Resumo OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil dos atendimentos para profilaxia antirrábica pré-exposição (PArPE) humana realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de acordo com as Normas Técnicas de Profilaxia da Raiva Humana. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), referentes a atendimentos antirrábicos notificados no período 2007-2014. RESULTADOS: somente 2,4% dos atendimentos antirrábicos realizados corresponderam a PArPE (5.721/239.245), sendo 42,5% deles referentes a estudantes e 10,3% a profissionais da área de medicina veterinária, biologia e zootecnia; indivíduos entre 20 e 64 anos de idade representaram 71,8% dos imunizados e a frequência dessa profilaxia foi de 53,5/100 mil habitantes no estado, com variação entre as regionais de saúde de 13,1 a 185,1/100 mil hab. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se baixa frequência de PArPE, sugerindo que essa ferramenta de prevenção contra a raiva se encontra negligenciada, colocando em risco ocupacional grande número de pessoas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile of healthcare provision regarding rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (RPrEP) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as compared with the Technical Standards for Rabies Prophylaxis in Humans. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using Notifiable Disease Information System data on anti-rabies healthcare provided between 2007 and 2014. RESULTS: only 2.4% of anti-rabies healthcare related to RPrEP (5,721/239,245), 42.5% of these were veterinary, biology and zootechnics students and 10.3% were professionals from the same areas; individuals aged 20 to 64 accounted for 71.8% of the total number of people vaccinated and the frequency of this form of prophylaxis was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants for the state as a whole, varying between 13.1 to 185.1/100,000 inhabitants in the state's different health districts. CONCLUSION: RPrEP frequency was found to be low, suggesting that this rabies prevention tool has been neglected, leaving a large number of people at occupational risk.

Resumen OBJETIVO: describir el perfil de atendimientos para profilaxis antirrábica pré-exposición humana (ParPE) realizados en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil, conforme a las normas técnicas de Profilaxis de Rabia Humana. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan) entre 2007 y 2014, referentes a atendimientos antirrábicos notificados. RESULTADOS: solamente 2,4% de los atendimientos antirrábicos realizados correspondieron a ParPE (5.721/239.245), siendo que 42,5% eran estudiantes, 10,3% profesionales del área de Veterinária, Biologia y Zootecnia y 4,3% tuvieran ocupación ignorada; 71,8% de los individuos inmunizados tenía entre 20 y 64 años, y la incidencia de profilaxis fue de 53,5/100 mil habitantes, con una variaciones regionales entre 13,1 y 185,1/100.000 hab. CONCLUSIÓN: observamos una baja frecuencia de ParPE, lo que sugiere que esta herramienta de prevención contra la rabia está descuidada, colocando en riesgo un gran número de personas.

Resumo OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil dos atendimentos para profilaxia antirrábica pré-exposição (PArPE) humana realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de acordo com as Normas Técnicas de Profilaxia da Raiva Humana. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), referentes a atendimentos antirrábicos notificados no período 2007-2014. RESULTADOS: somente 2,4% dos atendimentos antirrábicos realizados corresponderam a PArPE (5.721/239.245), sendo 42,5% deles referentes a estudantes e 10,3% a profissionais da área de medicina veterinária, biologia e zootecnia; indivíduos entre 20 e 64 anos de idade representaram 71,8% dos imunizados e a frequência dessa profilaxia foi de 53,5/100 mil habitantes no estado, com variação entre as regionais de saúde de 13,1 a 185,1/100 mil hab. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se baixa frequência de PArPE, sugerindo que essa ferramenta de prevenção contra a raiva se encontra negligenciada, colocando em risco ocupacional grande número de pessoas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile of healthcare provision regarding rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (RPrEP) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as compared with the Technical Standards for Rabies Prophylaxis in Humans. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using Notifiable Disease Information System data on anti-rabies healthcare provided between 2007 and 2014. RESULTS: only 2.4% of anti-rabies healthcare related to RPrEP (5,721/239,245), 42.5% of these were veterinary, biology and zootechnics students and 10.3% were professionals from the same areas; individuals aged 20 to 64 accounted for 71.8% of the total number of people vaccinated and the frequency of this form of prophylaxis was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants for the state as a whole, varying between 13.1 to 185.1/100,000 inhabitants in the state's different health districts. CONCLUSION: RPrEP frequency was found to be low, suggesting that this rabies prevention tool has been neglected, leaving a large number of people at occupational risk.

Resumen OBJETIVO: describir el perfil de atendimientos para profilaxis antirrábica pré-exposición humana (ParPE) realizados en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil, conforme a las normas técnicas de Profilaxis de Rabia Humana. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan) entre 2007 y 2014, referentes a atendimientos antirrábicos notificados. RESULTADOS: solamente 2,4% de los atendimientos antirrábicos realizados correspondieron a ParPE (5.721/239.245), siendo que 42,5% eran estudiantes, 10,3% profesionales del área de Veterinária, Biologia y Zootecnia y 4,3% tuvieran ocupación ignorada; 71,8% de los individuos inmunizados tenía entre 20 y 64 años, y la incidencia de profilaxis fue de 53,5/100 mil habitantes, con una variaciones regionales entre 13,1 y 185,1/100.000 hab. CONCLUSIÓN: observamos una baja frecuencia de ParPE, lo que sugiere que esta herramienta de prevención contra la rabia está descuidada, colocando en riesgo un gran número de personas.

Resumo As plantas medicinais têm sido usadas há séculos como alternativa de tratamento para problemas de saúde. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ou aroeira é uma árvore mediana pertencente à família Anacardiaceae. O efeito antibacteriano de extratos de folhas dessa planta já foi demonstrado. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar o extrato de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi na antissepsia de tetos pré e pós-ordenha. Foi utilizado extrato hidroalcoólico da aroeira, tendo como controle iodo comercial, em quartos opostos, durante doze semanas consecutivas. Nenhum dos índices analisados - caneca de fundo escuro, CMT, novas infecções intramamárias, "saúde da pele e do esfíncter do teto" - demonstraram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos usados, sugerindo que o extrato da planta pode ser usado na pré e pós-ordenha para desinfecção de tetos, como substituto dos produtos convencionais, para rebanhos em sistema de produção orgânica.

Abstract Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as an alternative treatment for health problems. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a median tree that belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The antibacterial effect of leaves extract of this plant has already been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to test a substance derived from this plant to be used in pre- and post-milking teat antisepsis. The hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian pepper tree was used in opposite quarters for twelve consecutive weeks, and commercial iodine was used as control. None of the indices analyzed - black background mug, CMT, intramammary infections, skin health, and teat health - showed a statistical difference between the treatments, suggesting that the plant extract can be used in pre- and post-milking teat antisepsis, as a substitute for conventional products for herds in an agroecological production system.

A ehrlichiose monocítica equina (EME) na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul tem demonstrado ser importante nas criações de cavalos Crioulos. A enfermidade foi relatada e diagnosticada como causa de diarreia, prejuízos com tratamentos e com a morte de equinos não estabulados, sendo apontada como um fator limitante na criação de equinos em algumas regiões. O modo de transmissão pela via oral, intermediada por trematódeos em ambientes aquáticos, tem sido sustentado. Caracóis dulciaquícolas estão envolvidos como hospedeiros intermediários de trematódeos albergadores de Neorickettsia risticii. Um total de 16.846 caracóis Heleobia foi coletado nos municípios de Arroio Grande, Rio Grande, Palmares do Sul e Santa Vitória do Palmar, 92,2% dos quais foram encontrados nas raízes de aguapés (Eichornea spp.). A frequência de trematódeos presentes nos caracóis variou de 2,3 a 12,8% nas propriedades coletadas. Foram encontrados três tipos de cercárias, morfotipo 1, morfotipo 2 e morfotipo 3, e dois morfotipos de metacercárias nos caracóis. Um total de 357 insetos da ordem Odonata foi coletado, fases de metacercárias foram encontradas no tegumento da subordem Anisoptera com frequência de 5,3%. Mais estudos são necessários para identificar as fases larvais encontradas, bem como para conhecer o hospedeiro definitivo, identificar o parasito adulto e a relação de seu ciclo de vida com a ocorrência da ehrlichiose monocítica equina.

The equine monocytic ehrlichiosis in the region South of the Rio Grande do Sul has demonstrated to be important in the creations of Crioulo horses. It has been reported as cause of diarrhea in equine not surround and as cause of losses with treatments and death of the animals, being pointed as a limited factor in the range breeding in some regions. The way of transmission for the oral way, intermediated for trematodes in aquatic environments, has been supported. Freshwater snails are involved as intermediate hosts of trematodes and harbor of the Neorickettsia risticii. A total of 16,846 Heleobia snails had been collected in the cities of Arroio Grande, Rio Grande, Palmares do Sul and Santa Vitoria do Palmar, 92.2% of which had been found in the roots of aquatics plants (Eichornea spp.). The frequency of trematodes present in the snails varied of 2.3 to 12.8% in the collected regions. Three types of cercariae were found, morphology type 1, morphology type 2 and morphology type 3, and two morphologic type of metacercariae of the snails. A total of 357 insects of the Odonata order were collected, stages of metacercariae had been found in the tissues of suborder Anisoptera with 5.3% of frequency. More studies are necessary for identification of the joined larval phases, as well as knowing the host definitive and identifying the adult parasite and the relation of its cycle of life with the occcurrence of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis.

Introduction: the inappropriate use of antimicrobials is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance. In veterinary medicine, this factor can influence on animal performance, as in the case of bovine mastitis. Objective: this study is aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oils and hydroalcoholic of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Elionurus sp. and Tagetes minuta L. and the bacteria isolated from bovine milk. Methods: the antimicrobial activity of plants was evaluated using the microdilution technique, determining minimum inhibitory concentration values. Results: the essential oils were more active than the hydroalcoholic, with minimum inhibitory concentration values between 6,32 to 0,39 %; 0,10 and 6,32 %; as well as 0,62 to 5 %, for Cymbopogon citratus, Elionurus and T. minuta, respectively; while EHAs, except for Tagetes minuta, only inhibited Streptococcus uberis to Elionurus sp., being that the hydroalcoholic the Cymbopogon citratus showed no antibacterial activity. Conclusions: these results suggest the use of these plants as natural antimicrobial, being effective against bacteria of bovine mastitis.

Introducción: el uso inadecuado de los antimicrobianos es un importante factor de resistencia a estos. En medicina veterinaria, este factor puede influir en el rendimiento de los animales, como en el caso de la mastitis bovina. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de los aceites esenciales e hidroalcohólicos, de Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Elionurus sp. y Tagetes minuta L. contra bacterias aisladas de leche bovina. Métodos: la actividad antimicrobiana de plantas se evaluó utilizando la técnica de microdilución con la determinación de la concentración inhibitoria mínima. Resultados: los aceites esenciales eran más activos que los hidroalcohólicos, con valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria entre 0,39 y 6,32; 0,10 y 6,32 %; así como de 0,62 a 5 %, para Cymbopogon citratus, Elionurus sp. y Tagetes minuta, respectivamente; mientras que en los extractos hidroalcohólicos, excepto para Tagetes minuta, solo se inhibió Streptococcus uberis con Elionurus sp., pero el extracto hidroalcohólico de Cymbopogon citratus no mostró actividad antibacteriana. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren el uso de estas plantas como un antimicrobiano natural, que es eficaz sobre bacterias de la mastitis bovina.

Introduction: the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics has stimulated the development of new lines of research based on the antibacterial properties of plants used in folk medicine. Veterinary medicine has been taking for itself the benefits of traditional medicine in an attempt to replace the use of antibiotics in the treatment and prevention of mastitis. Objective: this study is aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, compared to bacteria related to bovine mastitis. Methods: the extracts were obtained from fresh leaves with ethanol at 92.8° and leaves with ethanol at 70°. The antimicrobial activity of plants was evaluated using the microdilution technique. Results: the hydroalcoholic extracts fresh plant showed better activity compared with the hydroalcoholic extracts dry leaf, with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.5 to 50 % compared to the different microorganisms; highlighting Streptococcus as more effective against all study, with minimal inhibitory concentration equal to 3.1, 1.5, and 1.9 % for Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalacteae, and Streptococcus dysgalacteae, respectively. Conclusions: these results suggest that the use of leaves of this plant species may constitute a viable alternative for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis.

Introducción: la aparición de cepas bacterianas resistentes a los antibióticos ha estimulado el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de investigación, basadas en las propiedades antibacterianas de plantas utilizadas en medicina popular. La medicina veterinaria ha estado tomando para sí los beneficios de la medicina tradicional, en un intento de sustituir el uso de antibióticos en el tratamiento y la prevención de la mastitis. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de los extractos hidralcohólicos de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, en comparación con las bacterias relacionadas en la mastitis bovina. Métodos: se obtuvieron extractos de hojas frescas con alcohol a 92,8° y de hojas secas con alcohol a 70°. La actividad antimicrobiana de plantas se evaluó utilizando la técnica de microdilución. Resultados: los extractos de hojas frescas mostraron una actividad mejor en comparación con los de hojas secas, con valores de concentración mínima inhibitoria de 1,5 a 50 %, en comparación con los diferentes microorganismos. Se destaca como más eficaz contra todo estudio el Streptococcus, con la concentración mínima inhibitoria igual a 3,1; 1,5 y 1,9 % para Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalacteae y Streptococcus dysgalacteae, respectivamente. Conclusiones: estos resultados sugieren que el uso de hojas de esta especie de planta puede constituir una alternativa viable para la prevención y el tratamiento de la mastitis bovina.

Avaliou-se o efeito auxiliar do ceruminolítico em cães com otite externa. Foram estudados cães com otite externa ceruminosa bilateral, cujas orelhas foram avaliadas por palpação, inspeção, otoscopia e cultivos fúngico e bacteriano. Para o tratamento, realizado duas vezes ao dia por 15 dias, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos A e B. Os animais do grupo A foram tratados com ceruminolítico e solução otológica, contendo, respectivamente, ácido salicílico e aminoglicosídeo, e os do grupo B somente com solução otológica. Realizaram-se avaliações clínicas e microbiológicas nos dias 0 e após 15 de tratamento. Foram estudados 20 cães (n=40 orelhas), com no mínimo eritema na otoscopia e cerúmen em quantidade moderada a intensa. Além desaes, foram mais frequentemente observados eritema (n=16 em ambos grupos) e exsudato ceruminoso na concha acústica (n=14 e n=11, respectivamente, grupos A e B) e prurido (n=13 e n=11, respectivamente, grupos A e B). Aos 15 dias de tratamento, observou-se redução de todos os sinais clínicos, exceto estenose, que não alterou em nenhum dos grupos, e otalgia, que aumentou no grupo A. Também houve redução dos microrganismos Malassezia pachydermatis e Staphylococcus sp. no grupo B com significância estatística. Bactérias foram mais sensíveis à gentamicina. O uso de ceruminolítico associado à solução otológica reduz os sinais clínicos de otite externa, principalmente odor fétido na concha acústica e quantidade de cerúmen na otoscopia, não interferindo na redução de microrganismos.

We evaluated the help effect of ceruminolytic in ceruminous external otitis in dog's ears. Dogs with bilateral ceruminous external otitis, whose ears were evaluated by palpation, inspection, otoscopy and fungal and bacterial culture were studied. For the treatment, carried out twice a day during 15 days, the animals were divided into two groups, A and B. The animals in group A were treated with ceruminolytic and otological solution, containing, respectively, salicylic acid and aminoglycoside, while the animals in group B were treated only with otological solution. Clinical and microbiologic evaluations were performed on 0 and 15 days of treatment. Twenty dogs (n=40 ears), with at least erythema in the otoscopy and moderate to intense ceruminous exsudate. Besides these, we observed more erythema (n=16 in both groups) and exsudate in the acoustic conch (n=14 and n=11, respectively, groups A and B) and itch (n=13 and n=11, respectively, groups A and B). On the 15th day, we observed reduction of all clinical signals, except stenosis, which did not change in any of the groups, and pain, which increased in group A. The microorganisms Malassezia pachydermatis e Staphylococcus sp. reduced in treatment B with statistical significance. Bacteria were more sensitive to gentamicin. The use of ceruminolytic associated to otological solution reduced the external ottis clinical signals, mainly exsudate and smell in the acoustic conch and the quantity of cerumen in the otoscopy, without interfering in the microorganisms reduction.

Introduction: Guava, Surinam cherry and strawberry guava are native South American fruit trees and the tea from their leaves is traditionally used to treat diarrhea. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial action of Psidium guajava L., Eugenia uniflora L. and Psidium cattleyanum Sabine and their constituents. Methods: the essential oils were extracted by a modified Clevenger. The analysis of essential oils was performed on chromatograph (GC/MS). The antimicrobial activity of obtained oils against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated by broth microdilution assay to determine their minimum bactericidal concentration. Results: the guava oil showed bactericidal activity against E. coli at 2 % and 8 % concentration rates against S. aureus and S. typhimurium. The strawberry guava oil showed no bactericidal activity against tested microorganisms whereas Surinam cherry had bactericidal activity at 8 % concentration against S. aureus and S. typhimurium. The main constituents commonly found in the three plant oils were a-copaene and a-humulene. Conclusions: the oils showed bactericidal activity against tested microorganisms and the constituents are comparable to those found in other studies.

Introducción: guayabo, pitango y arazá son árboles fructíferos, nativos de América del Sur. El té de sus hojas es utilizado popularmente en el tratamiento de la diarrea. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites de las hojas Psidium guajava L., Eugenia uniflora L. y Psidium cattleyanum Sabine y sus constituyentes. Métodos: los aceites esenciales fueron extraídos con un aparato tipo Clevenger modificado. Su análisis se realizó en cromatógrafo (GC/MS). Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites obtenidos frente a Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium y Staphylococcus aureus, mediante la técnica de microdilución en caldo con determinación de la concentración bactericida mínima del aceite. Resultados: el aceite del guayabo presentó actividad bactericida frente a E. coli en la concentración de 2 y 8 % frente al Staphylococcus aureus y Salmonella typhimurium. El aceite de arazá no presentó actividad bactericida frente a los microorganismos testados y el aceite de pitango presentó actividad bactericida en la concentración de 8 % frente al Staphylococcus aureus y Salmonella typhimurium. Los constituyentes principales encontrados en común en los aceites de las 3 plantas fueron el a-copaeno y a-humuleno. Conclusiones: los aceites presentaron actividad bactericida frente a los microorganismos testados y los constituyentes en ellos encontrados son compatibles con los encontrados en otros trabajos.

Introduction: the use of low risk natural products in the animal production has acquired growing importance in the last few years. Objectives: to compare the antibacterial action of several hydroalcoholic extracts from 4 plants (Baccharis trimera [Less] DC, Bidens pilosa L., Eucalyptus sp. and Tagetes minuta L.) against 2 microorganisms causing mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactia). Methods: extracts from fresh leaves using 92.8°alcohol and from dry leaves using 70° and 50° alcohol were obtained. The antibacterial action of each extract was measured on the basis of the capacity of inactivating 10(5)-10(6) CFU/ml of each bacterium at 3 contacting times of 30 s, 5 min and 20 min. The Turkev´s assay-based variation and comparison analysis of the means provided the final outcomes. Results: all the extracts had some antibacterial effect. The extract from T. minuta dry leaves using 70° alcohol showed the biggest effect (p< 0,05) whereas the extract from Eucalyptus spp. fresh leaves proved to be more effective, being the difference significant. The other 2 plants did not show any difference in terms of antibacterial effect for the various forms of obtaining the extract. Conclusions: the antibacterial action is greater with dry leaf extract from T. minuta and fresh leaf extract from Eucalyptus spp.

Introducción: la utilización de productos naturales y de bajo riesgo en la producción animal ha alcanzado elevada importancia en los últimos años. Objetivos: comparar la actividad antibacteriana de diferentes extractos hidroalcohólicos de 4 plantas (Baccharis trimera [Less] DC, Bidens pilosa L., Eucalyptus sp. y Tagetes minuta L.) frente a 2 microorganismos que causan mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus agalactia). Métodos: se obtuvieron extractos de hojas frescas con alcohol a 92,8° y de hojas secas con alcohol a 70 y 50°. La actividad antibacteriana de cada extracto se midió por la capacidad de inactivación de 10(5)-10(6) UFC/mL de cada bacteria, en 3 tiempos de contacto, 30 s, 5 y 20 min. Los resultados obtenidos se hicieron por análisis de variación y comparación de las medias utilizando el ensayo de Turkey. Resultados: se obtuvo efecto antibacteriano con los extractos de todas las plantas. Para T. minuta, el extracto de hoja seca con alcohol de 70° fue el efecto mayor (p< 0,05), mientras que para Eucalyptus spp., se encontró que el extracto de hoja fresca resultó más eficaz, con diferencia significativa. Las otras 2 plantas no presentaron diferencia de efecto antibacteriano para las distintas formas de obtención de extracto. Conclusiones: hay mayor actividad antibacteriana, cuando el extracto de T. minuta es obtenido de hojas secas y en Eucalyptus spp. de hojas frescas.

Introduction: bovine mastitis is a major problem in dairy production, mainly caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The search for active ingredients that act upon these microorganisms is growing due to occurrence of bacterial multiresistance. Objectives: to assess the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) essential oil against bacteria isolated from mastitic milk. Methods: the antimicrobial activity of O. vulgare essential oil was measured against 71 bacteria from the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium isolated from the bovine milk and against three pattern strains, that is, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The technique was dilution in microplate. Results: the mean minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.23 % to 2 % against the bacteria isolated from bovine milk, with the lowest concentration for Streptococcus genus and the highest for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Regarding the pattern strains, the MBC was 3.17 % and 0.35 % for S. aureus and Escherichia coli respectively and showed no effect for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: the results confirmed the in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L. oil against the bovine mastitis-related bateria.

Introducción: la mastitis bovina es el mayor problema en la producción lechera, causada principalmente por bacterias grampositivas. La búsqueda de principios activos que actúen en esos microrganismos es creciente, sobre todo por la ocurrencia de multirresistencia bacteriana. Objetivos: evaluar la concentración bactericida mínima del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) frente a bacterias aisladas de leche mastítica. Métodos: se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de O. vulgare frente a 71 bacterias aisladas de leche bovina, de los géneros Streptococcus, Staphylococcus y Corynebacterium; y 3 cepas patrón de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli. La técnica utilizada fue de dilución en microplaca. Resultados: la concentración bactericida mínima media varió de 0,23 a 2 % frente a las bacterias aisladas de leche bovina, con la menor concentración para el género Streptococcus y la mayor para Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa. En cuanto a las cepas patrones la concentración bactericida mínima fue de 3,17 y 0,35 % para S. aureus y Escherichia coli, respectivamente; no presentó efecto para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusiones: en los resultados se comprobó la actividad in vitro del aceite de orégano frente a las bacterias relacionadas con la mastitis bovina.

Introduction: the agro-ecological system of milk production is limited in terms of sustainable alternatives for animal health promotion. The control of mastitis with medicinal plants can be economically and environmentally viable. Objectives: to evaluate the use of antiseptics in the post-milking teat disinfection. Methods: the comparison of conventional and herbal extracts in treating the new intramammarial infections. Results: the weekly prevalence of California Mastitis Test ranged from 29.5 to 17.1 % in group 1 and from 29.7 to 19.6 % in group 2 but no significant difference was found in any week. The incidence of positive culture for Staphylococcus/Streptococcus was 3.93 and 6.96/1 000 quarters/day for groups 1 and 2 respectively, being p= 0.057. There were four cases of clinical mastitis during the experiment, two cases in each treatment. Conclusions: the use of plant extracts in the post-milking teat disinfection may be useful for agro-ecological systems of milk production.

Introducción: el sistema de producción de leche agroecológico está limitado por alternativas sostenibles de promoción a la salud animal. El control de la mastitis con plantas medicinales puede ser viable de modo económico y ecológicamente. Objetivos: evaluar la aplicación de antisépticos en la desinfección de pezones posordeño. Métodos: se comparó un convencional y extracto de plantas medicinales en un rebaño comercial y tuvo como principal encierre las nuevas infecciones intramamarias. Resultados: la prevalencia semanal del California Mastitis Test varió en el grupo 1 entre 29,5 y 17,1 %, y en el grupo 2 de 29,7 a 19,6 %, no diferenciándose de modo significativo, en ninguna de las semanas. La incidencia de cultura positiva para Staphylococcus/Streptococcus fue de 3,93 y 6,96/1 000 cuartos/d para los grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente; con p= 0,057. Hubo 4 casos de mastitis clínica durante el experimento, 2 en cada tratamiento. Conclusiones: el uso de extractos de plantas en la desinfección de pezones posordeño puede ser útil a los sistemas de producción de leche agroecológicos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of the essential oil extracted from Origanum vulgare against sixteen Candida species isolates. Standard strains tested comprised C. albicans (ATCC strains 44858, 4053, 18804 and 3691), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), C. krusei (ATCC 34135), C. lusitaniae (ATCC 34449) and C. dubliniensis (ATCC MY646). Six Candida albicans isolates from the vaginal mucous membrane of female dogs, one isolate from the cutaneous tegument of a dog and one isolate of a capuchin monkey were tested in parallel. A broth microdilution technique (CLSI) was used, and the inoculum concentration was adjusted to 5 x 10(6) CFU mL-1. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography. Susceptibility was expressed as Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). All isolates tested in vitro were sensitive to O. vulgare essential oil. The chromatographic analysis revealed that the main compounds present in the essential oil were 4-terpineol (47.95%), carvacrol (9.42%), thymol (8.42%) and □-terpineol (7.57%). C. albicans isolates obtained from animal mucous membranes exhibited MIC and MFC values of 2.72 µL mL-1 and 5 µL mL-1, respectively. MIC and MFC values for C. albicans standard strains were 2.97 µL mL-1 and 3.54 µL mL-1, respectively. The MIC and MFC for non-albicans species were 2.10 µL mL-1 and 2.97 µL mL-1, respectively. The antifungal activity of O. vulgare essential oil against Candida spp. observed in vitro suggests its administration may represent an alternative treatment for candidiasis.

Tiabendazol, um fármaco classificado como antiparasitário e também usado como antifúngico, pode ser encontrado como solução otologica indicada no tratamento da otite externa parasitária e fungica em pequenos animais. Malassezia pachydermatis é uma levedura considerada habitante normal da pele e das mucosas de cães e gatos. Entretanto, considera-se um agente do oportunista causador de otite externa e dermatite nestes animais. A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do tiabendazol frente a 51 amostras de M. pachydermatis através do método CLSI de Microdiluição em Caldo adaptado para esta espécie de levedura (NCCLS, 2002). Baseado neste teste calculou-se as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM) do tiabendazol e, subseqüentemente, foi detectada a suscetibilidade de cada amostra frente a este antifungico. Observou-se que a CIM do tiabendazol frente a M. pachydermatis variou de 0,03 a > 4 μg/mL. Estas amostras foram classificadas em resistente (13,7%), sensibilidade intermediária (47,1%) e sensível (39,2%). A resistência da levedura frente ao tiabendazol mostrou similaridade com resultados anteriormente observados com outros antifúngicos e a adaptação da técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo utilizada mostrou-se eficiente.

Thiabendazole, classified as antiparasitic and also used as an antifungal drug, can be found as otological solution indicated for treatment of parasitic and fungal external otitis in small animals. Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast recognized as a normal inhabitant on the skin and mucous membranes of dogs and cats. However, it is considered an opportunistic agent that causes external otitis and dermatitis in these animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of thiabendazole against 51 isolates of M. pachydermatis using the CLSI Broth Microdilution method that has been adapted for this yeast species (NCCLS, 2002). Based on this test, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of thiabendazol was calculated. Subsequently, the susceptibility of each isolate against this antifungal was determined. It was observed that the MIC of thiabendazole against M. pachydermatis ranged from 0.03 to > 4 μg/mL. A total of 13.7% of the isolates were found to be resistant, 47.1% were intermediate and 39.2% were sensitive to the drug. The rate of resistance of the yeasts against thiabendazole was similar to the results previously obtained with other antifungals, while the adapted broth microdilution technique used in this study proved to be efficient.

INTRODUCTION: the use of plants for medicinal purposes to treat diseases has been seen throughout the history of mankind. The most common diagnosed disease in dogs is external otitis, and therefore, the clinical importance of this illness is great. OBJETIVE: to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of 3 types of extracts from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) in the form of an oil, a tincture and a decoction against otitis-associated microorganisms. METHODS: the evaluation of these extracts was performed through microditulion in broth against Malassezia pachydermatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) y Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12600) isolates. The oil components were compared by chromatography technique. RESULTS: the oils presented with a lower minimum inhibitory concentration against microorganisms, but the best performance extracts were tinctures. CONCLUSIONS: these two types of extracts may be an alternative for the treatment of external otitis in dogs.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la utilización de plantas con fines medicinales para el tratamiento de enfermedades ha ocurrido a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad. La enfermedad más comúnmente diagnosticada en perros es la otitis externa y, por lo tanto, es grande su importancia clínica. OBJETIVO: evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de 3 tipos de extractos de las plantas Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) y Thymus vulgaris L. (tomillo), un aceite, una tintura y una decocción, frente a microorganismos asociados con esa enfermedad. MÉTODOS: la evaluación de los extractos fue realizada a través de microdiluciones en caldo frente a aislados de Malassezia pachydermatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) y Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12600). Se realizó un análisis por cromatografía de los aceites para comparación de sus constituyentes. RESULTADOS: los aceites presentaron concentración inhibitoria mínima menor frente a los microorganismos, pero los extractos que presentaron mejor rendimiento fueron las tinturas. CONCLUSIONES: los 2 tipos de extractos pueden ser una alternativa para el tratamiento de la otitis externa de los perros.

Levando em consideração a importância do itraconazol e da terbinafina na terapia antifúngica, o estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de altas doses de itraconazol (100 mg/kg) e terbinafina (250 mg/kg) em ratos albinos wistar através das análises das enzimas hepáticas (ALT e ALP), hemograma completo e estudo histopatológico de diferentes órgãos. Os fármacos foram administrados pela via oral, uma vez ao dia, por um período de 30 dias, quando foi coletado sangue e realizado a necrópsia dos animais experimentais. Os valores detectados das enzimas hepáticas e do hemograma foram compatíveis aos índices fisiológicos para a espécie estudada não sendo observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos experimentais. A histopatologia não revelou nenhuma anormalidade, porém 25% dos animas tratados com terbinafina morreram imediatamente após a administração do fármaco. Com esses resultados concluiu-se que as doses administradas dos fármacos não alteraram as enzimas hepáticas avaliadas, assim como o hemograma, sendo, no entanto, necessários mais estudos que possibilitem considerar doses elevadas da terbinafina e itraconazol como alternativa terapêutica viável para o tratamento de micoses sistêmicas.

Taking into account the importance of the itraconazole and terbinafine in the antifungal therapy, the study has as objective evaluate the effects of high itraconazole doses (100 mg/kg) and terbinafine (250 mg/kg) in rats albino Wistar through the analyses of the hepatic enzymes (ALT and ALP), complete blood count and histopathologic study of different organs. The drugs were administered orally once a day, for a period of 30 days, when blood was collected and accomplished the necropsy of the experimental animals. The detected values of the hepatic enzymes and of the blood count were compatible to the physiologic indexes for the studied species with no statistical differences among the experimental groups. The histopathologic exam did not reveal any abnormality, however 25% of the treated with terbinafine died immediately after the administration of the drug. With those results we concluded that the administered doses of the drugs did not alter the appraised hepatic enzymes, as well as the blood count. However, more studies are needed to consider high doses of the terbinafine and itraconazole as viable treatment alternative for systemic mycosis.