Abstract: Augmented Reality (AR) seamlessly integrates the real environment with virtual objects, enriching users’ information perception. The application of AR in personal and vehicular navigation tasks facilitates the evolution of navigation systems from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) representations, incorporating an egocentric viewpoint. Spatial knowledge, specific navigation objectives, navigational skills, and the navigational symbols plays pivotal roles in map utilization, encompassing self-localization, proximity, navigation, and event awareness. The representation of symbols in navigation tasks relies on static and dynamic or animated visual cartographic variables. In this context, our research focuses on evaluating symbols used for depicting routes and landmarks in AR systems during personal navigation tasks. The experiments investigated the representation of routes, exploring variations in route line thickness, the presence or absence of border-color, fill color, and the speed of arrows moving along the route line. The findings of the study reveal that thinner route lines significantly contribute to enhance perception of surroundings, blue fill color exhibit superior performance compared to traditional navigation system colors, and volunteers noted that the arrow animation speed noticeably affected their perceptions of elements within the scenario. These insights contribute to understanding of how visual variables influence user preferences and experiences in AR-based navigation tasks. Abstract (AR objects users twodimensional two dimensional 2D D (2D threedimensional three 3D (3D representations viewpoint knowledge objectives skills utilization selflocalization, selflocalization self localization, localization self-localization proximity awareness context thickness bordercolor, bordercolor border border-color surroundings colors scenario ARbased based

Abstract: Map evaluation is a fundamental and challenging aspect of cartography. This is especially true for digital maps that can be accessed via mobile devices (hereafter referred to as «mobile digital maps»). Researchers often use a combination of methods adapted from computer science to evaluate these maps in order to obtain comprehensive and reliable information. However, the evaluation of digital maps is a complex task that requires a multidimensional approach to understand the different perspectives and needs of users in different usage contexts. By analyzing scientific articles, this study aims to explore and identify the most commonly used methods for evaluating mobile digital maps. The goal is to provide an analytical review of the methods, test configurations, and application locations of mobile digital map evaluations. For this research, 195 scientific articles published in international journals between 2010 and 2023 were evaluated. Of these, 53 articles were selected, all of which dealt with the evaluation of digital maps accessed by mobile devices. The study answers the question of which methods are recommended depending on the context. The types of data collected cover both qualitative and quantitative aspects, while the evaluations tend to be moderate in nature. Abstract cartography hereafter maps». maps» . maps») information However contexts configurations research 19 201 202 evaluated 5 selected context aspects nature 1 20 2

Abstract: The potential of intrinsic parameters to estimate geospatial data quality on Voluntary Geographic Information (VGI) platforms is a recurrent theme in Cartography. The spatial-temporal distribution in these platforms is very heterogeneous, depending on several factors such as input availability, number, and motivation of volunteers, especially in developing countries. The most recent approaches have been aiming to detail temporal patterns as an additional measure of quality in VGI. This research proposes a methodology to identify and analyze the behavior of the contribution parameters over time (2007-2022) of the OSM platform and differentiates the influences that affect its growth. Part of the Metropolitan region of Curitiba was the study area, subdivided into 1 x 1 km cells. The cumulative growth of contributions was calculated and later adjusted using a Logistic Regression. The obtained parameters made it possible to identify abruptly growing cells caused by external data import, mass contributions, or collective mapping activities. In addition, heterogeneity in the growth of the data available in OSM over time was evident. Furthermore, the proposed methodology promoted the investigation of a new indicator of intrinsic quality based on modelling the spatiotemporal evolution of OSM feature insertions. Abstract VGI (VGI Cartography spatialtemporal spatial heterogeneous availability number volunteers countries 20072022 2007 2022 (2007-2022 area Regression import activities addition evident Furthermore insertions 2007202 200 202 (2007-202 200720 20 (2007-20 20072 2 (2007-2 (2007- (2007 (200 (20 (2 (

Abstract The words "environment" and "space" demonstrate distinct spatial units. It must be questioned whether the internal space, seen as an analytical subcategory of space, adds specificities of this type of designation. Therefore, if indoor is a subcategory of space, then its characteristics and types of representation must be observed and analyzed considering aspects of space. The purpose of this article is to present the characteristics of the indoor space unit as a subcategory of space. The “space” terminology applied to specify the indoor spatial unit has some features of spatial analysis that allow a broader and deeper spectrum as an object of study. Compared to space, the "environment" proves to be limited to represent the characteristics of the indoor. The intern must be understood as a space within a space, inserting a subcategory of the urban space, however, it is never seen as in its entirety. The totality does not observe space as it is, but everything within it. Space, as a creation of man, allows the creation of subspaces with no connection to the outside, in the category called indoor contributing to the analysis procedures based on the understanding of their relationships.

Resumo: O See Color é um sistema de códigos de cores baseado na escrita em Braille para comunicar as cores para pessoas com deficiência visual. Este estudo avaliou a percepção do tema Temperatura por pessoas cegas, utilizando o código See Color em dois mapas táteis israítmicos e a percepção de pessoas com visão normal de cores. Um mapa de temperatura média da Austrália continha 10 classes, mas estes intervalos foram reagrupados em quatro classes no software Corel Draw. O novo mapa foi duplicado no projeto digital em tamanho A4 e incluíram-se os códigos See Color em dois esquemas de cores obtidos no website Color Brewer. Em seguida, os mapas foram impressos a laser sobre papel microcapsulado para produção do relevo tátil. A percepção cromática foi observada, assim como as sensações térmicas que as cores poderiam representar para os participantes cegos (06), para os participantes normovisuais do ensino básico (23) e do ensino superior (20). Nesta pesquisa, os mapas mostraram potencial para fornecer conhecimento espacial para participantes cegos adquiridos e normovisuais com base na percepção de cores e códigos de cores táteis usados como linguagem gráfica.

Abstract: The See Color is a color coding system based on Braille writing to communicate colors to people with visual impairments. This study assessed the perception of the theme Temperature by blind people, by using the See Color code on two isarithmic tactile maps and the perception of subjects with normal color vision. An average temperature map of Australia had 10 classes, but these intervals were regrouped into four classes on Corel Draw software. The new map was duplicated in the digital project in A4 size, both included the See Color code in two color schemes obtained from the Color Brewer website. Subsequently, they were laser-printed on swell paper to produce the tactile relief. The chromatic perception was observed, as well as the thermal sensations that the colors could represent for blind participants (06), normally sighted participants in basic education (23), and normally sighted participants in higher education (20). In this research, the See Color code showed the potential to provide spatial knowledge as a graphic language through colors in color maps for adventitiously blind and for normally sighted participants based on their perception of colors and tactile color codes.

Abstract: This paper evaluates the data quality of road axes using the OpenStreetMap (OSM) collaborative mapping platform. OSM was chosen owing to the abundance of data and registered contributors (~ 6 million). We assumed the OSM collaborative data could complement the reference mappings by its quality parameters. We used the cartographic quality indicators of positional accuracy, thematic accuracy, and completeness to validate vector files from OSM. We analyzed the positional accuracy of linear features and we developed the automation of the positional accuracy process. The tool verified the completeness of road axes and thematic accuracy. The positional accuracy of linear features was also used, performed to obtain a range of scales, which reflected the characteristics of mapped areas and varied from 1:22,500 to 1:25,000. The completeness of road axes was 82% of the checked areas. By evaluating the thematic accuracy, we found that the absence of road axes toponymy in editions caused errors in the OSM features (i.e., 58% of road axes without information). As such, we concluded that collaborative data complements the reference cartography by measuring the heterogeneity of information in various regions and filtering the OSM data, despite its being useful for certain analyses.

RESUMO Por causa do avanço da ocupação urbana e consequente impermeabilização dos solos, ocorre um aumento do escoamento superficial, provocando, assim, inundações mais frequentes do que as que existiam quando a superfície era permeável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor o uso de reservatório de detenção como técnica compensatória de drenagem urbana. Para isso, foram simulados cenários, com e sem a implantação de reservatórios, e compararam-se os resultados hidrológicos com o cenário de pré-urbanização, também simulado. As simulações foram realizadas a partir dos modelos hidrológicos da plataforma Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) - Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS). Foram analisadas diferentes concepções de reservatórios e concluiu-se que aquele com dispositivos de saída instalados ao longo de sua altura fornece resultados hidrológicos favoráveis. Por último, verificou-se a capacidade dos reservatórios para períodos de retorno igual e inferiores a 100 anos, de forma que se obtenha a eficiência dos reservatórios em outros períodos de recorrência, cujos resultados com a execução de reservatórios em pontos estratégicos demonstraram que tais dispositivos reduzem significativamente as vazões de saída, e, para os períodos de retorno de 5, 20, 50 e 100 anos, foram, respectivamente, 182,56; 209,63; 233,10; e 244,61%. Portanto, o uso de reservatórios pode ser considerado positivo com relação a redução de inundações e possíveis prejuízos financeiros satisfatórios.

ABSTRACT Due to the increasing urban occupation, and subsequent sealing of the soil, there is an increase in the surface runoff, thus causing more frequent floods than those that existed when the surface was permeable. The objective of this study was to propose the use of a detention reservoir as a compensatory urban drainage technique. For this, scenarios were simulated, with and without reservoir implementation, and the hydrological results were compared with the simulated pre-urbanization scenario. The simulations were performed from the hydrological models of the HEC-HMS platform. Different conceptions of reservoirs were analyzed, and it was concluded that the reservoir with output devices installed along its height provides favorable hydrological results. Finally, the capacity of the reservoirs for return periods equal to and below 100 years was verified, in order to obtain the efficiency of the reservoirs in other periods of recurrence, whose results with the execution of reservoirs at strategic points demonstrated that such devices significantly reduce the outflows, and for the return periods of 5, 20, 50 and 100 years were respectively 182.56%, 209.63%, 233.10%, 244.61%. Therefore, the use of reservoirs can be considered positive in relation to the reduction of floods and possible financial losses.

Abstract Technical graphic representation presents problems concerning the reduction of dimensionality from 3D to 2D. AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) projects usually adopt the top view paradigm with two-dimensional orthogonal projection. Recently, three major changes in technical representation were the alteration of orthogonal projection into a three-dimensional perspective view, inclusion of oriented object programing as in BIM (Building Information Model) and the interactions with AR (augmented reality). In this context, the present research evaluates the proposal of symbology based on color Hue as done in Cartography and the impact of three-dimensionality of the symbol in the identification of incompatibilities in a project of a residential building. An application of the visual variable color hue was proposed improve readability to representations and evaluations were performed with expert users, using representations in CAD 2D, BIM and AR in top and perspective views. Results indicate the color hue improve the cognitive process of read, interpret and find incompatibilities in civil projects, while the change of point of view contribute to interaction and manipulation in virtual environments. Both shows significance higher than 6% in ANOVA tests.

Resumo O conhecimento do deslocamento do centro de fase (PCO) é um importante aspecto da calibração de antenas GNSS e tem influência direta na qualidade do posicionamento de alta precisão. Estudos mostram que existe correlação entre variáveis meteorológicas na determinação das componentes: norte (N), leste (E) e vertical (H) do PCO. Este artigo apresenta resultados da aplicação de Sistemas Baseados em Regras Fuzzy (SBRF) na determinação das componentes horizontais N e E. Utilizou-se a função Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) para gerar os SBRF tendo as componentes do PCO como variáveis de saída. Como dados de entrada utilizaram-se as variáveis ambientais temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e precipitação, variáveis do processamento de calibração de antenas como Positional Dilution of Precision e efeito multicaminho. Construiu-se um SBRF para cada componente horizontal das portadoras L1 e L2 utilizando-se um conjunto de dados de treinamento por meio da ANFIS. Definidos os SBRF, aplicou-se o conjunto de dados de verificação, comparou-se as componentes obtidas pelo SBRF e pela Base de Calibração de Antenas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Para componentes planimétricas as diferenças foram menores que 1,00 mm, o que mostra a aplicabilidade do método para as componentes horizontais.

Abstract Knowledge concerning Phase Center Offset (PCO) is an important aspect in the calibration of GNSS antennas and has a direct influence on the quality of high precision positioning. Studies show that there is a correlation between meteorological variables when determining the north (N), east (E) and vertical Up (H) components of PCO. This article presents results for the application of Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems (FRBS) for determining the position of these components. The function Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) was used to generate FRBS, with the PCO components as output variables. As input data, the environmental variables such as temperature, relative humidity and precipitation were used; along with variables obtained from the antenna calibration process such as Positional Dilution of Precision and the multipath effect. An FRBS was constructed for each planimetric N and E components from the carriers L1 and L2, using a training data set by means of ANFIS. Once the FRBS were defined, the verification data set was applied, the components obtained by the FRBS and Antenna Calibration Base at the Federal University of Paraná were compared. For planimetric components, the difference was less than 1.00 mm, which shows the applicability of the method for horizontal components.

Em muitos problemas decisórios, a informação fornecida pelos tomadores de decisão muitas vezes é imprecisa ou incerta devido ao limite de tempo, a falta de dados ou capacidades de avaliar as informações disponíveis. Como forma de superar essas dificuldades, algumas pesquisas têm apresentado a aplicação da técnica Analytical Hierarchic Ponderation (AHP). Esta técnica estrutura um problema de decisão complicada em uma hierarquia de subproblemas, faz comparações par a par das informações de entrada e, a partir do ranqueamento dos resultados, permite estimar pesos para cada variável apresentada. Entretanto, reconhece-se que o ponto mais fraco do método é a ponderação inicial das variáveis de entrada, visto que o conhecimento de especialistas pode ser subjetivo e a importância relativa entre os elementos de análise pode variar. O que não se discute na literatura é a importância desses pesos e a variação da ordem no cálculo dos pesos finais. Por isso, esta pesquisa avalia diferentes cenários no contexto de vulnerabilidade ambiental comparando as variações entre as ponderações iniciais da AHP em relação a ponderação realizada por um grupo de especialistas e em relação a ponderações iniciais obtidas a partir de redes neurais como forma de minimizar a subjetividade do processo de análise

In many decision problems, the information provided by decision makers is often inaccurate or uncertain due to the time constrains, the lack of data or capacity to dealing with available information. In order to overcome these difficulties, some studies have shown the application of the technique Analytical Hierarchic Ponderation (AHP) in the geosciences. This technique breaks a complicated decision problem into a hierarchy of sub-problems, makes comparisons pairwise of the input information and from the results, allow estimating weights for each considered variable. However, this study recognize that the weakest point of the method is the initial weighting of the input variables, as the expert knowledge can be subjective and relative importance of the elements of analysis may vary. In the literature, there is no discussion about the effects of these weights and their variation on final weights. Therefore, this research evaluates different scenarios, considering the environmental context of vulnerability, comparing the adjustment of initial ponderation values of common AHP in relation of expert's ponderation and in relation to initial weights obtained from neural network in order to minimize the subjectivity of the analysis process

A adoção de um ponto de vista não ortogonal na construção dos mapas implica em mudanças no processo construtivo da simbologia para que a comunicação cartográfica seja possível. Não existem princípios gerais para projetos cartográficos 3D e equívocos no processo de construção destes mapas podem restringir ou até mesmo impossibilitar a comunicação cartográfica adequada das feições representadas e suas relações espaciais. Além disso, as tecnologias de criação de imagens permitem soluções visuais bastante complexas e atrativas, mas o problema de uma simbologia adequada é agravado pela falta de conhecimento de como os usuários reagem à perspectiva da representação e às diferenças perceptivas em relação ao mapa topográfico convencional. Por isso existe a necessidade de adaptação das representações cartográficas para o ambiente 3D. Esta pesquisa propõe a avaliação da variável tamanho em algumas feições específicas em um mapa 3D e avalia a influência destas na percepção de usuários especialistas. Para alcançar este objetivo, a pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia de teste que combina técnicas qualitativas e quantitativas para mensurar o grau de sucesso da proposição. Os resultados apontam diferentes graus de percepção das variáveis visuais no processo de diferenciação de pontos de referência.

The adoption of a not orthogonal point of view in maps creation implies changes in the symbology design to make possible the cartographic communication. There are no general principles for 3D maps and misconceptions in the construction process of these maps may restrict or even impair the proper communication of cartographic features, and their spatial relationships represented. In addition, graphic design technologies allow quite complex and compelling visual solutions, but the problem of proper symbology is compounded by lack of knowledge of how users react to the perspective representation and perceptual differences from conventional topographic map. Therefore, there is a need to adapt the cartographic representations to the 3D environment. This research proposes the evaluation of the visual variable size in some specific features on a 3D map and assesses its influence on the perception of expert users. To accomplish this, the research presents a test methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the degree of success of the proposition. The results show different degrees of perception of visual variables in the visual differentiation process of landmarks

O uso de representações cartográficas em visualizações tridimensionais reúne as vantagens dos avanços tecnológicos, mas enfrenta a falta do conhecimento necessário para construi-las adequadamente segundo a ótica da comunicação cartográfica. As consequências incluem equívocos no projeto cartográfico que restringem a compreensão das feições representadas e suas relações espaciais. Um dos possíveis usos para mapas 3D é a navegação virtual apoiada por mapas topográficos tridimensionais. O problema da determinação da orientação relativa e da seleção de pontos de referência em ambientes virtuais são agravados pela falta de conhecimento de como os usuários reagem às diferenças perceptivas propostas pela alteração perspectiva da imagem. Portanto, esta pesquisa apresenta a estratégia de comparar os croquis realizados a partir de representações 3D com aqueles de mapas topográficos convencionais para identificação de quais feições são selecionadas como pontos de referência e suas características. A abordagem de avaliação combina o protocolo Think Aloud e questionários. Os 43 voluntários selecionados produziram 179 croquis que foram avaliados pelas técnicas descritas e também pela análise estatística de Kruskall-Wallis. Através da identificação do número de pontos de referência, a topologia e a orientação entre eles foi possível encontrar evidências de sucesso da proposta para navegação com mapas topográficos 3D.

The use of cartographic representations in 3D views gathers the advantages of technological advances, but it faces a lack of knowledge needed to build them properly from the point of view of cartographic communication. Consequences include misconceptions in map design that can restrain or even impair the understanding of represented features and their spatial relations. One use for 3D maps is virtual navigation supported by three-dimensional topographic maps. The problem of determination of relative orientation and the selection of reference points on virtual environments is aggravated by the lack of knowledge of how users react to the new perspective and perceptive differences proposed by it. Therefore, this research presents the comparison of sketch-maps made from 3D representations with those from conventional topographical maps to identify which features are used for navigation. The test methodology combines the Think Aloud protocol and questionnaires. The 43 volunteers selected produced 179 sketch maps that were evaluated by the qualitative methods described above and by the Kruskall-Wallis statistical method as well. By identifying the number of reference points, the topology among them and the orientation for the whole sketch map, we were able to find evidences of the success in the proposal to navigate with 3D topographic maps.

O uso de representações cartográficas tridimensionais para visualização agrega os últimos avanços tecnológicos para a manipulação e armazenamento de dados espaciais com a capacidade de transmitir informações através de mapas. No entanto, o conhecimento cartográfico necessário para a construção destas representações não acompanhou a evolução tecnológica. Como consequência não existem princípios gerais de projeto cartográfico para a criação de mapas 3D. Uma tarefa comum nessa área é a navegação virtual, que pode ser definida como o processo pelo qual uma pessoa determina sua posição em relação a outros elementos da paisagem e utiliza este conhecimento para chegar a outros locais. Entretanto, a determinação da orientação relativa não é uma tarefa trivial em ambientes virtuais. Alguns auxílios à navegação nesses ambientes foram propostos na literatura, geralmente baseados em técnicas de orientação (chamadas metáforas) utilizadas por usuários para navegar em ambientes reais. Este artigo busca avaliar a eficiência de algumas destas metáforas no desenvolvimento da capacidade de orientação e no cumprimento da tarefa geográfica de navegação. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de testes que associa os métodos qualitativos de registro do raciocínio do usuário (método think aloud) (Elzzaker, 2004), e a avaliação por questionários. O resultado é um procedimento de baixo custo e eficaz na identificação dos elementos de representação utilizados como referência.

The use of cartographic representations in 3D views combines the advantages of technological computers for the handling and storage of spatial data. However, the cartographic knowledge needed to build these representations did not follow the technological development. As a consequence there are not general principles of map design for 3D maps. A common use task with 3D maps is the virtual navigation, which can be defined as the process whereby a person determines its position relative to other elements of the landscape and uses this knowledge to bearing him/herself to other locations. However, determination of relative orientation is not a trivial task in virtual environments. For this, some navigation aids are proposed in the literature, usually based on analogies of electronic tools used to navigate in real environments. This paper evaluates the influence of some of these metaphors in the guidance ability to comply with the geographic task navigation. For this, we developed a testing methodology that combines qualitative think-aloud method and evaluation by questionnaires. The result is an effective procedure to identify the elements of representation used as reference.