ABSTRACT. A study determining microsatellite markers was conducted to compare similarities among three different populations of Macrobrachium tenellum prawns from three different hydrological basins in Oaxaca, Mexico. In total, nine different markers in the population were used, of which six coded for the three populations and three did not. Although different, the three populations are closely genetically related, with an average allele richness from 6.845 to 16.754 and a heterozygosity of 0.166 to 0.264. However, the relationship could be much closer, particularly between them. The possible applications and scope of this knowledge are commented on and discussed.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el proceso de rehabilitación cardiovascular integral del paciente convaleciente de infarto agudo de miocardio, un autocuidado adecuado es fundamental para promover la responsabilidad de las personas en el cuidado de su salud, al favorecer el bienestar físico y psicológico, y su reinserción en la vida social. Objetivo: Validar el cuestionario de conductas de autocuidado diseñado para pacientes convalecientes de infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos: Desde el paradigma de investigación cuantitativo, se asumió un diseño no experimental y un tipo de estudio instrumental. Para la validación del cuestionario se utilizó el coeficiente de validez de contenido propuesto por Hernández - Nieto, mediante la selección de nueve jueces expertos que asumieron cuatro criterios de evaluación (coherencia, claridad, relevancia y suficiencia) con escala ordinal de cinco posibles respuestas, para valorar el grado de acuerdo respecto a cada ítem y al instrumento en general; para medir la fiabilidad, se aplicó el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach que expresa la consistencia interna del instrumento. Conclusiones: Las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario, en términos de validez de contenido y fiabilidad, lo convierten en un instrumento apropiado para medir las conductas de autocuidado en pacientes convalecientes de infarto agudo de miocardio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: an adequate self-care is essential in the process of comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation of patients convalescent from acute myocardial infarction in order to promote people's responsibility in caring for their health, by promoting physical and psychological well-being and their reintegration into social life. Objective: to validate a self-care behaviour questionnaire designed for patients convalescent from acute myocardial infarction. Methods: a quantitative research, with a non-experimental design and an instrumental study were assumed. The content validity coefficient proposed by Hernández and Nieto was used to validate the questionnaire by means of the selection of 9 expert judges who assumed four evaluation criteria (coherence, clarity, relevance and sufficiency) with an ordinal scale of five possible responses, to assess the degree of agreement regarding each item and the instrument in general; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was applied to measure reliability, which expresses the internal consistency of the instrument. Results: the questionnaire is composed of 34 ítems distributed in three dimensions (physical, psychological and social) and three indicators to choose the answer (always, sometimes and never); excellent validity and agreement were demonstrated. A global Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was obtained in the internal consistency analysis, which shows high intrinsic homogeneity of the instrument. Conclusions: the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, in terms of content validity and reliability, make it an appropriate instrument to measure self-care behaviours in patients convalescent from acute myocardial infarction.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The identification of the wide tropism of SARS-CoV-2 can be critical for viral pathogenesis, and it is therefore relevant to determine the infection mechanisms and identify new therapeutic targets. This study consists of two experimental blocks: a) isolation and characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and b) pathogenesis, tropism, and targets, both molecular and therapeutic. Methods: The procedures used were the following: a) clinical samples were obtained from the nasopharyngeal cavity of COVID-19 positive patients, which were inoculated in Vero E6 cells and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy 72 h after infection. b) They were obtained visceral organ samples (lung, liver, kidney and brain) from patients dyed from COVID-19. Cryocuts were prepared and evaluated by Masson's Trichrome Staining, Electron Microscopy and Confocal Microscopy. Results: Results show a) Extensive damage in infected Vero E6 cells where virus particles and extracellular virions are observed, displaying a cytopathic effect; b) They were identified Physio pathological processes using Masson's Trichrome Staining, detecting a predominance of the most advanced stages of Diffuse Alveolar Damage. Using Electron Microscopy, we found a profuse loss of alveolar epithelial cells in the lung. Confocal Microscopy was able to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid co-localized with key molecules such as Fibronectin, Vimentin, and PPARγ, together with NLRP3 Inflammasome in the brain cortical tissues. Conclusions. The isolation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was performed for the first time in Cuba in nasopharyngeal exudates of patients with COVID-19 in the Vero E6 cell line. We identified for the first time novel cellular and pathophysiological processes involved in the infection of SARS-CoV-2, as well as potential therapeutic targets that reveal promising drugs to combat COVID-19 and its sequelae.

RESUMEN Introducción: La identificación del amplio tropismo del SARS-CoV-2 puede ser crítico para la patogénesis viral, por lo que es relevante conocer los mecanismos de infección e identificar nuevas dianas terapéuticas. Esta investigación consta de 2 bloques experimentales: aislamiento y caracterización del virus SARS-CoV-2 y patogénesis, tropismo, dianas moleculares y terapéuticas. Métodos: Se realizaron los siguientes procederes a) de la cavidad nasofaríngea de pacientes positivos al COVID-19, se obtuvo muestras clínicas que se inocularon en las células Vero E6 y se analizaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido a las 72 h postinfección; b) se obtuvo muestras de órganos viscerales de fallecidos por COVID-19: pulmón, hígado, riñón y cerebro. Los criocortes o cortes ultra finos se evaluaron mediante la tinción de tricrómica de masson, microscopía electrónica y la microscopia confocal. Resultados: Se obtuvo los siguientes resultados principales: a) se identificó un extenso daño en las células Vero E6 infectadas en las cuales se pudieron observar partículas de virus y viriones extracelulares, evidenciando un efecto citopático; b) se identificaron procesos fisiopatológicos: por tinción de tricrómica de Masson, se identificó un predominio de las etapas más avanzadas del daño alveolar difuso, al microscopio electrónico en pulmón, se evidenció la pérdida abundante de las células epiteliales alveolares. A través de microscopia confocal, se detectó la presencia de la nucleocápside del SARS-CoV-2 colocalizada con las moléculas claves tales como: fibronectina, vimentina, PPARγ conjuntamente con el inflamasoma NLRP3 en tejidos corticales cerebrales. Como conclusiones, en esta investigación: a) se realizó por primera vez el aislamiento del virus SARS-CoV-2 en Cuba en exudados nasofaríngeos de pacientes con COVID-19 en la línea celular Vero E6. b) Se identificó por primera vez; novedosos procesos celulares y fisiopatológicos involucrados en la infección del virus SARS-CoV-2 y potenciales dianas terapéuticas que revelan fármacos prometedores para combatir la COVID-19 y sus secuelas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Safety in medical practices with ionizing radiation has been an international concern. The methodologies for these risk assessments are scattered, from the conceptual and computer point of view. The objective of the work is "to develop a risk management system in medical practices with ionizing radiation, supported by a comprehensive risk assessment tool, aimed at optimizing safety and quality." Additionally, risk patterns are generated in a group of practices, which had not been addressed with these studies. Methods: Prospective risk matrix and failure modes and effects analysis methods are used, as well as reactive incident learning methods. Results: An algorithm was designed that achieves a coupled methodological approach for risk analysis. The SECURE-MR-FMEA code was programmed that links the stated methods. Its databases include more than 30 prospective risk patterns and a reactive database, containing the experiences of international databases. Discussion: The results of the system have been successfully compared against similar tasks. The system has distinctive capabilities for risk-based applications. The code and its risk patterns have been used in various national entities, as well as in national and international training courses. Its applications have been the subject of scientific publications and participation in events. Conclusions: The integration of study capabilities achieved with SECURE-MR-FMEA is a scientific contribution, as are some of the risk patterns developed. The system has the capabilities to respond to regulatory requirements and optimize risk-based decision making. It also achieves contributions of a social nature, supported in the prevention of accidents for patients and workers, as well as of an environmental nature, by predicting sequences of damage to the public and the environment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La seguridad en las prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes ha constituido una preocupación a nivel internacional. Las metodologías para las evaluaciones de riesgos de dichas prácticas se encuentran dispersas, desde el punto de vista conceptual e informático. El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar un sistema de gestión de riesgo en prácticas médicas con radiaciones ionizantes, soportado en una herramienta integral de evaluación de riesgos, destinada a la optimización de la seguridad y la calidad. Adicionalmente, se generan patrones de riesgos para un grupo de prácticas, que no habían sido abordadas con estos estudios. Métodos: Se emplean métodos prospectivos de matriz de riesgos y de análisis de modos y efectos de fallos, así como métodos reactivos de aprendizaje por incidentes. Resultados: Se diseñó un algoritmo que logra un enfoque metodológico acoplado para análisis de riesgos. Se programó el código SECURE-MR-FMEA que enlaza los métodos enunciados. Sus bases de datos incluyen más de 30 patrones prospectivos de riesgos y una base de datos reactiva, contentiva de las experiencias de bases internacionales. Discusión: Los resultados del sistema han sido comparados con éxito contra tareas similares. El sistema dispone de capacidades distintivas para aplicaciones basadas en riesgo. Conclusiones: La integración de capacidades de estudio logradas con SECURE-MR-FMEA resulta un aporte científico, al igual que algunos de los patrones de riesgo desarrollados. El sistema puede responder a requisitos regulatorios y optimizar la toma de decisiones basadas en riesgos. También logra aportes de tipo social, soportados en la prevención de accidentes para pacientes y trabajadores, así como de tipo medioambiental, al pronosticar secuencias de daño al público y al medioambiente.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las opiniones de estudiantes de la Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, sobre las acciones aplicadas para asegurar la continuidad del proceso formativo durante el año académico 2020, en las dimensiones despliegue tecnológico y experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Lo anterior, como respuesta a la pandemia, que obligó a las Instituciones de Educación Superior a tomar decisiones emergentes y así obtener una retroalimentación que apoye la implementación de mejoras y la creación de programas permanentes para mantener una formación académica de calidad. La metodología de investigación aplicada fue mixta. Para el componente cuantitativo, se recolectaron datos, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea a 1.492 estudiantes. Para el componente cualitativo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales a 25 informantes claves. Los resultados evidenciaron acciones oportunas y dinámicas que permitieron la pronta disponibilidad de la plataforma Moodle, ULAGOS Virtual, para la continuidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Asimismo, reflejaron el despliegue regional para la entrega de dispositivos móviles y kits de conexión a Internet que posibilitaron la conectividad y continuidad de los estudios en línea. De igual forma dejaron a la vista brechas en el acceso a las tecnologías, desafíos relacionados con el estrés del contexto y desigualdades sociales y económicas.

Abstract This article analyzes the opinions of students of the Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, on the actions implemented to ensure the continuity of the formative process during the academic year 2020, in the dimensions of technological deployment and teaching-learning experience. The above, as a response to the pandemic, which forced the Higher Education Institutions to make emerging decisions and thus obtain feedback to support the implementation of improvements and the creation of permanent programs to maintain quality academic training. The research methodology applied was mixed. For the quantitative component, data were collected through the application of an online questionnaire to 1,492 students. For the qualitative component, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 25 key informants. The results showed timely and dynamic actions that allowed the prompt availability of the Moodle platform, ULAGOS Virtual, for the continuity of the teaching-learning process. They also reflected the regional deployment for the delivery of mobile devices and Internet connection kits that enabled the connectivity and continuity of online studies. They also revealed gaps in access to technologies, challenges related to the stress of the context and social and economic inequalities.

ABSTRACT In times of change and innovative demands, universities are facing great challenges to achieve the quality of learning, a task that involves the participation and commitment of the university community. The proposed objective was to reflect on the pedagogical practices of university teachers with an emphasis on work practices. Teachers, in a collegiate and teamwork manner, have a great responsibility in proposing and innovating their pedagogical work, from the planning and organization of the subjects they are in charge of, in order to stimulate and achieve the personal and professional skills of the students Therefore, a reflection on its understanding and implementation is necessary.

RESUMEN El artículo da cuentas del diseño e implementación de la campaña de comunicación promocional basada en las narrativas transmedia que implementó el proyecto Escaramujo en el periodo 2019-2020. Los elementos teóricos y prácticos presentes en el estudio se sustentan en la revisión bibliográfica-documental, la entrevista semiestructurada, la encuesta y grupos focales. Apoyada en un diagnóstico previo del proyecto -en cuanto a situación comunicativa, frenos, motivaciones-la campaña buscó contribuir al posicionamiento del proyecto en el público seleccionado, en el marco de su décimo aniversario. Además, logró cumplir las lógicas de las narrativas transmedia en las acciones desarrolladas. Las técnicas empleadas para la evaluación, mostraron una creciente participación y un conocimiento más profundo de los públicos respecto al proyecto Escaramujo, así como una consolidación de sus principales canales de comunicación sobre todo en el ámbito digital.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar o impacto das intervenções realizadas na Costa Rica durante 2020 e 2021 para o controle da pandemia de COVID-19. Método. Foi utilizado um modelo Bayesiano de regressão de Poisson que incorporou as medidas de controle ou intervenção como variáveis independentes sobre a variação do número de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram o efeito relativo e conjunto que as políticas ou medidas de contenção tiveram na redução de casos, principalmente as restrições a veículos, o uso de máscaras e a implementação de diretrizes e protocolos de saúde. As evidências dos efeitos foram otimizadas e disponibilizadas às autoridades sanitárias e de emergência do país para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. Diversas iterações foram geradas para o monitoramento constante da variação nos efeitos em quatro momentos distintos do avanço da pandemia. Conclusão. A aplicação simultânea de diferentes medidas de mitigação na Costa Rica tem sido um agente promotor da diminuição de casos de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective. Assess the impact of interventions introduced in Costa Rica during 2020 and 2021 to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, incorporating control or intervention measures as independent variables in the changes in reported case numbers per epidemiological week. Results. The results showed the relative and combined impact of containment policies and measures on the reduction of cases: mainly vehicular traffic restrictions, use of masks, and implementation of health guidelines and protocols. Evidence of impact was optimized and made available for decision-making by the country’s health and emergency authorities. Several iterations were generated for constant monitoring of variations in impact at four different moments in the pandemic’s spread. Conclusion. The simultaneous implementation of different mitigation measures in Costa Rica has been a driving force in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de las intervenciones introducidas en Costa Rica durante 2020 y 2021 para el control de la pandemia por COVID-19. Método. Se empleó un modelo bayesiano de regresión de Poisson que incorporó las medidas de control o intervención como variables independientes sobre la modificación de la cantidad de casos por semana epidemiológica. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron el efecto relativo y conjunto que han tenido las políticas o medidas de contención en la reducción de casos, principalmente la restricción vehicular, el uso de mascarillas y la puesta en práctica de los lineamientos y protocolos sanitarios. Las evidencias de los efectos se optimizaron y se pusieron a disposición para la toma de decisiones de las autoridades sanitarias y de emergencia del país. Se generaron varias iteraciones para el monitoreo constante de la variación en los efectos en cuatro momentos distintos del avance de la pandemia. Conclusión. La aplicación simultánea de distintas medidas de mitigación en Costa Rica ha sido un agente promotor de la disminución de casos de COVID-19.

BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, still endemic in many countries that may lead to neurological, ophthalmic, and motor sequelae if not treated early. Access to timely diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT) remains a crucial element in the World Health Organization’s strategy to eliminate the disease as a public health problem. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to evaluate the accuracy of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for diagnosis of leprosy. METHODS Searches were carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CRD, Cochrane Library and LILACS) in April 2021 for patients with suspicion or confirmatory diagnostic of leprosy, classified in multibacillary (MB) or paucibacillary (PB) cases, performing rapid POC serological tests compared to clinical evaluation, smear microscopy and immunohistochemistry analysis. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2). A meta-analysis was undertaken to generate pooled estimates of diagnostic parameters, presenting sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) values. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD # 42014009658. FINDINGS From 893 potentially relevant references, 12 articles were included reporting 16 diagnostic tests accuracy studies with 5395 individuals enrolled. Meta-analysis of NDO-LID and PGL-I tests data in MB patients showed sensitivity and specificity [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 0.83 (0.71-0.91), 0.91 (0.72-0.97); and 0.92 (0.86-0.96), 0.93 (0.78-0.98); respectively, with high heterogeneity among the studies. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results can inform policymakers regarding the possibility of implementing accurate, rapid POC tests for leprosy in public health services, especially within primary health care.

ABSTRACT Most of thoracotomies that are most frequently used in today's surgical practice were created in the operating rooms of the 20th century. In the search for different therapeutic options to treat cancerous and infectious conditions of the thoracic and mediastinal organs, the fathers of modern thoracic surgery created approaches that have stood the test of time and continue to be practiced, despite the enormous development of minimal access or video-assisted thoracic surgery. However, many surgeons are unaware of the events surrounding the birth of the main classical thoracotomies and, on the other hand, on more than a few occasions history has recognized as the fathers of some techniques those who do not really deserve that credit. In this third part of our review we continue to unravel the history of thoracic incisions, not all of which is well known.

RESUMEN La mayoría de las toracotomías que con más frecuencia son utilizadas en la práctica quirúrgica actual fueron creadas en los quirófanos del siglo XX. En la búsqueda de diferentes opciones terapéuticas para lidiar con afecciones cancerígenas e infecciosas, de órganos torácicos y mediastinales, los padres de la cirugía torácica moderna crearon abordajes que han vencido la prueba del tiempo y se continúan practicando, a pesar del enorme desarrollo de la cirugía torácica de accesos mínimos o video-asistida. Sin embargo, muchos cirujanos desconocen los acontecimientos que rodearon el nacimiento de las principales toracotomías clásicas y, por otra parte, en no pocas ocasiones la historia ha reconocido como padres de algunas técnicas a quienes realmente no merecen ese crédito. En esta tercera parte de nuestra revisión se continúa exponiendo la historia, no del todo conocida, de las incisiones torácicas.

ABSTRACT Macrobrachium tenellum and M. americanum are common freshwater prawns from the Americas’ tropical and subtropical Pacific continental side. They have different biological attributes and are currently threatened by human impact on their ecosystems. Both species provide different quality products for human consumption and are intensively exploited without proper management. This study analyzes, discusses, and compares the available information for both species and their current status as a live resource.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the health-related quality of life of the renal transplant patient versus the haemodialysis patient. Material and Method: Matched (1:2) observational comparative study in 240 patients (80 on haemodialysis and 160 renal transplant recipients). Sampling was non-probabilistic purposive sampling. Matching was done by age, sex, and comorbidity. The KDQOL-SF questionnaire was used to analyse health-related quality of life. Results: Patients had a mean age of 59.80±12.45 years. Transplant patients had better scores, with significant differences, in all dimensions of the specific scales for renal diseases, except in “social support”. Similarly, transplant patients scored better, with significant differences, in all dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire. Transplant diabetic patients scored worse on the dimensions “burden of kidney disease” and “pain”, and diabetic patients on dialysis on “emotional role”. In the transplant group, women scored significantly worse on the dimensions “list of symptoms/problems”, “effects of the disease”, “pain” and “vitality”; and in the haemodialysis group, women scored worse on “physical function”. Conclusions: Matched for age, sex and diabetes, renal transplant patients present better health-related quality of life than haemodialysis patients, both in the “renal disease-specific scales” and in the SF-36 dimensions. In both groups, diabetic patients have worse quality of life than non-diabetic patients.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud del paciente trasplantado renal frente al paciente en hemodiálisis. Material y Método: Estudio observacional comparativo por emparejamiento (1:2) en 240 pacientes (80 en hemodiálisis y 160 trasplantados renales). El muestreo fue no probabilístico intencionado por emparejamiento. El emparejamiento se realizó por: edad, sexo y comorbilidad. Se utilizó el cuestionario KDQOL-SF para analizar calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Resultados: Los pacientes tenían una edad de 59,80±12,45 años. Los pacientes trasplantados presentaron mejores puntuaciones, con diferencias significativas, en todas las dimensiones de las Escalas específicas para las enfermedades renales, excepto en el Apoyo Social. De igual forma, puntuaron mejor con diferencias significativas, los pacientes trasplantados en todas las dimensiones en el cuestionario SF-36. Los pacientes diabéticos trasplantados puntuaron peor en las dimensiones Carga de la enfermedad renal y Dolor; y los pacientes diabéticos en diálisis, en el Rol emocional. En el grupo de trasplantados, las mujeres puntuaron peor de forma significativa, en las dimensiones Listado de síntomas/problemas, Efectos de la enfermedad, Dolor y Vitalidad; y el grupo de pacientes en hemodiálisis, las mujeres puntuaron peor en la Función física. Conclusiones: Emparejados por edad, sexo y diabetes, los pacientes trasplantados renales presentan mejor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud que los pacientes en hemodiálisis, tanto en las Escalas específicas para la enfermedad renal como en las dimensiones del SF-36. En ambos grupos, los pacientes diabéticos presentan peor calidad de vida que los no diabéticos.

ABSTRACT A good understanding of a given species' embryology is important to settle the larval rearing bases when juveniles are required for culture purposes or conservation programs. Changes in embryonic morphology, protein concentration, and protein type occurring in prawn eggs were analyzed in the present work. Berried females of Macrobrachium tenellum were collected in the Colotepec River, Oaxaca, Mexico. The eggs were taken from the ovigerous mass and embryonic stages classified by their color. Morphological changes in the embryos allowed identifying six embryonic stages based on color, egg size, and morphological features. Determinations of the protein extract were executed in SDS-PAGE (electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels) and, subsequently, proteomic analyses were also performed. Protein bands along embryonic development and their molecular weights are presented and commented.

ABSTRACT Throughout the history of surgery many inaccuracies have surrounded the chapter related to the emergence of thoracic incisions. It will always be very difficult to determine the exact date and names of those who actually performed the first thoracotomies; obviously those who published or reported the first descriptions should be assumed as such, but the history has not always been well told. In some cases, only surnames are known; in some others, the inconsistency of time lapses opposes all logic. A thorough historical research has been carried out, which has made it possible to compile a brief account about the emergence of the most important thoracotomies, as well as to reveal some findings that are unknown to most thoracic surgeons. This is the first part of a brief account about the known facts, but also, it is especially about the unknown history of the thoracic incisions’ origin, which has overcome the test of time.

RESUMEN A lo largo de la historia de la cirugía numerosas inexactitudes han rodeado el capítulo relacionado con el surgimiento de las incisiones torácicas. Siempre será muy difícil precisar la fecha exacta y el nombre de quienes realmente realizaron las primeras toracotomías; obviamente debe asumirse como tales a quienes publicaron o informaron las descripciones originales, pero la historia no siempre ha sido correctamente contada. En unos casos solo se conocen apellidos; en otros, la incongruencia de los lapsos de tiempo se opone a toda lógica. Se ha realizado una profunda investigación histórica que ha permitido confeccionar un breve recuento del surgimiento de las toracotomías más importantes y descubrir algunos hallazgos desconocidos para la mayoría de los cirujanos torácicos. Esta es la primera parte de un breve relato de hechos conocidos, pero especialmente, de la historia desconocida del origen de las incisiones torácicas que han vencido la prueba del tiempo.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to highlight the differences between the cardiometabolic effects and the cardiovascular risk of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. METHODS: A narrative bibliographic review was conducted. In the research, national and international articles were selected from the PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases using the descriptors “sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular risk, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and cardiovascular risks.” DISCUSSION: Both physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are related to metabolic and organic changes, promoting a chronic proinflammatory state, cardiac remodeling, increased body adiposity, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. It is possibly stated that both of them result in a higher risk of developing chronic diseases, resulting in higher global and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with nuances in their intrinsic effects. CONCLUSIONS: It is inferred that both physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are cardiovascular risk factors that can be modified with the correct clinical approach. It is necessary to differentiate physically inactive individuals from those with a high number of sedentary behaviors. These concepts need better clinical applicability to improve the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular risks.

Abstract Agaves are plants that present adaptations in their morphology and proliferate in difficult environments, but at present the production of mezcal assemblages has caused a drastic decrease in wild populations. Seeds have a very important function in the biological cycle of plants, through them populations persist, disperse and regenerate. The geometric morphometry in the agave seeds allows us to delve into the biological characteristics of the seeds such as shape and size and whether this variation may be causing some characteristic of the locality. The objective was to analyze at the population level the morphological variation in agave seeds, at the interspecific and intangible levels, to propose sustainable and commercial management strategies. Between December 2017 to July 2018, capsules of Agave angustifolia Haw (espadin), A. karwinskii Zucc (cirial or cuishe), A. rhodacantha Trel (Mexican) and A. potatorum Zuc (tobalá) were collected in different locations in Oaxaca. The seeds were photographed (100 for each species) and were processed in the Makefan6, TpsUtil and TpsDig programs. The data were analyzed in the MorphoJ program. The differences found (p< 0.05) were mainly in size, and to a lesser extent in shape. Greater variation was found in the micropillary zone and the basal zone of the seeds. The differences found in the shape of the seeds regardless of the localities where they develop may be due to genetic factors and habitat pressures. The agave seeds have a lacrimal structure.

Resumen Los agaves son plantas que presentan adaptaciones en su morfología y proliferan en ambientes difíciles, pero en la actualidad la producción de ensambles de mezcal ha provocado una drástica disminución en las poblaciones silvestres. Las semillas tienen una función de gran importancia en el ciclo biológico de las plantas, por medio de ellas las poblaciones persisten, se dispersan y regeneran. La morfometría geométrica en las semillas de agave permite profundizar en características biológicas de las semillas como la forma y el tamaño, y si dicha variación puede estar provocando alguna característica de la localidad. El objetivo fue analizar a nivel poblacional la variación morfológica en semillas de agave, a nivel interespecífico e intaespecífico, para proponer estrategias de manejo sustentable y comercial. Entre diciembre de 2017 a julio de 2018 se colectaron capsulas de Agave angustifolia Haw (espadín), A. karwinskii Zucc (cirial o cuishe), A. rhodacantha Trel (mexicano) y A. potatorum Zuc (tobalá) en diferentes localidades de Oaxaca. Se fotografiaron las semillas (100 por cada especie) y fueron procesadas en los programas Makefan6, TpsUtil y TpsDig. Los datos se analizaron en el programa MorphoJ. Las diferencias encontradas (p< 0.05) fueron principalmente en tamaño, y en menor proporción en la forma. Se encontró mayor variación en la zona micropilar y la zona basal de las semillas. Las diferencias encontradas en la forma de las semillas independientemente de las localidades donde se desarrollen puede deberse a factores genéticos y presiones del habitat. Las semillas de agave presentaron estructura lacriforme.