ABSTRACT Physiological dormancy of Vitis vinifera seeds jeopardises breeding programs and biodiversity evolution. To increase the knowledge on dormancy breaking, seeds of white and black Sardinian grape cultivars (cvs) were exposed to different pre-germination treatments. To shed light on the physiological and structural factors involved in seed dormancy, the contents of oil, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, 3-indolacetic acid, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols were determined. In addition, sectioned seeds were observed by SEM to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics. Dormancy break in white, but not in black grape seeds, occurred under almost all imposed pre-germination treatments. Among red cvs, only seeds from ‘Cagnulari’ germinated when kept at 25 °C. Chilling seeds of the white cvs ‘Malvasia sarda’ and ‘Vernaccia di Oristano’ for 30 d resulted in the most effective treatment. Compared to white cvs, seeds of red ones owned 7 times higher levels of abscisic acid however, gibberellic acid content resulted 4 times less. Concerning the coat characteristics, red cv seeds had a thicker cuticle (6-10 µm) than white (4-6 µm) ones, however the most significant diversities were found for the inner integument, where in addition to size variances, palisade cell wall were structurally different.

Antes de su uso para la toma de decisiones, los modelos de cultivos deben ser calibrados con datos de campo de la región en la cual serán utilizados. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron calibrar y validar la capacidad predictiva del modelo CROPGRO-soybean. Se utilizaron datos de dos cultivares del grupo de madurez IV (Asgrow 4656 y Don Mario DM4700) y tres años de experimentos de campo en condiciones no limitantes en Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. La calibración comenzó con los coeficientes del grupo IV que por defecto se encuentran en los archivos: especie, ecotipo y cultivar. Modificaciones menores fueron hechas para ajustar la fenología y dinámica del crecimiento para ambos cultivares. Con el archivo especie original la materia seca, el aumento del número de vainas y el crecimiento de las mismas fue subestimado. La temperatura base cardinal para la fotosíntesis y formación de vainas se redujeron, con estas modificaciones se obtuvieron buenas predicciones para crecimiento y rendimiento. Con el CROPGRO-soybean calibrado y utilizando las proyecciones para la región del modelo climático regional PRECIS bajo el escenario SRESA2 en los años 2030 y 2060, se evaluaron los efectos del cambio climático global futuro en los rendimiento del cultivo de soja. Bajo esos escenarios y en condiciones de secano, se prevén aumentos del rendimiento de 34 y 38% para cada uno de los años estudiados, con una leve mejora atrasando la fecha de siembra respecto de la óptima actual.

Prior to their use in decision-making, crop models need to be calibrated with field data from the region where the model will be used. The objectives of this research were calibrate and validate the predictive ability of CROPGRO-soybean model. Data from two cultivars maturity group IV (Asgrow 4656 and Don Mario DM4700) and three years of field experiments in conditions not limiting in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina were used. Calibration started with the coefficients of group IV that by default are in files: species, ecotype and cultivate. With the original species file, dry matter, increasing the number of pods and growth were underestimated. Minor changes in file were made to adjust phenology and growth dynamics for both cultivars. The cardinal base temperatures for photosynthesis and pod formation were reduced; with these modifications good predictions for growth and yield were obtained. With the CROPGRO-soybean calibrated and using projections for the region from PRECIS regional climate model under the SRESA2 scenario in the years 2030 and 2060, the effects of global climate change in future soybean crop yield were evaluated. Under these scenarios and rainfed conditions, are anticipated yield increases of 34 and 38% for each of the years studied with a slight improvement delaying the planting date, respect to current optimum date.