00480 0,0480 0480 0,0480) 18,33% 1833 33 (18,33% 19,60% 1960 19 60 (19,60% 16,33% 1633 16 (16,33% 0,0001. . n=17, n17 (n=17 94,44% 9444 94 44 0,0004 00004 0004 n=12, n12 12 (n=12 66,67% 6667 66 67 P=0,0001 180 80 1.8 6 MiniFLOTAC® FLOTAC® Mini-FLOTAC P00 P<0,0 840 8 84,0 153/18 15318 15 (153/18 P<0,000 P0000 000 52,28 522 2 (52,28 0,00 00 41,17 411 4 (41,17 0000 0,000 46,40 464 (46,40 0048 0,048 048 18,33 183 3 (18,33 19,60 196 (19,60 16,33 163 (16,33 n=17 n1 (n=1 94,44 944 n=12 66,67 666 P=0,000 1. P0 P<0, 84, 153/1 1531 (153/1 P<0,00 P000 52,2 (52,2 0,0 41,1 (41,1 46,4 (46,4 004 0,04 04 18,3 (18,3 19,6 (19,6 16,3 (16,3 n=1 (n= 94,4 66,6 P=0,00 P<0 153/ (153/ 52, (52, 0, 41, (41, 46, (46, 18, (18, 19, (19, 16, (16, n= 94, 66, P=0,0 P< (153 (52 (41 (46 (18 (19 (16 P=0, (15 (5 (4 (1 P=0 (

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever os efeitos da estabulação sobre características termográficas dos membros de equinos adultos, para comparar o nível de bem-estar entre cavalos mantidos soltos e aqueles sob estabulação contínua e para investigar se a Termografia Infravermelha (TIV) pode ser uma ferramenta efetiva na avaliação do bem-estar em equinos. 24 cavalos machos castrados da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com idade entre 5 e 9 anos e peso de 500 ± 50kg foram utilizados em um experimento de 6 semanas de duração. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: 1) Pasto - animais mantidos em piquetes e utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas; 2) Baia - animais utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas, mas mantidos em estabulação contínua, em cocheiras de 12m² de concreto sem cama. Todos os animais foram avaliados uma vez por semana durante 6 semanas. O comportamento animal, a temperatura dos olhos e extremidades distais bem como amostras de sangue, foram colhidos. Os cavalos estabulados apresentaram comportamento estereotipado e maior concentração sérica de cortisol, indicando menor grau de bem-estar quando comparados aos animais manejados soltos em piquetes. A termografia dos membros apresentou potencial para identificar estresse crônico em cavalos uma vez que a análise discriminante mostrou 74,5% de acerto preditivo enquanto a temperatura máxima do olho não foi eficiente para esse propósito. adultos bemestar estar TIV (TIV Hipismo 50 kg duração grupos 1 urbanas m 12m cama animal sangue colhidos cortisol 745 74 74,5 propósito 7 74,

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the effects of stabling on thermographic characteristics of adult equine limbs, to compare the level of animal welfare between horses kept loose and those under continuous stabling and to investigate whether the Infrared Thermography (IRT) can be an effective tool to evaluate the welfare of equines. 24 gelding horses of Brazilian Sport Horse breed, aged between 5 and 9 years and weighing 500 ± 50kg were used in a 6-week trial. They were divided into 2 groups: 1) Paddock - equines kept in paddocks and ridden exclusively on urban patrol; 2) Stall - animals that ridden exclusively on urban patrol, but were kept in continuous stabling, housed in 12m² with concrete and bedless stables. Every animal was evaluated once a week over six weeks. Animal behavior and temperature of the eyes and distal extremities of the limbs as well as blood samples were collected. The confined horses showed stereotyped behavior and higher serum cortisol, indicating lower animal welfare when compared to those managed in a pasture. Limb IRT showed predictive potential for identifying chronic stress as the discriminating analysis showed 74.5% hits while eye temperature was not efficient for this purpose. (IRT breed 50 kg 6week 6 trial groups 1 patrol m 12m stables weeks collected cortisol pasture 745 74 74.5 purpose 7 74.

RESUMO Por volta de 390 a.C., Isócrates escreveu um texto dedicado à mítica Helena, Elogio de Helena. Segundo o rétor, seu objetivo era enaltecer aquela personagem, reconhecida em duas das principais obras de Homero, a Ilíada e a Odisseia. Embora o texto isocrático já tenha sido exaustivamente estudado, acreditamos que a Análise do Discurso proporcionará uma visão mais aprofundada do texto e de suas estratégias argumentativas. Assim, nosso objetivo é analisar como se deu a construção argumentativa do Elogio de Helena. A partir da análise foi possível perceber que os discursos possuem diferentes camadas, que Isócrates utiliza a história de Helena como base para sua argumentação e que o retórico reproduz imaginários de feminilidade e masculinidade, embora este não fosse um objetivo explícito. 39 aC C a.C. rétor personagem Homero Odisseia estudado argumentativas Assim camadas masculinidade explícito 3 a.C

ABSTRACT Around 390 BC, Isocrates wrote a text dedicated to the mythical Helen, Encomium of Helen. According to the rhetorician, his objective was to praise that character, who was recognized in two of Homer’s main works, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Although the isocratic text has already been thoroughly studied, we believe that Discourse Analysis will provide a more in-depth view of the text and its argumentative strategies. Thus, our objective is to analyze how the argumentative construction of the Encomium of Helen took place. From the analysis, it was possible to notice that discourses have different layers, that Isocrates uses Helen’s story as a foundation for his argumentation and that the rhetorician reproduces imaginaries of femininity and masculinity, although this was not an explicit objective. 39 BC character Homers Homer s works Odyssey studied indepth depth strategies Thus place analysis layers Helens masculinity 3

Abstract: The Medical College of Specialists in General Surgery of the State of Michoacán, A.C. It has the antecedent that more than fifty years ago a group of great medical surgeons from Michoacán formed the “Michoacán College of Surgeons” whose members were general practitioners and specialists from various branches; however, the general surgeons of Michoacán did not have a legally constituted College, so 26 years ago a group of eight general surgeons founded the Medical College of Specialists in General Surgery of the State of Michoacán, A.C. however, due to the Law of Professions of the State of Michoacán, they could not grant us the corresponding registration, until in 2016 the Law of Professions in the State of Michoacán was modified and they granted us the registration with which it allowed us join the Mexican Federation of Colleges of General Surgery, A.C.

Resumen: El Colegio Médico de Especialistas en Cirugía General del Estado de Michoacán, A.C. tiene el antecedente de que hace más de 50 años un grupo de grandes maestros médicos cirujanos michoacanos formaron el “Colegio de Cirujanos de Michoacán” cuyos integrantes eran médicos generales y especialistas de diversas ramas; sin embargo, los cirujanos generales de Michoacán no teníamos un colegio legalmente constituido, por lo que hace 26 años un grupo de ocho cirujanos generales fundamos el Colegio Médico de Especialistas en Cirugía General del Estado de Michoacán, A.C.; sin embargo, debido a la Ley de Profesiones del Estado de Michoacán, no nos podían otorgar el registro correspondiente, hasta que en el año de 2016 se modificó la Ley de Profesiones en el Estado de Michoacán y nos otorgaron el registro que nos permitió afiliarnos a la Federación Mexicana de Colegios de Cirugía General, A.C.

Immuno-oncology studies the immune system in cancer. In recent decades, immunotherapy has shown a good response to the treatment of various locally advanced and metastatic cancers. The main mechanisms of action include stimulation of the patient's own immune system to enhance immune responses acting in tumor escape pathways. This review examined the literature related to immune system mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and their application in immunotherapy using biomarkers. The PUBMED, LILACS, MEDLINE, WHOLIS, and SCIELO databases were searched using the terms squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck, immuno-oncology, immunotherapy, and immunology. The main drugs currently available for clinical use in patients diagnosed with HNSCC include pembrolizumab and nivolumab, both classified as check-point inhibitors. These immunobiological agents improve patient survival and quality of life. Many authors and clinical trials point out that the recommendation of these agents is linked to the dose of PD-L1 (ligand expressed primarily by tumor cells), which proved to be an unreliable biomarker in the patient selection. Recommendation of immunotherapy depends on reliable biomarkers that must be identified in order to achieve good therapeutic results. Immunooncology Immuno oncology cancer decades cancers s pathways (HNSCC PUBMED LILACS MEDLINE WHOLIS immunooncology, immunooncology immuno oncology, immuno-oncology immunology nivolumab checkpoint check inhibitors life PDL1 PDL PD L1 L PD-L ligand cells, cells , cells) selection results

Brain glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic manifestations in neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation may also disrupt leptin signaling, an adipokine that centrally regulates appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and exerting neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model used to investigate diabetes-associated molecular mechanisms without obesity jeopardizing effects. Wistar and GK rats received the maintenance adult rodent diet. Also, an additional control group of Wistar rats received a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS) provided by free consumption of condensed milk. All diets and water were provided ad libitum for eight weeks. Brain glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose under basal (saline administration) or stimulated (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist) conditions. The animals were fasted for 10-12 h, anesthetized, and euthanized. The brain was quickly dissected, and the hippocampal area was sectioned and stored at -80°C in different tubes for protein and RNA analyses on the same animal. GK rats exhibited attenuated brain glucose uptake compared to Wistar animals and the HFHS group under basal conditions. Also, the hippocampus of GK rats displayed upregulated leptin receptor, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression and IL-1β and the subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB (p-p65) protein expression. No significant alterations were detected in the hippocampus of HFHS rats. Our data indicated that a genetic predisposition to T2DM has significant brain deteriorating features, including brain glucose hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, and leptin signaling disruption in the hippocampal area. disorders GotoKakizaki Goto Kakizaki (GK nonobese non obese TDM T DM (T2DM diabetesassociated associated effects Also highfat high fat highsugar sugar (HFHS milk weeks 2deoxy2fluorine18 deoxyfluorine deoxy fluorine 18 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18 fluoroDglucose fluoro D saline administration CL316,243, CL316243 CL CL316 243 (CL316,243 β3AR βAR β3 AR β agonist conditions 1012 10 12 10-1 h anesthetized euthanized dissected 80°C 80C C 80 receptor IL1β, IL1β ILβ IL 1β, 1β IL6 6 IL- NFκB NF κB pp65 pp p p65 (p-p65 features 2deoxy2fluorine1 1 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-1 CL316,243 CL31624 CL31 24 (CL316,24 101 10- 8 pp6 p6 (p-p6 2deoxy2fluorine 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine- CL316,24 CL3162 CL3 (CL316,2 (p-p 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine CL316,2 (CL316, CL316, (CL316 (CL31 (CL3 (CL

Intense stimulation of most living cells triggers the activation of immediate early genes, such as Fos and Jun families. These genes are important in cellular and biochemical processes, such as mitosis and cell death. The present study focused on determining the temporal expression pattern of Fos and Jun families in fibroblasts and neural stem cells of cerebellum, hippocampus, and subventricular zone (SVZ) of rats of different ages at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h after stimulation with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. In neonates, a similar expression pattern was observed in all cells analyzed, with lower expression in basal condition, peak expression at 0.5 h after stimulation, returning to baseline values between 1 and 3 h after stimulation. On the other hand, cells from adult animals only showed Fra1 and JunD expression after stimulation. In fibroblasts and hippocampus, Fra1 reached peak expression at 0.5 h after stimulation, while in the SVZ, peak level was observed at 6 h after stimulation. JunD in fibroblasts presented two peak expressions, at 0.5 and 6 h after stimulation. Between these periods, the expression observed was at a basal level. Nevertheless, JunD expression in SVZ and hippocampus was low and without significant changes after stimulation. Differences in mRNA expression in neonate and adult animals characterize the significant differences in neurogenesis and cell response to stimulation at different stages of development. Characterizing these differences might be important for the development of cell cultures, replacement therapy, and the understanding of the physiological response profile of different cell types. processes death cerebellum (SVZ 0 05 5 FGF2. FGF2 FGF 2. 2 (FGF)-2 neonates analyzed condition 0. hand Fra expressions periods Nevertheless cultures therapy types (FGF)- (FGF) (FGF

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a dinâmica da maturação nuclear e citoplasmática de oócitos bovinos em meio MIV tradicional (TC) e suplementado com fulerol (MF50), durante 36 horas. Na maturação nuclear do TC (n=300) e do MF50 (n=270) a cada seis horas, corados com Hoechst 33342, e na citoplasmática, avaliou-se a distribuição mitocondrial do TC (n=197) e do MF50 (n=159) a cada 12 horas, corados com Mitotracker Orange (Life® Technologies). Às seis horas, oócitos do TC (19%) se encontravam em MI (metáfase I), enquanto no MF50 estavam em VG (vesícula germinativa) ou QVG (quebra VG), repetindo com 12 horas. Às 18 horas, 46,3% estavam maturados no TC, e 20% no MF50. Com 24 horas, verificaram-se 43,9% de maturação no grupo MF50, e 63,8% no TC. Às 30 e 36 horas, o padrão de maturação foi estável, mas com início de degeneração oócitária. Houve retardo na maturação citoplasmática com 36 horas (P<0,05) no MF50 (53,9% de gametas maduros), comparado ao TC (69,8%). Com citoplasma imaturo, foram 10,4% e 31,7% para TC e MF50 (P<0,05), respectivamente. Conclui-se que o fulerol possivelmente interferiu na expansão das células do cumulus oophorus, bem como retardou a progressão meiótica e a maturação citoplasmática dos oócitos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate, in vitro, the dynamics of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes in traditional IVM medium (CT) and supplemented with fullerol (MF50), for 36 hours. The nuclear maturation of CT (n=300) and MF50 (n=270) every 6 hours, stained with Hoechst33342 and cytoplasmic, the mitochondrial distribution of CT (n=197) and MF50 (n=159) at every 12 hours, stained with Mitotracker Orange. At 6 hours, CT oocytes (19%) were in MI (metaphase I), while in MF50 they were in GV (germ vesicle) or GVB (GV breakeage), repeating at 12 hours. At 18 hours, 46.3% were matured in CT, and 20% in MF50. At 24 hours, 43.9% of maturation was observed in the MF50 group, and 63.8% in the CT. At 30 and 36 hours, the maturation pattern was stable, but with the onset of oocyte degeneration. There was a delay in cytoplasmic maturation with 36 hours (P<0.05) in MF50 (53.9% of mature gametes), compared to CT (69.8%). With immature cytoplasm, they were 10.4% and 31.7% for CT and MF50 (P<0.05), respectively. It was concluded that fullerol possibly interfered in the expansion of cumulus oophorus cells, as well as delayed the meiotic progression and cytoplasmic maturation.

RESUMO A ozonioterapia é uma técnica utilizada em diversas especialidades da medicina equina, contudo, são escassos os estudos de sua utilização em cavalos atletas de vaquejada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o potencial efeito do gás ozônio administrado por duas diferentes vias sobre os valores hematológicos, bioquímicos e no marcador de estresse oxidativo em cavalos atletas de vaquejada. Para isso, foram utilizados 9 equinos hígidos que seguiram um protocolo de treinamento e foram submetidos a dois tratamentos, com um wash-out de 8 dias entre eles. O grupo de tratamento auto-hemoterapia maior ozonizada (AHTMO) recebeu um volume de 600ml da mistura O2-O3 na concentração de 60 µg/mL e o grupo de tratamento insuflação retal (IR) recebeu 5mL de gás por kg de peso vivo, na concentração de 15µg/ kg, realizado a cada 24h em três dias consecutivos. Os resultados demonstraram-se significativos para hemácias, hematócrito e hemoglobina nas variáveis hematológicas, AST e lactato para as variáveis bioquímicas e para o malondialdeído. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas nas comparações entre grupos de tratamento. Assim, pode-se concluir que não há diferença entre as duas terapias, indicando que as duas técnicas são eficazes para a aplicação da ozonioterapia em cavalos competidores de vaquejada.

ABSTRACT Ozone therapy is a technique used in several specialties of equine medicine; however, there are few studies on its use in vaquejada (cowboy competition) athlete horses. This study aims to evaluate the potential effect of ozone gas administered by two different routes on hematological and biochemical values and the oxidative stress marker in vaquejada athlete horses. For this, nine healthy equines that followed a training protocol and underwent two treatments were used with an 8-day wash-out between them. The major ozonated autohemotherapy (MOA) treatment group received a volume of 600ml of the O2-O3 mixture at a concentration of 60 µg/mL, and the rectal insufflation (RI) treatment group received 5mL of gas per kg of body weight at a concentration of 15µg/kg performed every 24h on three consecutive days. Results were significant for RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin in the hematological variables, and AST and lactate for biochemical and malondialdehyde variables. No statistically significant differences were found in comparisons between treatment groups. Thus, we can conclude that there is no difference between the two therapies, indicating that the two techniques are effective for the application of ozone therapy in horses competing for vaquejada.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o pH e as concentrações de cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), cloro (Cl-), sódio (Na+) e potássio (K+) na secreção da glândula mamária de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no período pré-parto, a fim de determinar o melhor método para predizer proximidade do parto na raça. Quarenta e duas éguas MM foram avaliadas diariamente a partir dos 310 dias de gestação até o parto. O pH, aferido pelo pHmetro e por fitas reagentes, e os eletrólitos Ca2+, Mg2+ e Cl- apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas concentrações nos últimos 10 dias pré-parto (P<0,05). A diminuição significativa dos valores médios de pH (pHmetro= 6,67±0,42; fitas reagentes= 6,23±0,53) e o aumento significativo nas concentrações médias de Ca2+ (12,6±5,8mmol/L) e Mg2+ (10,93±3,66mmol/L) foram observados 24 horas pré-parto (P<0,0001). As concentrações de cloro diminuíram significativamente oito dias antes do parto (P<0,0001), porém continuaram sem alteração até o momento da parição. O pH da secreção foi eficaz para predizer o momento do parto. Valores quantitativos obtidos por meio do pHmetro apresentaram maior acurácia em comparação às fitas de pH, porém obteve-se forte correlação entre os dois métodos. Cálcio e magnésio foram os únicos eletrólitos que apresentaram alterações significativas no pré-parto imediato e são indicadores mais precisos de quando não esperar o parto.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine pH and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) in the mammary gland secretion in pre-foaling Mangalarga Marchador (MM) mares to determine the best method to predict parturition in the breed. Forty-two pregnant MM mares were evaluated once daily from 310 days of gestation until parturition. Mammary gland secretion pH, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- levels significantly changed during the last 10 days prior to parturition (p<0.05). The lowest pH mean value (pH meter=6.67±0.42; pH strip=6.23±0.53) and significantly higher mean concentrations of Ca2+ (12.6±5.8mmol/L) and Mg2+ (10.93±3.66mmol/L) were obtained 24 hours prior to foaling (p<0.0001). Chloride levels reduced significantly 8 days prior to parturition (p<0.0001) but remained unchanged until the due date. Mammary gland pH secretion, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, was effective to predict parturition. Quantitative pH values obtained with the pH meter had a greater accuracy in comparison to pH paper strips, but a strong correlation was found between both methods. Calcium and magnesium were the only electrolytes that changed in concentration immediately prior to parturition and are better indicators of when not to expect foaling.

Abstract Fibrinolytic enzymes are considered promising alternative in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by preventing fibrin clots. A protease from Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 was obtained by solid state fermentation and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The purified extract was administered at an acute dose of 2000 mg/mL to evaluate its toxic effects to the lungs of mice. After 14 days of treatment, a histomorphometric study was performed by the type 1 and 2 pneumocyte count and the evaluation of the lung area. As result, the experimental group showed a significant decrease of type 2 pneumocyte and although a decrease in the alveolar area was observed in relation to the control group, no significant pulmonary toxicity, emphysema, and fibrosis characteristics were detected. The in vitro tests suggest possible clinical applications for the enzyme.

Abstract: The proper management of demolition construction waste from the construction industry is an issue that has gained relevance over the last years in several research centers around the world and, in this context, researches on the potential of using construction and demolition waste to execute pavement layers have been stood out. The paper presented results of a research performed to evaluate the characteristics of the material produced by a waste treatment/beneficiation industrial plant. Tests to verify the suitability of the material as pavement subbase material were performed according Brazilian code - grain-size distribution composition, maximum characteristic dimension, shape particle index (SPI), contaminant percentage and sieving process. The results obtained indicated that the recycled aggregates investigated performed well in all the requirements of the reference standards used and only one correction, related to grain size distribution, was performed using a sieving process. It is important to highlight that the tests and analyses must be performed constantly when forming each aggregate batch, since the recycled aggregates are usually quite heterogeneous, with characteristics that may vary depending on the type of work, construction materials used or period of the year.

RESUMO No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito imunomodulador de diferentes doses de talidomida em macrófagos associados ao tumor (TAMs), em um modelo murino de câncer de mama. Camundongos foram inoculados com células 4T1, na região do flanco esquerdo, e tratados com talidomida, uma vez ao dia, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150mg/k, por massa corporal, do quinto dia ao 28º dia de inoculação tumoral. Os tumores foram medidos, o índice de proliferação celular e a contagem de TAMs foram avaliados nos tumores primários e nos pulmões com metástases. Além disso, a taxa de metástases pulmonares também foi avaliada. A talidomida na dose de 150mg/kg diminuiu significativamente o crescimento tumoral, o índice de proliferação celular e a infiltração de TAMs nos tumores primários. Por outro lado, maior número de TAMs e menor índice de proliferação celular foram observados nos pulmões metastáticos, em camundongos tratados com 150mg/kg de talidomida. Ademais, a talidomida na dose de 150mg/kg diminuiu significativamente os nódulos metastáticos nos pulmões. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com talidomida diminuiu o crescimento tumoral e as metástases pulmonares em camundongos, associado com diferentes efeitos na infiltração de TAMs nesses locais.

ABSTRACT The present work evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of thalidomide (Thal) at different doses on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) using a mouse model of human breast cancer. Mice were inoculated with 4T1 cells in the left flank and treated with Thal once a day at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150mg/kg body weight from the 5th day until the 28th day of tumor inoculation. The tumors were sized, proliferation index and TAMs count were evaluated in primary tumors and metastatic lungs. In addition, the metastasis rate was evaluated in the lungs. Thal at 150mg/kg significantly decreased tumor growth, proliferation index, and TAMs infiltration in primary tumors. Conversely, a higher number of TAMs and lower proliferation index were observed in metastatic lungs in mice treated with 150mg/kg of Thal. Furthermore, Thal at 150mg/kg significantly decreased the metastatic nodules in the lungs. Our findings demonstrated that Thal treatment considerably decreased the primary tumor and lung metastasis in mice associated with different TAM infiltration effects in these sites.