ABSTRACT: Vale do Ribeira is one of the largest banana producing regions in Brazil. However, information on soil fertility and nutrient status that could limit fruit production remains scarce. Thus, the present study diagnosed the most limiting nutrient parameters for the Nanica and Prata banana cultivars, in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, based on soil and leaf chemical analyses. The data assessed included samples from commercial plantations in the municipalities of Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro and Sete Barras, between 2012 and 2020. The results of soil (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and leaf chemical analyses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were interpreted according to literature values and their maximums, minimums, means, coefficients of variation (CV), and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated at P < 0.05. Parameter classes were assessed according to their frequency distribution. A large part of the samples exhibited pH and V values similar to those recommended for banana plants. Although, average soil nutrient concentrations were considered high, soil K, Mg and S levels did not provide adequate banana plant nutrition, since these nutrients were deficient in the plants.

RESUMO: O Vale do Ribeira é uma das maiores regiões produtoras de banana do Brasil. Contudo, ainda são escassas informações sobre a fertilidade do solo e o estado nutricional das plantas que possam limitar a produção da fruta na região. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou diagnosticar os parâmetros nutricionais mais limitantes para as cultivares de bananeira, Nanica e Prata, no Vale do Ribeira - SP, a partir de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folha. Os dados avaliados compreenderam amostragens realizadas em pomares comerciais, nos municípios de Eldorado, Cajati, Jacupiranga, Pariquera-açú, Registro e Sete Barras entre os anos 2012 e 2020. Os resultados das análises químicas de solo (pH, V, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e folha (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) foram interpretados de acordo com valores disponíveis na literatura e calculados seus valores máximos, mínimos, médias, coeficientes de variação (CV) e intervalos de confiança (IC) a P < 0.05. As classes de interpretação dos parâmetros foram avaliadas de acordo com sua distribuição de frequência. Grande parte das amostras apresentaram valores de pH e V próximos aos indicados para a bananeira. As concentrações de nutrientes no solo, em média, foram consideradas altas, no entanto, para K, Mg e S, a concentração no solo não refletiu em adequada nutrição da bananeira, estando esses nutrientes deficientes na planta.

ABSTRACT. For a banana tree to reach its productive potential, plants must be nutritionally balanced. Therefore, it is important to use methods that diagnose the nutritional status of plants through chemical leaf analysis, considering the relationships between nutrients and taking advantage of productivity and nutritional monitoring data from orchards. This study aimed to establish norms and ranges of nutrient sufficiency for ‘Nanica’ banana trees in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo state, using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) method. Productivity data and chemical analysis of the leaf tissue of 291 commercial plots of Nanica banana trees, collected between 2015 and 2020 in Vale do Ribeira, were used. The DRIS method was used to establish norms and sufficiency ranges for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Fruit yield did not correlate with the average nutritional balance index (NBIa), indicating that its variation was affected by non-nutritional factors. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn showed high correlations with their respective nutritional indices. The sufficiency ranges and adequate nutrient contents differed from the values established for bananas in the literature. ABSTRACT potential balanced Therefore orchards ‘Nanica Ribeira state (DRIS 29 201 202 N P K Ca Mg S B Cu Fe Mn NBIa, NBIa , (NBIa) nonnutritional non factors indices literature 2 20 (NBIa

ABSTRACT One of the challenges in the peach palm production system is the interpretation of leaf analyses and the adaptation of fertilization recommendations. Tools that enhance fertilizer use efficiency are therefore needed. This study aimed to establish norms for evaluating the nutrient status of peach palms using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and to determine the adequate number of palm heart samples necessary for a more accurate assessment of productivity. Production, leaf nutrient content, and soil fertility data were collected from 102 commercial stands of peach palm in the Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2015 and 2020. Adequate number of individual samples (palm hearts) to be collected per stand for productivity assessment was estimated. DRIS norms were established by dividing the database into high-yield (reference population) and low-yield subpopulations, using average productivity as a criterion. By assuming an acceptable error of 5 to 10 % for the assessment of peach palm productivity, taking into account total palm heart weight and/or the weight of cylinders, respectively, 16 plants per stand should be sampled. DRIS was not sensitive enough to diagnose differences in the probability of positive response to fertilization; however, the P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents were positively correlated with the respective nutrient indices. recommendations needed (DRIS Production content Valley Paulo Brazil 201 2020 hearts estimated highyield high yield reference population lowyield low subpopulations criterion 1 andor or cylinders respectively sampled however P K Ca Mg S B Fe Cu indices 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Increasing soybean yield in the MATOPIBA region can be attributed to fertility management, which is crucial to achieving maximum agronomic efficiency. Therefore, the proper management begins with the assessment of plant nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate soybean nutritional status in western Bahia using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). Database comprised 153 samples from commercial fields located in the research area. To carry out the evaluation using the DRIS method, the database contained information on nutritional levels and leaf productivity of the sampled areas. Database was divided into high-productivity populations (reference population) and low-productivity populations, based on the inflection point value of the cumulative cubic function of yield. The DRIS method allowed for evaluating the potential response to fertilization; however, this method was inefficient in recommending fertilizer doses in both subpopulations. For the sufficiency levels proposed by DRIS, the nutrients N, K, Ca, Mg and S had their maximum and minimum limits reduced, while Cu, Fe and Zn had their ranges of sufficiency expanded, when compared with ranges proposed by other authors. In addition, Zn and Mn were more limiting due to lack for the high-yield subpopulation, and P and Mn for the low-yield subpopulation. The most limiting nutrients due to excess were P and Zn for the high-yield, while K and S were limiting for the low yield subpopulation. efficiency Therefore nutrition DRIS. . (DRIS) 15 area areas highproductivity high reference population lowproductivity fertilization however subpopulations N Ca reduced Cu expanded authors addition highyield subpopulation lowyield highyield, yield, (DRIS 1

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrition of commercial soybean crops in an agricultural frontier region using the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) methods, as well as identify sufficiency ranges. The study was performed by collecting leaf samples (third trifoliate leaf without petiole) at flowering from commercial soybean crops in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Brazil, and evaluating the crop yield by analyzing macro- and micronutrients in the plant tissue of 98 samples. The DRIS and CND methods were applied based on the cataloged data, followed by the generation of norms, analysis of relationships between yield and nutrients (selecting high-yield crops by the cumulative function of the data), generation of sufficiency ranges, and comparison of methods. The relationships obtained by the DRIS and CND indices with the yield and nutrients were significant, indicating that both methods can be employed for the evaluation of leaf nutrients in soybean. The sufficiency ranges from the DRIS and CND methods presented superior nutrient ranges in relation to the values proposed in the literature for macronutrients, except for nitrogen, and greater range amplitudes for micronutrients. ABSTRACT (DRIS (CND third petiole Maranhão Brazil macro 9 data norms selecting highyield high , data) significant macronutrients nitrogen

ABSTRACT Nutrient accumulation during the formation of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) trees can be affected by the water regime and by the cultivar, but the details are not yet known for this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient uptake of two star fruit cultivars in the formation phase under two irrigation regimes. The experiment was developed with a completely randomized design, with subdivided plots, with two irrigation levels (with and without irrigation) as plots, and two star fruit cultivars as subplots ('B-10' and 'Golden Star') and seven collection times from 0 to 720 days after transplanting (DAT) into the field as sub-subplots with six replicates. Nutrient uptake was evaluated in stem and leaves, and it was possible to observe that nutrient uptake and the average accumulation rate followed the dry matter mass accumulation of star fruit trees in formation. Nutrient uptake by shoots at 720 DAT differed for the Golden Star cultivar in the rainfed regime and for the B-10 cultivar in both irrigation regimes. There was no difference and followed the sequence Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B > Cu, and for Golden Star cultivar in the irrigated regime, the accumulation sequence was Ca> K> N> Mg> Mn> P> S> Fe> Zn > B> Cu. The highest accumulation occurred in the irrigated regime regardless of cultivar. Golden Star cultivar accumulated, on average, larger amounts of N, P, K, Mg, S, Fe and Mn.

RESUMEN La acumulación de nutrientes durante la formación de árboles de carambola (Averrhoa carambola) puede ser afectado por el régimen de agua y por el cultivar, sin embargo, esto aún no es conocida para esta especie. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la acumulación de nutrientes de dos cultivares de carambola en fase de formación, bajo dos regímenes de irrigación. El experimento fue realizado en campo, mediante diseño completamente al azar, con parcelas divididas, siendo estas parcelas dos niveles de irrigación (con y sin irrigación) y, como subparcelas, dos cultivares de carambola (B-10 y Golden Star) y siete épocas de recogida de plantas, entre 0 a 720 días después del transplante (DAT), con seis réplicas. La acumulación de nutrientes fue evaluada en el tallo y las hojas, y fue posible observar que la toma de nutrientes y la tasa promedio de acumulación siguió la acumulación de masa seca de los árboles de carambola en formación. La acumulación de nutrientes por la parte aérea a los 720 DAT fue diferente, siendo que para la 'Golden Star' en el régimen seco y para la 'B-10' en ambos regímenes de irrigación no hubo diferencia, siguiendo la secuencia Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B > Cu, y para el cultivar Golden Star en el régimen irrigado, la secuencia de acumulación fue Ca > K > N > Mg > Mn > P > S > Fe > Zn > B > Cu. La más alta acumulación ocurrió en el régimen irrigado, independientemente del cultivar. El cultivar Golden Star acumuló, en promedio, cantidades mayores de N, P, K, Mg, S, Fe y Mn.

Abstract Choked banana presents closeness of petioles looks that allows the exit of the distal part of the inflorescence, but not the basal part is stuck up at the throat. The aim of this study was to avaluate the effect of choking on the growth of Musa spp. cv Nanica, as well as to investigate how the climatic variations and status nutritional of plants are associated whith this physiological disorder. The experiment was conducted in September/2018 in August/2019 in Registro, São Paulo state, Brazil. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized with two treatments and ten repetitions, in sub-divided plots over time (months). The evaluation consisted in determining the intensity of the symptom, number of leaves, plant height, hand number, stalk length, symptoms of nutritional deficiency and other abnormalities, leaf nutrient contents. Plant growth was not impacted by choking, only the hands number in the months of October/2018 and June/2019 to August/2019 (p< 0.05). Choking occurred throughout the year, with a predominance of severe symptoms of April in June due a redução da temperatura e radiation. The twisted fruits, united by fusion of floral parts and with different sizes occurred, respectively, in 21.67, 60.83 and 17.52% of the symptomatic plants, associated with the cool temperature during the differentiation of the female fruit. Choking and abnormalities in the bunch and fruits were associated with Zn deficiency (p< 0.05). The deficiency of Ca at low temperatures, the lower availability of radiation and the high relative humidity were also associated with the choking. The excess of P in the soil, as well, the adverse climatic conditions contributed to the limitation of these nutrients.

Resumen El arrepollamiento del banano ahogado acorta la distancia entre pecíolos de hojas alternas, lo que permite la salida de la parte distal de la inflorescencia; sin embargo, la parte basal se atasca en la garganta. Se evaluó el efecto del arrepollamiento en el crecimiento de Musa spp. cv Nanica (AAA) y la relación de las variaciones climáticas y el estado nutricional con este trastorno fisiológico fueron determinados. El experimento se llevó a cabo de septiembre 2018 a agosto 2019 en Registro, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con dos tratamientos y diez repeticiones, en parcelas subdivididas en el tiempo (meses). La evaluación consistió en determinar la intensidad del síntoma, número de hojas, altura de la planta, número de manos, longitud del tallo, síntomas de deficiencia nutricional y otras anomalías, contenido de nutrientes de las hojas. El crecimiento de las plantas no se vio afectado por el arrepollamiento, solo el número de manos en los meses de octubre 2018 y junio 2019 a agosto 2019 (p< 0.05). El arrepollamiento ocurrió durante todo el año, con predominio de síntomas severos de abril a junio debido a una reducción de la temperatura y radiación. Los frutos torcidos, unidos por fusión de partes florales y con diferentes tamaños ocurrieron, respectivamente, en 21.67, 60.83 y 17.52% de las plantas sintomáticas, asociados con la temperatura fresca durante la diferenciación de la fruta femenina. El arrepollamiento, así como anormalidades en el racimo y las frutas se relacionaron con deficiencia de Zn (p< 0.05). La deficiencia de Ca a bajas temperaturas, la menor disponibilidad de radiación y la alta humedad relativa también se asociaron con el arrepollamiento. El exceso de P en el suelo, así como las condiciones climáticas adversas contribuyeron a la limitación de estos nutrientes.

Resumo A caramboleira é uma frutífera exótica, originária das regiões topicais da Ásia, que encontrou no Brasil condições climáticas adequadas ao seu desenvolvimento, tornando- se uma espécie promissora para o cultivo em todo o País. Entretanto, apesar do clima favorável, nas regiões tropicais, os solos, em geral, são ácidos e de baixa fertilidade natural. Soma-se a isso, o fato de que, devido à condição perene da caramboleira, suas raízes permanecem por vários anos explorando praticamente o mesmo volume de solo, o que requer o monitoramento constate da fertilidade do solo e do estado nutricional das plantas. Os resultados de pesquisas têm comprovado que a caramboleira é responsiva à calagem e à aplicação de fertilizantes, com ganhos de produtividade e com melhorias na qualidade dos frutos. Entretanto, para garantir respostas positivas e sucesso na atividade agrícola, é necessário que os corretivos da acidez do solo e os adubos sejam aplicados de forma técnica e eficiente, com base no uso de ferramentas agronômicas já consagradas, como a análise de solo e de folhas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo reunir informações de pesquisas, principalmente as realizadas no Brasil, sobre as exigências nutricionais da caramboleira, sugerindo as melhores práticas agronômicas na área de fertilidade do solo e de nutrição dessa frutífera

Abstract Star fruit is an exotic fruit, originally from the topical regions of Asia, which found in Brazil adequate climatic conditions for its development, making it a promising species for cultivation throughout the country. However, despite the favorable climate, soils in tropical regions are generally acidic and have low natural fertility. In addition, due to the perennial condition of the star fruit tree, its roots remain for several years exploring practically the same soil volume, which requires constant monitoring of soil fertility and the nutritional status of plants. Research results have proven that the star fruit tree is responsive to liming and fertilizer application, with productivity gains and improvements in fruit quality. However, to ensure positive responses and success in agricultural activity, it is necessary that soil acidity correctors and fertilizers are applied in a technical and efficient manner based on the use of well-established agronomic tools, such as soil and leaf analysis. This review aims to gather information from studies, mainly those carried out in Brazil, on the nutritional requirements of star fruit trees, suggesting the best agronomic practices of soil fertility and nutrition of this fruit tree.

Resumo Padrões nutricionais com base em dados de longo prazo melhoram o diagnóstico nutricional da cultura, pois tornam as normas mais precisas e estabelecem critérios mais refinados. Objetivou-se avaliar o estado nutricional da cultura da manga utilizando a meto-dologia DRIS para identificar as limitações nutricionais e para validar as normas. Foi utilizado banco de dados de 202 talhões comerciais, cujas folhas foram coletadas no período de in-dução floral, entre 2011 e 2018, no Semiárido brasileiro. A produtividade da manga ‘Keitt’, nas condições do Semiárido brasileiro, não foi relacionada com o IBN do DRIS. A concentra-ção dos nutrientes apresenta relação positiva e significativa com os respectivos índices DRIS, possibilitando a determinação do ponto de equilíbrio, estabelecendo um padrão nutricional e viabilizando a utilização da diagnose foliar para a variedade. A ordem de nutrientes com maior frequência de limitações por falta, em ordem decrescente, foi: Zn > Al > Na > Cu > S > B > Mn > P = K > Fe > Ca > N > Mg, e limitantes por excesso, em ordem decrescente, foi: Fe > Na > Mg > Al > Cu > B = N > S > Ca > P = K > Zn > Mn.

Abstract Nutritional standards based on long-term data improve the nutritional diagnosis of the crop, as they make norms more precise and establish more refined criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the mango crop using the DRIS methodology to identify nutritional limitations and validate norms. A da-tabase of 202 commercial plots was used, whose leaves were collected in the floral induction period between 2011 and 2018 in the Brazilian semiarid region. The productivity of 'Keitt' mango under the Brazilian semiarid conditions was not related to NBI-DRIS. Nutrient concentration presents positive and significant relationship with the respective DRIS indices, enabling the determination of the balance point, establishing a nutritional standard and enabling the use of foliar diagnosis for the variety. The order of nutrients with the highest frequency of limitations due to lack, in decreasing order, was: Zn > Al > Na > Cu > S > B > Mn > P = K > Fe > Ca > N > Mg, and limitation due to excess, in decreasing order was: Fe > Na > Mg > Al > Cu > B = N > S > Ca > P = K > Zn > Mn.

Resumo A quantificação dos nutrientes acumulados e exportados pelos cachos da bana-neira fornece informações sobre as exigências nutricionais da cultura. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a demanda nutricional de cachos de bananeiras ‘Grande Naine’ e ‘Prata Comum’, no Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo. Realizou-se a amostragem dos cachos em seis períodos de coleta, no verão e inverno. Os resultados de produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos cachos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Estimaram-se as taxas de crescimento relativo (TCR), a acumulação líquida organogênica (TALON), a exportação e a ordem de acúmulo de nutrientes pelos cachos. O K e o N foram os nutrientes mais acumulados e exportados pelas duas cultivares. No período de coleta 5 (colheita comercial), foi produzida mais matéria seca no verão e acumulados mais nutrientes no inverno. As maiores TCRs foram observadas entre os períodos 2-3 no verão e 0-1 no inverno, porém a mesma nem sempre acompanhou a TALON. Os resultados obtidos são importantes para adequar o manejo nutricional dessas cultivares na região de estudo, principalmente em relação às épocas de cultivo, devido à maior permanência do cacho na planta no inverno e maior demanda de nutrientes até à colheita comercial.

Abstract The quantification of nutrients accumulated and exported by banana bunches provides information on the crop nutritional requirements. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the nutritional demand of 'Grande Naine' and 'Prata Comum' banana bunches in the region of Vale do Ribeira, state of São Paulo. Bunch sampling was carried out in six harvest seasons, summer, and winter. The results of dry matter production and nutrient accumulation in bunches were submitted to analysis of variance. Relative growth rates (TCR), organogenic net accumulation (TALON), export and order of nutrient accumulation in bunches were estimated. K and N were the nutrients most accumulated and exported by both cultivars. In har-vest period 5 (commercial harvest), more dry matter was produced in the summer and more nutrients were accumulated in the winter. The highest TCR values were observed between periods 2 and 3 in the summer and between 0 and 1 in the winter, but it did not always follow TALON. The results obtained are important to adapt the nutritional management of these cultivars to the study region, especially in relation to the growing season, due to the longer permanence of the bunch on the plant in the winter and greater demand for nutrients until commercial harvest.

Resumo A seleção de porta-enxertos com características de interesse, como resistência a pragas e doenças, e compatibilidade com copa capaz de produzir frutos atrativos ao mercado, revolucionou as frutíferas em todo o mundo. No entanto, o enorme potencial das plantas de serem selecionadas com base em sua eficiência de absorção de nutrientes ainda não foi devidamente explorado; isso pode ser feito com base no conhecimento dos parâmetros cinéticos, como influxo, velocidade máxima de absorção, constante de afinidade do íon com o transportador e concentração mínima. A adaptação de uma metodologia elaborada para safras anuais, para definição de parâmetros cinéticos, bem como o desenvolvimento brasileiro do software Influx possibilitaram não só selecionar porta-enxertos de pessegueiro com diferentes capacidades de absorção de nutrientes, mas também observar a influência da enxertia de uma determinada cultivar copa na capacidade do porta-enxerto de absorver determinado nutriente do solo. Assim, porta-enxertos e cultivares de árvores frutíferas sempre podem ser selecionados com base em características desejadas pelos fruticultores e consumidores, com ênfase na produtividade e na qualidade dos frutos. Eles também podem ser mais eficientes na absorção de nutrientes de solos de baixa fertilidade natural que requerem maiores quantidades de nutrientes, fato que pode aumentar a racionalização do uso de fertilizantes e reduzir os processos de contaminação ambiental resultantes de aplicações excessivas de nutrientes.

Abstract The selection of rootstocks presenting traits of interest, such as resistance to pests and diseases, and compatibility with scion capable of producing fruits attractive to the market, has revolutionized fruit crops worldwide. However, the enormous potential of plants to be selected based on their nutrient uptake efficiency is yet to be properly explored; it can be done based on knowledge about kinetic parameters such as Influx, Maximum uptake velocity, Constant ion affinity with the carrier, and Minimum concentration. The adaptation of a methodology elaborated for annual crops to set kinetic parameters, as well as the Brazilian development of the Influx software, enabled selecting not only peach rootstocks with different nutrient uptake capacities, but also observing the influence the grafting of a particular cultivar crown has on rootstock’s ability to uptake a given nutrient from the soil. Thus, fruit tree rootstocks and cultivars can always be selected based on traits desired by fruit growers and consumers, with emphasis on yield and quality of fruits. They can also be more efficient in taking up nutrients from low natural-fertility soils that require lower nutrient amounts, a fact that increases fertilizer use rationalization and reduces environmental contamination processes resulting from excessive nutrient applications.

Abstract Pseudostem is an abundant residue after harvesting of the banana bunch, serving as a source of water, nutrients and organic substances. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of pseudostem waste on ‘Nanica’ banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivar in greenhouse under contrasting environmental conditions. For this, an experiment was carried out in in the Sao Paulo State University -UNESP in a randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (presence or absence of waste and two seasons), consisting of four replicates of three experimental plots with two pots per plant. One season was early November/2018 (Summer) and the other half of May/2019 (Winter). A 40 cm portion of the pseudostem collected from of a freshly harvested plant was sectioned into 10 cm portions and placed under the substrate of the seedling-containing pot at both times. Periodically, height, pseudostem diameter and leaf emission were evaluated. After the release of leachate by the residue, plants were taken to the laboratory, and the area of leaves and roots, their respective masses, and the leaf nutrient content were determined. The nutritional composition of the residue was evaluated before being applied for both seasons. In summer, accumulated dry matter in the different organs, leaf area and root area was higher in the presence of the residue, while in winter, only root dry mass was higher (P < 0.01). The application of residue had a consistent effect on root growth, which can be exploited in the field.

Resumen El pseudotallo es un residuo abundante resultante después de la cosecha del racimo de banano (Musa spp. AAA) que sirve como fuente de agua, nutrientes y sustancias orgánicas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar en invernadero el efecto de los residuos de pseudotallo en el cultivo de banano ‘Nanica, bajo condiciones ambientales contrastantes. Para esto, en la Universidad Estadual de Sao Paulo -UNESP se realizó un experimento en un diseño de bloques al azar en un esquema factorial 2 x 2 (presencia o ausencia de desechos y dos estaciones), con cuatro repeticiones de tres parcelas experimentales con dos macetas por planta. La primera temporada de evaluaciones se realizó a comienzo de noviembre de 2018 (época de verano) y la otra mitad en mayo de 2019 (época de invierno). Para las mediciones, en ambas épocas se tomaron porciones de 40 cm de pseudotallo de una planta recién cosechada, se seccionaron en porciones de 10 cm y se colocaron debajo del sustrato de la maceta que contenía plántulas. Periódicamente, se evaluaron la altura, el diámetro del pseudotallo y la emisión de hojas. Después de la liberación del lixiviado por el residuo, las plantas fueron llevadas al laboratorio y se determinaron, el área de hojas y raíces con las masas respectivas y el contenido de nutrientes en la hoja. La composición nutritiva del residuo se evaluó antes de su aplicación en ambas estaciones del año. En verano, la materia seca acumulada en los diferentes órganos, el área de la hoja y el área de la raíz fue mayor en presencia del residuo; mientras que en invierno, solo la masa seca de la raíz fue más alta (P < 0.01). Los resultados mostraron, además, que la incorporación de residuos tuvo un efecto constante sobre el crecimiento de la raíz.

ABSTRACT The recommendations of nitrogen (N) fertilization in garlic are still based on different varieties of the current types that are infected with phytopathogenic virus. There are several methods for recommendation of nitrogen (N) fertilization in garlic, but there are no enough methods for N diagnosis in garlic obtained by meristem culture. The objective of this work was to evaluate methods for diagnosing the nutritional status of virus-free garlic subjected to N doses through the use of a specific NO3- meter in soil solution and foliar sap, portable chlorophyll meter, N content in the leaf, and its relationship with yield and quality of the bulbs. The experiments were conducted with the use of virus-free seed bulbs from the meristem culture from three sites in the 2015 growing season and two locations in the 2016 growing season in South Brazil. The treatments consisted of the application of five nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1) distributed in three applications during the crop cycle: 1/3 in planting, 1/3 between 30 and 40 days after planting, and 1/3 after visual bulb differentiation. The highest commercial yield was associated with doses between 269 and 307 kg ha-1 of N and the content of 26 g kg-1 of N, in the diagnostic leaf. The relative chlorophyll content was the only diagnostic technology that showed a significant correlation with commercial yield in all experimental conditions. The evaluation of the N status in the virus-free garlic crop by a portable chlorophyll meter can be a quick strategy for recommending N fertilization and ensuring high yields.

Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a utilização da análise de folha e flor, e verificar o órgão mais adequado para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional de goiabeiras. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da metodologia CND (Diagnose da Composição Nutricional), utilizando rendimento e teores nutricionais de flor e folha de goiabeiras ‘Paluma’, em 48 parcelas de um pomar irrigado. Os teores dos nutrientes de flor e folha foram submetidos à análise de variância, pelo teste de Tukey, a 5%, e calcularam-se as faixas de suficiência dos nutrientes nos órgãos, bem como as correlações entre as variáveis multinutrientes e o rendimento. Observou-se diferença significativa entre os teores de nutrientes na flor e na folha, bem como maior variabilidade dos teores nutricionais na folha. Os intervalos das faixas de suficiência da flor mostraram-se menores em comparação com a folha. O número de correlações entre os nutrientes e o rendimento foi maior na flor. A maior sensibilidade da análise floral, em expressar as interações entre os nutrientes e a produtividade, indica que esse órgão também pode ser utilizado para o diagnóstico nutricional de goiabeiras.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the use of leaf and flower analysis and to verify the most appropriate organ for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of guava trees. The evaluation was carried out using the CND (Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis) methodology, using yield and nutritional contents of the leaf and flower of ‘Paluma’ guava trees in 48 plots of an irrigated orchard. The contents of flower and leaf nutrients were submitted to variance analysis, by the Tukey test at 5%, and the nutrient sufficiency ranges in organs were calculated, as well as the correlations between multi-nutrient variables and yield. Significant differences between contents of nutrients in flower and leaf, as well as greater variability in the nutritional contents in leaf, were observed. The sufficiency ranges of flower proved to be shorter compared to leaf. The number of correlations between nutrients and yield was higher in the flower. The greater sensitivity of the leaf analysis in expressing interactions between nutrients and yield indicates that this organ can also be used for the nutritional diagnosis of guava trees.

ABSTRACT Establishing sufficiency ranges and critical levels of nutrients are important for a correct evaluation of plant nutrition through leaf diagnosis. This study aimed to propose critical levels and sufficiency ranges of macro and micronutrients based on leaf diagnosis of soybean plants. The database used was generated from 86 samples of the third trifoliate leaf without petiole, collected during the flowering stage from soybean plants of the main cultivars used in the states of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeast region of Brazil. The results of macro and micronutrients and grain yield were used to calculate the critical level by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods, the latter was also used to generate the sufficiency ranges. Nutrient levels for 90 % maximum grain yield were considered for the critical level by the reduced normal distribution, and nutrient levels at the upper line of a dispersion diagram were considered for the boundary line method, using the relation between grain yield and nutrient concentration to generate sufficiency ranges for 95 and 99 % maximum grain yields. The critical levels generated by the boundary line method presented a larger number of deficient samples than the reduced normal distribution method, except for boron. The sufficiency ranges generated by the boundary line with 95 % of the maximum grain yield could not diagnose nutrient deficiency, except for copper. The critical levels by the reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods for leaf diagnosis of soybean were 40.2 and 42.1 g kg-1, 3.2 and 3.4 g kg-1, 17.6 and 19.5 g kg-1, 8.7 and 10.3 g kg-1, 4.7 and 4.9 g kg-1, 2.1 and 2.4 g kg-1, 44 and 44 mg kg-1, 5 and 12 mg kg-1, 125 and 145 mg kg-1, 33 and 34 mg kg-1, and 48 and 63 mg kg-1 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The critical levels by boundary line showed better distribution for leaf diagnosis for excess, deficiency, and adequate nutrient levels. The sufficiency ranges by the boundary line method for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 38.6-45.7 g kg-1, 3.1-3.7 g kg-1, 18.3-20.7 g kg-1, 9.4-11.3 g kg-1, 4.4-5.3 g kg-1, 2.1-2.7 g kg-1, 35-53 mg kg-1, 10-14 mg kg-1, 131-159 mg kg-1, 23-46 mg kg-1, and 58-68 mg kg-1, respectively. The reduced normal distribution and boundary line methods allowed the generation of critical levels and sufficiency ranges for leaf diagnosis of soybean. The sufficiency range generated by the boundary line with 95 % maximum grain yield showed no prevalence of diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, except for copper.