OBJECTIVE: In 1998, the Brazilian Ministry of Health made it mandatory for all blood banks in the country to screen donated blood for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) concomitantly using two different enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests. Concerned with the best use of available resources, our objective with this study was to evaluate the usefulness of conducting two EIA screening tests instead of just one. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1999 through 2001 obtained by testing 698 191 units of donated blood using two EIA HIV screening tests concomitantly at the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo), which is a major blood center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. All samples reactive in at least one of the two EIA tests were submitted for confirmation by a Western blot (WB) test, and the persons who had donated those samples were also asked to return and provide a follow-up sample. RESULTS: Out of the 698 191 blood units that were donated, 2 718 of them (0.4%) had to be discarded because they were reactive to at least one of the EIA tests. There were two WB-positive donation samples that were reactive in only one HIV EIA screening test. On their follow-up samples, both donors tested WB-negative. These cases were considered false positive results at screening. Of the 2 718 donors who were asked to return and provide a follow-up sample, 1 576 of them (58%) did so. From these 1 576 persons, we found that there were two individuals who had been reactive to only one of the two EIA screening tests and who had also been negative on the WB at screening but who were fully seroconverted on the follow-up sample. We thus estimated that, in comparison to the use of a single EIA screening test, the use of two EIA screening tests would detect only one extra sample out of 410 700 units of blood. CONCLUSIONS: Our data do not support the use of two different, concomitant EIA screening tests for HIV. The great majority of HIV-positive donors have already seroconverted and will be detected using only a single EIA screening test. Only persons who are going through the process of seroconversion may be missed by using a single EIA test and detected using two EIAs for screening. To screen out these individuals and decrease the residual risk of HIV transmission from the blood donated in our center, the use of other techniques, such as nucleic acid testing (NAT) or a p24 antigen assay, would be more effective.

OBJETIVO: En 1998, el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil decretó que todos los bancos de sangre en el país debían someter toda la sangre donada a un tamizaje para la detección del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) usando concomitantemente dos inmunoensayos enzimáticos (IEE) diferentes. Nuestro objetivo al realizar el presente estudio, resultado de un afán por sacar el máximo provecho a los recursos disponibles, ha sido evaluar la utilidad de hacer un tamizaje con dos IEE en lugar de uno solo. MÉTODOS: Analizamos datos de 1999-2001 obtenidos como resultado del tamizaje de 698 191 unidades de sangre donada mediante dos IEE aplicados concomitantemente en la Fundación Pro-Sangre del Centro de Sangre de São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/ Hemocentro de São Paulo), que es un centro hematológico importante en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Toda muestra que fue reactiva en por lo menos uno de los dos IEE fue sometida a un inmunoblot de Western (WB) a manera de confirmación, y a las personas que habían donado la sangre positiva también se les pidió que regresaran para proporcionar una muestra de seguimiento. RESULTADOS: De las 698 191 unidades de sangre que fueron donadas, hubo que descartar 2 718 (0,4%) porque mostraron reactividad a uno de los IEE o ambos. Dos de las muestras donadas que mostraron positividad en el WB fueron reactivas en solamente uno de los IEE de tamizaje. En lo que respecta a las muestras de seguimiento, ambos donantes tuvieron resultados negativos en el WB. Estos resultados se consideraron positivos falsos para fines del tamizaje. De los 2 718 donantes a quienes se les pidió que regresaran para proporcionar una muestra de seguimiento, 1 576 (58%) cumplieron. De estas 1 576 personas, dos habían mostrado reactividad a solamente uno de los IEE de tamizaje, con resultados negativos en el WB, pero habían mostrado una seroconversión completa en la muestra de seguimiento. Por consiguiente, nuestra conclusión es que el tamizaje con dos IEE, en comparación con uno solo, permitiría detectar solamente una muestra adicional de un total de 410 700 unidades de sangre. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros datos no respaldan la conveniencia de usar concomitantemente dos IEE diferentes para el tamizaje del VIH. La gran mayoría de los donantes con positividad a VIH ya habrán tenido una seroconversión y se pueden detectar con un solo IEE. Solamente aquellas personas que están aún en proceso de seroconversión podrían no ser detectadas mediante un solo IEE, pero sí con dos. Para identificar a estas personas y reducir cualquier riesgo residual de transmitir el VIH por medio de la sangre donada en nuestro centro, sería más eficaz el uso de otras técnicas, tales como las pruebas a base de ácidos nucleicos o un ensayo a base de Agp24.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução, de 1991 a 2001, do descarte sorológico na Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo, o maior banco de sangue da América Latina, e verificar a prevalência de doenças infecciosas entre doadores dessa instituição no ano de 2001. MÉTODOS: Foram compilados os dados de descarte sorológico relativos aos anos de 1991 a 2001. Para determinar a prevalência de doenças infecciosas, foram analisadas 9 942 amostras triadas em novembro de 2001, sendo as amostras reativas submetidas a testes confirmatórios. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma diminuição percentual significativa de descarte, de 20% em 1991 para 9% em 2001. A prevalência de doenças infecciosas entre doadores em 2001 foi de 0,04% para vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH); 0,21% para vírus da hepatite C (VHC); 0,06% para vírus T-linfotrópico humano (HTLV); para vírus da hepatite B (VHB), as prevalências foram de 0,14% para anti-HBc + HBsAg, 1,68% para anti-HBc + anti-HBs e 1,67% para anti-HBc isolado; 1,10% para sífilis; e 0,14% para doença de Chagas. CONCLUSÃO: A diminuição no descarte e a prevalência de doenças infecciosas entre doadores da Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo em 2001 refletem o aumento na porcentagem de doadores de repetição nesse banco de sangue.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the changes in the proportion of blood units discarded from 1991 through 2001 at the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo), which is the largest blood bank in Latin America, and to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases among donors at the Blood Center in November 2001. METHODS: We compiled data concerning the discarding of blood units due to the presence of serological markers for communicable diseases at the Blood Center during the period from 1991 through 2001. To determine the prevalence of infectious diseases, 9 942 screened samples were analyzed in November 2001; all reactive samples underwent confirmatory tests. RESULTS: Over the study period there was a significant decrease in the percentage of units discarded, from 20% in 1991 to 9% in 2001. In November 2001 the prevalence of infectious diseases among donors was: 0.04% for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 0.21% for hepatitis C virus (HCV), 0.06% for human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), 0.14% for Chagas' disease, and 1.10% for syphilis. For hepatitis B virus, the prevalences found were: 0.14% for anti-HBc and HBsAg, 1.68% for anti-HBc and anti-HBs, and 1.67% for isolated anti-HBc. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in the discarding of blood units and in infectious diseases among donors at the Blood Center of São Paulo reflects the increase in the Center's percentage of repeat donors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of serological screening of blood donors in five groups of blood banks in Latin America that participated over the 1997-2000 period in an external serology quality control project developed with support from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). METHODS: With assistance from PAHO, the Serology Authority of the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo), of São Paulo, Brazil, carried out the external quality control project and served as its "organizing center" (OC). The OC developed five external serology quality control "programs" (ESQCPs), or external evaluation activities, for the respective groups of participating blood banks. There was one ESQCP each in 1997, 1999, and 2000, and there were two in 1998. In these five programs, the number of participating blood banks ranged from 13 to 21, and the number of countries ranged from 11 to 16. In each program, the OC used a set of 24 blinded sera samples with different reactivities for the various infectious agents for which screening is obligatory in Brazil. Each participating institution in each program received a sera set, to be processed using that institution's standard screening procedures. After returning its results to the OC, each participant received an answer key for the sera set, to be used in evaluating its own performance. All the individual results were kept strictly confidential. At the end of each program, the OC prepared and sent to all the participants a final report that contained information on the overall results from that program. RESULTS: An analysis of the five programs showed that there was a lack of homogeneity among the countries with respect to the strategies and the parameters used in screening blood donors. Few laboratories screened for human T-cell-lymphotropic virus (beginning with the 1997 program, the respective rates were 17%, 27%, 35%, 39%, and 45%). Rates of screening were also low for antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (again, beginning with the 1997 program, the rates were 42%, 27%, 39%, 50%, and 60%). There were also important differences with respect to which tests and which combinations of tests were used, making it hard to compare the types of screening done. In the five programs, with the various tests used, the overall rate of false positive results fluctuated around 2%. The highest false positive rate for any of the tests, 4.6%, was for antibodies against the hepatitis C virus. The lowest false positive rate, 0.4%, was for antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the need for PAHO to continue using these external quality control programs as well as other activities in order to strengthen the procedures for serological screening in blood banks in Latin America, until there is more uniformity in the procedures that the countries use.

OBJETIVOS: Con el apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), desarrollamos entre 1997 y 2000 cinco programas de control externo de la calidad en serología (PCECS) en los que participaron entre 13 y 21 bancos de sangre de 11 a 16 países de América Latina. El objetivo fue evaluar el desempeño de los bancos de sangre con respecto al tamizaje serológico realizado en donantes de sangre. MÉTODOS: Como herramienta de trabajo utilizamos conjuntos de 24 muestras de sueros anónimos con reactividades variables para los parámetros de uso obligatorio en el tamizaje serológico de donantes de sangre en Brasil. En cada PCECS enviamos un multipanel a cada institución participante para que lo procesara en las mismas condiciones de su rutina de tamizaje. Cada participante recibió la clave del multipanel para autoevaluación, después de haber devuelto los resultados obtenidos en su laboratorio. Se mantuvo siempre la más estricta confidencialidad sobre los resultados obtenidos individualmente. Al terminar de cada programa, el Centro Organizador (Superintendencia de Serología de la Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo) elaboró un informe final que contenía toda la información obtenida en el programa y que fue enviado a los participantes. RESULTADOS: En el análisis de los cinco PCECS se observó falta de homogeneidad entre los países con respecto a las estrategias y a los parámetros utilizados en el tamizaje de donantes de sangre. Pocos laboratorios practicaron el tamizaje de los virus linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV) (17%, 27%, 35%, 39% y 45%, respectivamente y en orden creciente para los cinco PCECS) y de anticuerpos contra el antígeno nuclear del virus de la hepatitis B (anti-HBc) (42%, 27%, 39%, 50% y 60%). También se observaron diferencias importantes en cuanto a las pruebas o combinaciones de pruebas utilizadas, lo cual puede dificultar el estudio comparativo de los tipos de tamizaje. El número total de resultados positivos falsos osciló alrededor del 2%, correspondiendo el mayor valor al tamizaje de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatatis C (anti-VHC) (4,6%) y el menor a anti-Trypanosoma cruzi (0,4%). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demuestran la necesidad de continuar las acciones de la OPS en América Latina para reforzar los procedimientos de tamizaje serológico en bancos de sangre, incluso los PCECS, hasta que se consiga una uniformidad de procedimientos en la Región de las Américas.