RESUMO: No Brasil, a ureia é o fertilizante nitrogenado mais utilizado para melhorar a produção de forragem. No entanto, seu uso excessivo pode causar impactos ambientais por meio de perdas de nitrogênio (N), como a volatilização da amônia (NH3). Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi ajustar a volatilização de NH3 da ureia aplicada em pastos tropicais em três condições de chuva utilizando modelos matemáticos. Dados foram coletados de pastos de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) adubado com 50 kg N ha-1 em condições úmidas, intermediárias e secas. A volatilização da NH3 foi medida em cinco câmaras semiabertas durante 21 dias. Os modelos, linear, quadrático, exponencial, Gompertz, Groot e Richards foram testados para ajuste e estimativa da volatilização do NH3. Os modelos de Gompertz, Groot e Richards geraram predições semelhantes aos dados observados, com alto coeficiente de determinação, indicando um melhor ajuste dessas equações aos dados, com acurácia e precisão. No entanto, o modelo Groot foi selecionado devido ao menor erro quadrático médio das predições (0,29% de N total perdido como NH3). A maior volatilização de NH3 ocorreu em condições climáticas úmida, seguido por intermediária e seca (20,2; 17,0 e 11,3% de N total perdido como NH3, respectivamente). Portanto, as perdas de N como volatilização de NH3 após a aplicação de 50 kg N ha-1, como fonte de ureia, são alteradas de acordo com as condições climáticas, atingindo a 20% do N adicionado nas condições úmidas. O modelo Groot é recomendado para ajuste e estimativa da volatilização de NH3 da ureia aplicada em pastos de capim Marandu em condições úmidas e secas. RESUMO Brasil forragem entanto N, , (N) NH . (NH3) Portanto matemáticos capimmarandu marandu Brachiaria brizantha 5 ha1 ha 1 ha- secas 2 dias linear exponencial Gompertz observados determinação precisão 0,29% 029 0 29 (0,29 NH3) úmida 20,2 202 20 (20,2 170 17 17, 113 11 3 11,3 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) ha1, 1, (N (NH3 0,29 02 (0,2 20, (20, 11, (NH 0,2 (0, (20 0, (0 (2 (

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, urea is the most used nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve forage production. However, their excessive use can cause environmental impacts through N losses, such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Therefore, the current study adjusted and estimated the NH3 volatilization from urea applied on tropical pastures in three rainfall conditions using mathematical models. Data were collected from Marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha) fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 during wet, intermediate, and dry conditions. Ammonia volatilization was measured in five semi-open chambers for 21 days. The linear, quadratic, exponential, Gompertz, Groot, and Richards models were tested for fitting and estimating the NH3 volatilization. The Gompertz, Groot, and Richards models generated predictions similar to the observed data, with a high determination coefficient, indicating a better fit of these equations to data, with precision and accuracy. However, the Groot model was selected due to the lowest root mean square error of prediction (0.29 % total N lost as NH3). The greatest N loss as NH3 volatilization occurred in the wet, followed by intermediate and dry conditions (20.2, 17.0, and 11.3 % total N lost as NH3, respectively). Therefore, nitrogen losses as NH3 volatilization after application of 50 kg N ha-1, as urea source, are altered according to the weather conditions, reaching 20% of N added in the wet rainfall period. The Groot model is recommended for fitting and estimating the NH3 volatilization from urea applied on Marandu grass pastures in the wet and dry rainfall conditions. ABSTRACT Brazil (N production However NH (NH3 Therefore Brachiaria brizantha 5 ha1 ha 1 ha- semiopen semi open 2 days linear quadratic exponential Gompertz data coefficient accuracy 0.29 029 0 29 (0.2 NH3. . NH3) 20.2, 202 20 (20.2 170 17 17.0 113 11 3 11. respectively. respectively respectively) ha1, 1, source period (NH 0.2 02 (0. 20.2 (20. 17. 0. (0 20. (20 ( (2

Resumo O aquecimento global é atribuído ao aumento das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O). As mudanças no uso da terra têm impactos significativos nas emissões de GEE, sendo responsáveis por aproximadamente 44% das emissões do país em 2019. Essa é uma revisão que aborda as principais rotas de formação dos GEE no solo com foco na influência das mudanças do uso da terra nas emissões de GEE. Constata-se que as emissões de CO2 pelo solo estão relacionadas à respiração de raízes, microrganismos e decomposição da matéria orgânica (MO) do solo, assim mudanças no uso da terra podem alterar as características do solo, favorecendo a intensificação das emissões de CO2. As emissões de CH4 pelo solo ocorrem em condições de anaerobiose por microrganismos metanogênicos, no entanto as mudanças no uso da terra, como a conversão de florestas em pastagens, podem aumentar as emissões de CH4 devido a uma maior concentração de microrganismos metanogênicos no solo. Já o N2O é produzido no solo durante o processo de nitrificação e desnitrificação por microrganismos, e a fertilização nitrogenada em áreas agrícolas pode aumentar as emissões de N2O, especialmente quando associada à umidade e disponibilidade de carbono orgânico no solo. Destaca-se a importância de compreender as dinâmicas de formação e emissão de GEE decorrentes das mudanças de uso da terra, pois estratégias eficientes de manejo podem reduzir essas emissões e contribuir para o cumprimento das metas do Brasil em relação à redução de GEE estabelecidas em acordos internacionais. , (GEE) CO2, CO (CO2) CH (CH4 N2O. NO . N (N2O) 44 2019 Constatase Constata se raízes MO (MO pastagens Destacase Destaca internacionais (GEE (CO2 (CH (N2O 4 201 (CO 20 2

Abstract Global warming is attributed to the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Land use changes significantly impact on GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 44% of the country’s emissions in 2019. This review addresses the main pathways of GHG formation in the soil, focusing on the influence of land use changes on GHG emissions. It is found that soil CO2 emissions are related to root respiration, microorganisms, and organic matter (OM) decomposition in the soil. Changes in land use can alter soil characteristics, favoring increased CO2 emissions. Soil CH4 emissions occur under anaerobic conditions by methanogenic microorganisms; however, land use changes, such as forest conversion to pasture, can increase CH4 emissions due to a higher concentration of methanogenic microorganisms in the soil. On the other hand, N2O is produced in the soil during nitrification and denitrification processes by microorganisms, and nitrogen fertilization in agricultural areas can increase N2O emissions, especially when associated with soil moisture and the availability of organic carbon. It is important to understand the dynamics of GHG formation and emissions resulting from land use changes because efficient management strategies can reduce these emissions and contribute to Brazil’s goals for GHG reduction as established in international agreements. (GHG CO2, CO , (CO2) CH4, CH (CH4) N2O. NO . N O (N2O) 44 countrys country s 2019 respiration OM (OM characteristics however pasture hand Brazils Brazil agreements (CO2 (CH4 (N2O 4 201 (CO (CH 20 2

Objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional do capim-xaraés utilizando o clorofilômetro SPAD e estabelecer o índice de suficiência crítico (ISNc) nas épocas das águas e seca. O experimento foi conduzido em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (50, 100, 200 e 400 kg N ha-1), três repetições, duas épocas: águas e seca. Todas as variáveis apresentaram alta relação não linear com seus preditores (p < 0,001). O nitrogênio total (NT) alcançou o platô na dose de 262,0 e 514,8 kg de N ha-1 e a concentração de NT na planta foi 1,88 e 1,93% no período das águas e seco, respectivamente. O teor relativo de clorofila (TRC) atingiu o platô a 46,05 e 53,65 unidades SPAD no período das águas e seca, respectivamente. A produção de matéria seca (MS) apresentou máxima resposta a adubação nitrogenada na dose de 209,5 e 229,1 kg N ha-1 na época das águas e seca, respectivamente. O índice de suficiência de nitrogênio (ISN) atingiu o platô em 0,85 e 0,99 na época das águas e secas respectivamente. Todas as variáveis apresentaram alta correlação linear (r= 0,71 a 0,99). O ISNc do capim-xaraés é 0,85 e o clorofilômetro pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de manejo nutricional de N para essa gramínea.

The nutritional status of xaraes palisade grass with SPAD chlorophyll meter and the critical nitrogen sufficiency index (cNSI) in the dry and rainy seasons were assessed. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N ha-1), three replicates and two seasons: dry and rainy. All variables had a high nonlinear relationship with their predictors (p < 0.001). Total nitrogen (TN) reached a plateau at doses 262.0 and 514.8 kg of N ha-1 and the concentration of TN in the plant was 1.88 and 1.93% respectively during the rainy and dry season. Relative chlorophyll content (RCC) reached a plateau at 46.05 and 53.65 SPAD units in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The production of dry matter (DM) showed maximum response to nitrogen fertilization at 209.5 and 229.1 kg N ha-1 during the rainy and dry season respectively. The nitrogen sufficiency index (NSI) reached the plateau at 0.85 and 0.99 in the rainy and dry season respectively. All variables showed high linear correlation (r = 0.71 to 0.99). The xaraés palisade grass's cNSI is 0.85 and the chlorophyll meter may be used as a nutritional N management tool for the grass.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a emissão de CO2, as características do dossel e o acúmulo de biomassa em pastos de capim-pensacola sob frequências de desfolhação. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. O período experimental foi de 03 de maio a 26 de julho de 2012. A área experimental foi de 28 m², de capim-pensacola (Paspalum notatum Flügge), dividida em 10 parcelas para alocação dos tratamentos (frequências de desfolhação = 2 ou 4 semanas). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura do dossel, interceptação de luz, índice de área foliar, acúmulo de forragem, densidade populacional de perfilhos, emissão de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo. As frequências de desfolhação nos meses de maio, junho e julho, pouco afetam as características do capim-pensacola. A umidade do solo, temperatura e emissão de CO2 estão mais associadas às condições ambientais e, portanto, meses de avaliação do que às frequências de desfolhação impostas aos dosséis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate CO2 emission, canopy characteristics and herbage accumulation in pastures of pensacola bahiagrass under frequencies of defoliation. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Veterinary of UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil. The experimental period was from May 3rd to July 26th 2012. The experimental area comprised 28 m² of pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge), divided into 10 plots for allocation of treatment (frequencies of defoliation = 2 or 4 weeks). The following variables were studied: canopy height, light interception, leaf area index, herbage accumulation, tiller density, CO2 emissions, soil temperature and moisture. The frequencies of defoliation in the months of May, June and July slightly affect pensacola bahiagrass characteristics. CO2, soil temperature and moisture are more associated to environmental conditions (months of evaluation) than to the frequencies of defoliation imposed to the canopies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the postweaning history of heifers kept on marandu grass pastures with three canopy heights, in a continuous-grazing system, during the rainy period, on feedlot- or pasture finishing. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) associated with two supplements (mineral salt and protein-energy supplement) and two finishing systems in the dry period (feedlot and open pasture) were studied in the postweaning period during the rainy season. The adopted design was completely randomized, with seven replications (animals) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The animals which received protein-energy supplement reached the finishing period with greater body weight in relation to those fed mineral salt. In both feedlot and pasture finishing systems, compensatory gain effect was observed in the animals that remained on the low pastures during postweaning compared with the high pastures. This compensatory gain was not verified in the animals that received protein-energy supplement in relation to the mineral salt, and thus the animals were slaughtered beforehand. The heifers on pastures with 25 or 35 cm in height were slaughtered in the same period, and those kept on the low pastures were slaughtered afterwards. The studied factors in the postweaning phase did not affect the carcass characteristics. Animals finished in feedlot slaughtered with the same body weight as those finished on pasture show greater carcass yield, subcutaneous fat deposition and renal pelvic and inguinal fat and greater losses with trimmings for cleaning the main hindquarter meat cuts; however, they provide cuts with the same weight but greater fat cover.

No Brasil Central, híbridos de sorgo podem ser semeados no outono, após a colheita da soja ou outra espécie de planta anual, com o objetivo de fornecer alimento aos ruminantes por meio de pastejo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido, por dois anos consecutivos, com o objetivo de quantificar os teores de ácido cianídrico das folhas e mensurar a altura das plantas, produção de massa seca de forragem e a proporção de folha e colmo nas diferentes idades do hibrido de sorgo IP400. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de análise de regressão em função da idade das plantas. O teor de HCN nas folhas decresceu com o desenvolvimento das plantas, apresentando 205,0 e 230,3 mg HCN/100 g de MS de folha, com duas semanas de crescimento e 5,9 e 6,1 mg HCN/100 g de MS de folha, na quinta semana de crescimento, no primeiro e segundo ano, respectivamente. As plantas apresentaram em média 60 e 56 cm, na 4ª semana, e 117 e 151 cm na 8ª semana, no primeiro e segundo ano, respectivamente. A massa de forragem aumentou linearmente, com a idade, apresentando, em média, na sétima e oitava semanas de avaliação, 1.411 e 1.637 kg de MS/ha no primeiro ano e 2.905 e 3.640 kg de MS/ha no segundo ano, respectivamente. Com o crescimento das plantas, a proporção de folhas diminuiu e a proporção de colmo aumentou linearmente. A relação folha/colmo diminuiu com o crescimento, com o alongamento das plantas e aumento do peso dos colmos. O híbrido de sorgo deve ser pastejado, somente após a quinta semana de crescimento ou quando as plantas tiverem acima de 80 cm para não haver risco de intoxicação por HCN.

In central Brazil after soybean or other annual agricultural species is harvested, sorghum hybrids are planted in the fall in order to establish pastures for grazing animals. This study conducted for two consecutive years aimed at quantifying the contents of hydrocyanic acid in the leaves and determining plant height, forage dry matter yield and the leaf/stem ratio for sorghum hybrid 1P400 at different ages. Statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis based on plant age. Leaf HCN content decreased with plant growth, ranging from 205.0 and 230.3 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at two weeks old to 5.9 and 6.1 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at five weeks old in the first and second year, respectively. The average heights measured varied from 60 and 56 cm, in the 4th week, to 117 and 151 cm, in the 8th week, during the first and second experimental year, respectively. Forage mass increased linearly with age and displayed average of 1.411 and 1.637 kg DM/ha in the first year and, 2.905 and 3.640 kg DM/ha in the second year, during the 7th and 8th week, respectively. Leaf proportion decreased while stem increased linearly with plant age. The leaf/stem ratio decreased with plant growth, elongation and increasing stem weight. The sorghum hybrid should be grazed only after five weeks or when the plant height is above 80 cm, in order to avoid the risk of cyanide poisoning.

The experiment was carried out on Cynodon spp cv. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep under rotational stocking, with the objective of evaluating the structural characteristics as well as the forage mass of the pastures subjected to three grazing intensities in successive cycles. Treatments were composed of three residual leaf area indices (rLAI; 2.4; 1.6 and 0.8), allocated in completely randomized blocks with seven replications, totaling 21 experimental units. Tiller population density, pasture height, leaf area index, forage morphological composition and pasture forage mass were evaluated. The rLAI modified the tiller population density, which increased linearly with decrease in the rLAI of the pastures. Dry masses of leaf blade, stem and dead material were inferior when the rLAI imposed were lower, which resulted in differentiated forage production among the treatments. Tifton 85 pastures grazed by sheep in rotational stocking under tropical conditions with different rLAI show a modified sward structure over successive grazing cycles, mainly by alteration in the height and LAI of the plants at pre-grazing and by light interception post-grazing, which change the tiller population density. The residual leaf area index of 1.6 is the most suitable for pasture management for being equivalent to the heights of entrance and exit of animals on and from paddocks of 33 and 19 cm, respectively, which avoid great accumulation of dead material and excessive stem elongation, in addition to ensuring tillering in the sward.

Fermentation and aerobic stability were evaluated in high-moisture corn (HMC) silage inoculated with different levels of Lactobacillus buchneri. The HMC composed of 654 g/kg dry matter (DM) was ensiled in quadruplicate laboratory silos (7 L) per treatment. L. buchneri 40788 was applied at 5 × 10(4); 1 × 10(5); 5 × 10(5); and 1 × 10(6) cfu/g to the ground corn. Silages with no additive were used as controls. After 140 d of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability evaluation for 12 days in which the chemical parameters, microbiological parameters and silage temperature were measured to determine the aerobic deterioration. The lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations did not differ between silages. The fermentation parameters of HMC were not affected by L. buchneri. The HMC containing L. buchneri had a low number of yeast and mould colonies and a more stable pH until in the eighth measurement, which improved the aerobic stability without affecting gas loss. Doses of L. buchneri greater than or equal to 5 × 10(5) cfu/g applied to the HMC were the most efficient in control of aerobic deterioration.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of the sward canopy of Marandu grass during the rainy season, the wet-to-dry transition and the dry seasons, between March and September 2004, under intermittent grazing, and to correlate those characteristics with the performance of crossbred heifers receiving mineral supplements ad libitum or protein supplements. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with three blocks (set of 13 paddocks), each containing five crossbred heifers per experimental unit, totaling 15 replicates. The heifers were given protein supplements daily in individual stalls and received an average 4 g/kg/day of the supplement during the rainy season and 5 g/kg/day during the dry season. Their weight gain was assessed monthly. The pasture structure was assessed through destructive sampling, and the bromatological composition of esophageal extrusa samples was also assessed. Analysis of variance was used to assess performance, and regression analysis was used to evaluate the sward canopy characteristics in relation to the months of the year. A cluster procedure was used to determine the similarity between the months of the year under assessment. Two different groups were formed for pasture evaluation: one group including the months of March to July and another group including the months of August and September. The first group exhibited a better canopy structure than the second group. This fact was corroborated by the animal performance, which was lower during the months of the second group. Low-intake protein supplementation was effective in increasing the performance of the grazing heifers. Pasture structure is critical for animal performance in a grazing environment, regardless of the type of supplementation.

An experiment was conducted during the 2001-2002 winter-spring-summer to determine the nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions in Tifton-85 pastures exclusively or overseeded with oats, millet and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. The treatments were Tifton-85 overseeded with millet + bristle oat; sorghum-sudangrass + bristle oat, on 06/19/2002 and 07/02/2002, respectively; and Tifton-85 (Control). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. Nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions were affected by the nitrogen and total carbohydrate contents observed in the pasture overseeded at different seeding times, and by the different growth periods. The highest nitrogen fractions (A + B1) were observed in the early growth periods. Overseeding affected the forage nitrogen and carbohydrate fraction contents positively. The high solubility of both carbohydrate and protein from millet + bristle oat and bristle oat + sorghum-sudangrass mixtures indicates the quality of these forages and their potential use as an important supplement in forage systems based on tropical pastures.

O manejo do pastejo e a suplementação estratégica permitem maximizar a produção de carne bovina em pastagens de forma sustentável. A intensidade de pastejo influencia diretamente o crescimento individual, taxas de aparecimento e mortalidade de perfilhos, a determinar o acúmulo de forragem e a estrutura do dossel. Dessa forma, nas águas, é função do manejo do pastejo adequar a frequência e intensidade de desfolhação para que o animal possa colher forragem com idade fisiológica e valor nutritivo adequados. A idade e tamanho dos perfilhos determinam a proporção de tecidos de suporte lignificados que reduzem a digestibilidade da forragem. No período seco, o manejo do pasto e a estratégia de diferimento, ao final do período das águas, são determinantes na obtenção de forragem de melhor valor nutritivo. Assim, o manejo das pastagens visa, primeiramente, à produção de forragens com altos teores de fibra potencialmente digestíveis. A partir de então, a caracterização da quantidade e qualidade da forragem são primordiais à adequação dos nutrientes fornecidos, via suplementos, para otimizar a utilização dos recursos forrageiros basais. A suplementação da dieta dos animais em pastejo, com concentrado, permite aumentar o desempenho dos animais, o que reduz a idade de abate e melhora a qualidade da carcaça e da carne obtida, além dos benefícios na preparação dos animais terminados em confinamento. Portanto, o manejo do pastejo e a suplementação da dieta dos animais permitem aumento de produtividade e maior qualidade dos produtos.

Grazing management and strategic supplementation can maximize the production of beef cattle on pastures in a sustainable system. Grazing intensity affects directly on individual growth, appearance and mortality rate of tillers, and also determines the herbage accumulation and canopy structure. During the rainy season is a function of grazing management to adapt the frequency and intensity of defoliation, to supply the animal with forage in an appropriate physiological stage and nutritive value. The age and size of tillers determine the proportion of lignified tissues that will reduce the digestibility of forage. During dry season, the stockpiled pasture strategies at the end of the rainy season, will be crucial to obtaining forage of highest nutritive value. The pasture management primarily aims to produce forages with high levels of potentially digestible fiber. Since then, the characterization of the forage quantity and quality are essential to adjusting the nutrients supplied by supplements to optimize the available forage utilization. Supplementation of grazing beef cattle with concentrate can increase animal performance, reduce the slaughter age, and improve the quality of carcass and meat. Moreover, it has benefits in the preparation of the animals that will be finished in feedlot, and reducing this phase. Therefore, grazing management and supplementation of the animal diet should increase productivity, and improved carcass and beef quality.

O experimento foi conduzido na FCAV - Campus de Jaboticabal, no período de inverno-primavera-verão de 2001-2002, com o objetivo de determinar o fracionamento de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos do Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst x Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers), exclusivo ou sobressemeado com forrageiras anuais de inverno. Os tratamentos testados foram: aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb); aveia amarela (Avena byzantina C. Koch); triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack); aveia preta + aveia amarela; aveia preta + triticale; aveia amarela + triticale; aveia preta + aveia amarela + triticale, sobressemeados sobre Tifton 85 e, sem consorciação (testemunha). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições. O corte das forrageiras foi realizado a 20 cm de altura (presença de forrageiras de inverno) e 10 cm de altura (ausência das forrageiras de inverno). Foram determinados os teores de proteína bruta, carboidratos totais, e o fracionamento dos compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos. Houve redução nos teores dos compostos químicos das espécies de forrageiras de inverno e no Tifton 85 ao longo dos períodos de avaliações. Os conteúdos de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos apresentaram grande variação durante os períodos avaliados, relacionando com as características morfológicas das espécies de gramineas e com a composição botânica das pastagens.

The experiment was undertaken at the Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV) Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, during winter-spring-summer of 2001-2002, to determine the fractionation of nitrogen and carbohydrates in Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon Vanderyst x Cynodon nlemfuensis (L.) Pers), exclusively or oversown with winter annual forage species. Treatments comprised bristle oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), yellow oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), bristle oat + yellow oat, bristle oat + triticale, yellow oat + triticale, bristle oat + yellow oat + triticale seeded in Tifton 85 and sole crop (control). Experimental design was composed of completely randomized blocks with three replications. Fodder was cut 20 cm high (presence of winter forage) and 10 cm high (Tifton 85 pasture). Crude protein, total carbohydrate and the fractions of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates were determined. Decrease was reported in the levels of chemical compounds in winter forage species and in Tifton 85 during the evaluation periods. The content of nitrogen compounds and carbohydrates varied widely during the evaluation period according to the morphological characteristics of grass species and botanical composition of pastures.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu canopy structure maintained at different grazing heights under a continuous stocking rate and with a dietary supplementation strategy for the animals during the rainy season. This study also intended to observe the relationships of these variables with the grazing behaviors of the heifers. The effects of three canopy heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) were evaluated in association with three types of supplements: one mineral and two protein/energy supplements, the first with a high rumen degradable protein and energy and the others with a low ratio. Both the protein/energy supplements were provided at 0.3% of body weight/day. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replications and repeated measures, and took place during the period from January to April 2008. The supplementation strategies did not affect any variable related to the canopy structure. Total and green herbage masses and the ratio of green/dead material increased with canopy height. The leaf/stem ratio was higher in the lowest canopy height: 15 cm. Changes in the canopy structure caused variations in the grazing behavior of the animals. Animals maintained in the 15-cm-tall pasture grazed for a longer time, increasing the time for each meal, but the number of meals was lower than that of the animals grazing within the 35-cm-tall pasture. The grazing time of animals receiving the energy/protein supplement was lower only in the period of the day during which it was supplied. Canopy structure is affected by sward height, and changes animal behavior. Supplementation does not affect the canopy structure of the pastures with similar heights.

The objective of this study was to assess the sward canopy structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures maintained in three grazing intensities under continuous stocking system during the rainy season, along with the behavior and performance of grazing beef heifers supplemented with mineral salt or an energy/protein supplement. Three levels of forage allowance were assessed: 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg of forage/kg of live weight, combined with two supplements (ad libitum mineral salt, and an energy/protein supplement at 0.3% of live weight/day, supplied daily). The experiment was designed as a randomized block study with two replications. The supplements did not influence the variables related to the canopy structure. Canopy height was greater at higher forage allowances during the late summer and early fall. Similarly, the stem mass was greater in pastures with higher forage allowances. Animals fed protein supplement spent less time grazing than animals supplemented with mineral salt. Stocking rate was higher in pastures with lower forage allowance levels, which increased the live weight gain per grazing area. Daily weight gain did not vary according to the forage allowance levels. The use of an energy/protein supplement did not affect the stocking rate; however, it increased individual live weight gain and live weight gain per grazing area compared with mineral salt supplementation. The use of energy/protein supplements is an efficient alternative to enhance animal performance and production under grazing systems during the rainy season

Para estudar o efeito da suplementação da dieta sobre o desempenho de novilhas na fase de terminação mantidas em pastagem de capim-marandu sob lotação intermitente, durante a estação chuvosa, foram utilizadas 20 novilhas cruzadas (¼ Nelore, ¼ Santa Gertrudes, ½ Braunvieh) com peso corporal médio de 300 kg e 22 meses de idade. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de dois tipos de suplementação: sal mineral (SM) ad libtum e suplemento protéico energético (SPE) fornecido a 0,3% do peso corporal (PC) por dia com avaliações realizadas a cada 28 dias, no período entre dezembro de 2006 e março de 2007 Foram avaliados o desempenho animal e as características de carcaça medidas por ultrassom. Observou-se o efeito (P=0,057) da suplementação sobre o ganho de peso dos animais suplementados, 0,700 kg/dia e 0,587 kg/dia dos animais que receberam sal-mineral. Houve efeito da suplementação na área de olho de lombo e profundidade do músculo Gluteus medius. As demais características analisadas pela técnica de ultrassom não diferiram entre si em função da suplementação. A suplementação protéica energética da dieta permite ganhos adicionais, o que reflete em aumento da deposição de músculo de novilhas mantidas em pastagem de capim-marandu durante o período das águas.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the diet supplementation on the heifers performance in finishing phase, maintained in a marandu grass pasture managed in intermittent grazing system during the rainy season. Twenty crossbreed (¼ Nelore, ¼ Santa Gertrudes, ½ Braunvieh) heifers with average initial body weight of 300 kg and 22 months old were used. The treatments consisted of two types of supplements: mineral (SM) ad libtum and energy protein supplementation (PES) provided 0.3% of the body weight daily. The evaluated variables were: animal performance and carcass traits measured by ultrasound each 28 days. Supplementation affected daily weight gain (P=0.057), 0.700 kg/day for supplemented animals against 0.587 kg/day for animals receiving salt-mineral. There were no supplementation effect on the loin eye area and depth of the Gluteus medius muscle. The other characteristics examined by the ultrasound technique did not differ according to the treatments. Protein and energy supplementation of the diet allows additional gains that reflected in increased deposition of muscle of heifers grazing marandu grass during the wet season.