The species Oryza sativa (rice) and Musa cavendishii (banana) are sources of cellulose-rich waste biomass in the Amazon region, Tocantins State. This research investigates the nanoscale production of cellulose through the interactions between three choline amino acid ionic liquids Ch[AA]IL and the respective fibers by pretreatment. To this end, the synthesis of three ILs was carried out: choline arginate Ch[Arg], choline glycinate Ch[Gly] and choline lysinate Ch[Lys], characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples resulting from the pretreatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was possible to infer from the SEM micrographs that Ch[Arg] caused greater fiber breakage than the other ILs. The TEM analyses identified fibers up to 16 nm in diameter. Positive effects were observed in the diffractograms, although no crystallinity was obtained in the pretreated samples. Thermogravimetry curves showed that the fibers treated with Ch[Arg] showed higher thermal stability. rice (rice banana (banana celluloserich rich region State ChAAIL Ch AA IL end out ChArg, ChArg Arg , ChGly Gly Ch[Gly ChLys, ChLys Lys Ch[Lys] FTIR. FTIR . (FTIR) SEM, (SEM) TEM, (TEM) Xray X ray XRD (XRD TGA. TGA (TGA) Ch[Arg 1 diameter diffractograms stability Ch[Lys (FTIR (SEM (TEM (TGA

Summary: The cocoa crop is very susceptible to nutritional deficiencies and moniliasis caused by the phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri. One of the alternatives to synthetic chemicals are compounds based on silicon (Si). In the present investigation, the ef fect of silicon as a biostimulant in cocoa cultivation and as a biological control agent for M. roreri was evaluated. In the experiment, five Si treatments were used: T1 (4.00 kg ha-1), T2 (3.00 kg ha-1), T3 (2.00 kg ha-1) and T4 (1.5 kg ha-1) and a control treatment (without application). Production indicators, ear number, fresh and dry weight of almonds, dry weight of 100 almonds and crop yield were determined. In addition, the incidence and severity of the disease at 60, 120 and 180 days af ter the application of Si and the ef ficiency of the treatments. The significantly higher results for the variables: Production, ear number, fresh and dry weight of almond and dry weight of 100 almonds, were obtained by applying 4 kg ha-1 of Si, all doses of Si exceeded the control (P ≤ 0.05) in the variables related to production. In the control of the phytopathogen (M. roreri), the dose of 4 kg ha-1 Si decreased the incidence and severity of the disease by more than 50%. The application of Si can be an option in cocoa cultivation as a biostimulant and biological control agent for M. roreri.

Resumen: El cultivo del cacao es muy susceptible a deficiencias nutrimentales y a la moniliasis ocasionada por el fitopatógeno Moniliophthora roreri. Una de las alternativas a los productos químicos sintéticos son los compuestos a base de silicio (Si). En la presente investigación se evaluó el efecto del silicio como bioestimulante en el cultivo de cacao y agente de control biológico de M. roreri. En el experimento se utilizaron cincos tratamientos de Si: T1 (4.00 kg ha-1), T2 (3.00 kg ha-1), T3 (2.00 kg ha-1) y T4 (1.5 kg ha-1) y un tratamiento control (sin aplicación). Se determinaron los indicadores de producción, número de mazorca, peso fresco y seco de almendras, peso seco de 100 almendras y el rendimiento del cultivo. Además, de la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad a los 60, 120 y 180 días después de la aplicación del Si y la eficiencia de los tratamientos. Los resultados significativamente superiores para las variables: Producción, número mazorca, peso fresco y seco de almendra y peso seco de 100 almendra, se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de 4 kg ha-1 de Si, todas las dosis de Si superaron al control (P ≤ 0.05) en las variables relacionas a la producción. En el control del fitopatógeno (M. roreri), la dosis de 4 kg ha-1 Si disminuyó la incidencia y la severidad de la enfermedad en más del 50%. La aplicación de Si puede ser una opción en el cultivo de cacao como bioestimulante y agente de control biológico de M. roreri.

ABSTRACT Hydroponics is the technology of soil-less agriculture, in which plants are grown in an aquatic environment. While aquaponics is a fast-growing food production system that integrates hydroponics with aquaculture (fish farming). The objective of this study was to compare the production of chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) using a typical hydroponic system and an aquaponic system for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in a greenhouse. Six independent recirculation systems were used to test production by triplicate. Simple linear regression analysis showed that leaf production rate differed significantly between systems (p < 0.05), where the hydroponic trial produced 3.46 leaves week-1 and the aquaponic trial 1.53 leaves week-1. Plant biomass increased by 53.91 g week-1 in the hydroponic and 38.24 g week-1 in the aquaponic treatment, although these production rates did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the concentrations of ammonium (NH4 +), nitrite (NO2 -), and phosphate (PO4 +) between the treatments; however, significant differences were found for nitrate (NO3 -) between the systems (p < 0.05). Chard production in the hydroponic system was higher than in the aquaponic system in terms of leaf number and biomass.

RESUMEN La hidroponía es la tecnología de la agricultura sin suelo, en la que las plantas crecen en un medio acuático. Mientras que la acuaponía es un sistema de producción de alimentos en rápido crecimiento que integra la hidroponía con la acuicultura (cultivo de peces). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la producción de acelga (Beta vulgaris var. Cicla L.) mediante un sistema hidropónico típico y un sistema acuapónico de producción de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) en invernadero. Se utilizaron seis sistemas de recirculación independientes para comprobar la producción por triplicado. Un análisis de regresión lineal simple indicó que la tasa de producción de hojas difirió de forma significativa entre sistemas (p < 0.05), ya que en el hidropónico se obtuvieron 3.46 hojas semana-1, mientras que en el acuapónico fue de 1.53 hojas semana-1. La biomasa vegetal aumentó 53.91 g semana-1 en el tratamiento hidropónico y 38.24 g semana-1 en el acuapónico, aunque dichas tasas de producción no difirieron significativamente (p>0.05). No se detectaron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de amonio (NH4 +), nitrito (NO2 -), y fosfato (PO4 +) en ambos tratamientos; pero se encontraron diferencias significativas para nitratos (NO3 -) entre sistemas (p < 0.05). La producción de acelgas en el sistema hidropónico fue mayor que en el sistema acuapónico en cuanto al número de hojas y la biomasa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The occurrence of mixed fracture mechanisms in mechanical elements is frequent, due to the action of multiple factors that intervene during their design, manufacturing and operation. Objective: To establish the causes of failures in tripod columns on trucks, based on the characterization of the base metal and the welded joints in the failure region. Materials and Methods: Visual inspection of the failures, chemical and microstructural characterization by optical microscopy of the columns, as well as tensible test of the base material were carried out. Results and Discussion: The integrated visual inspection analysis and the results of chemical and metallographic characterization reveal that the material of the columns is not recommended for welded structures and that measures such as preheating and thermal treatment after welding were not taken. Due to the characteristics of the steel and the location of the detected cracks, they may be associated with diffusible hydrogen cracking. Conclusions: The failure of the columns was the result of a combination of several factors, highlighting design and manufacturing errors in the selection of a non-recommended material and the non-execution of attenuation measures during the execution of the welding, also linked to factors such as, possible overloads or improper operation of the equipment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La ocurrencia de mecanismos mixtos de fractura en elementos mecánicos es frecuente, debido al accionar de múltiples factores que intervienen durante el diseño, la fabricación y el funcionamiento de los mismos. Objetivo: Establecer las causas de fallas en columnas de trípode sobre camión, en base a la caracterización del metal base y las uniones soldadas en la región de la falla. Materiales y Métodos: Fue realizada la inspección visual de las fallas, la caracterización química y microestructural por microscopía óptica de las columnas; así como ensayo de tensión del material base. Resultados y Discusión: Los análisis integrados de inspección visual y los resultados de caracterización química y metalográfica, revelan que el material de las columnas no es recomendado para estructuras soldadas y que no fueron tomadas medidas, como el precalentamiento y tratamiento térmico posterior a la soldadura. Por las características del acero y la ubicación de las grietas detectadas, pueden estar asociadas al agrietamiento por hidrógeno difusible. Conclusiones: La falla de las columnas fue resultado de la combinación de varios factores, destacando errores de diseño y fabricación en la selección de un material no recomendado y la no ejecución de medidas de atenuación durante la ejecución de la soldadura, unido también a factores como, posibles sobrecargas u operación inadecuada del equipo.

Resumen: Los estudios etnoarqueológicos realizados desde la década de 1980 en diferentes sectores de la cuenca de Antofagasta de la Sierra, Puna de Catamarca, han dado cuenta de una serie de plantas nativas y han permitido un acercamiento a la percepción y conocimiento tradicional de la flora del área, aportando a la comprensión del pasado y presente de la región. En lo que respecta al estudio del fuego, convencionalmente se le ha asociado a las especies que se conciben en la actualidad como leñas. No obstante, con base en una revisión de los registros etnoarqueológicos correspondientes a los Andes Centro-Sur y a la propia área de estudio, identificamos un conjunto mayor de lo que denominamos como “plantas del fuego” en alusión a taxones que llegan a los fuegos por diferentes motivos y, por lo tanto, pueden integrar los registros vegetales recuperados en estructuras de combustión arqueológicas. Nuestro objetivo es revisar las categorías y usos nativos de las plantas del área que forman parte de fuegos encendidos o que llegan a estos con fines diversos y analizar la variación registrada en estas categorías para visibilizar el espectro de prácticas que podrían desarrollarse en torno al fuego y reducir los sesgos interpretativos que consideran únicamente la categoría leña. A su vez, al revisar estas categorías y las fitonimias asociadas, exploramos puntos de encuentro y divergencias entre los saberes nativos del área atacameña en ambas vertientes cordilleranas.

Abstract: The ethnoarchaeological studies carried out since the 1980s in different sectors of the basin of Antofagasta de la Sierra, Puna de Catamarca, have accounted for a series of native plants and have allowed an approach to the perception and traditional knowledge of the flora of the area contributing to the understanding of the past and present of the region. With regard to the study of fire, it has conventionally been associated with species that are currently conceived as firewood. However, based on a review of the ethnoarchaeological records corresponding to the Southern Central Andes, we identified a larger set of what we call “fire plants” in allusion to taxa that arrive at fires for different reasons and therefore, can integrate the recovered plant records into archaeological combustion structures. Our objective is to review the categorizations of the plants in the area that are part of fires lit or that come to them for various purposes and analyze the variation registered in these categories to make visible the spectrum of practices that could be developed around fire and reduce interpretative biases that consider only the firewood category. At the same time, by reviewing these categories and the associated phytonymy, we explore meeting points and divergences in the native knowledge recorded on both, Western and Eastern sides of the Atacama area.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Understanding the intricate dynamics between different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding variations in clinical outcomes is essential for informed public health decision-making. Comprehensive insights into these fluctuations can guide resource allocation, healthcare policies, and the development of effective interventions. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 at peak transmission points by including all patients attended during the first four pandemic waves in a referral center in Colombia. Material and methods: In a prospective observational study of 2733 patients, clinical and demographic data were extracted from the Fundacion Valle de Lili's COVID-19 Registry, focusing on ICU admission, Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV), length of hospital stay, and mortality. Results: Our analysis unveiled substantial shifts in patient care patterns. Notably, the proportion of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy and experiencing secondary infections exhibited a pronounced decrease across waves (p < 0.001). Remarkably, there was a significant reduction in ICU admissions (62.83% vs. 51.23% vs. 58.23% vs. 46.70 %, p < 0.001), Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) usage (39.25% vs. 32.22% vs. 31.22% vs. 21.55 %, p < 0.001), and Length of Hospital Stay (LOS) (9 vs. 8 vs. 8 vs. 8 days, p < 0.001) over the successive waves. Surprisingly, hospital mortality remained stable at approximately 18-20 % (p > 0.05). Notably, vaccination coverage with one or more doses surged from 0 % during the initial waves to 66.71 % in the fourth wave. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the critical importance of adapting healthcare strategies to the evolving dynamics of the pandemic. The reduction in ICU admissions, IMV utilization, and LOS, coupled with the rise in vaccination rates, underscores the adaptability of healthcare systems. Hospital mortality's persistence may warrant further exploration of treatment strategies. These insights can inform public health responses, helping policymakers allocate resources effectively and tailor interventions to specific phases of the pandemic. Introduction COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making allocation policies Colombia methods 273 Lilis Lili s Registry admission IMV, , stay Results patterns Notably 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 001 Remarkably 62.83% 6283 62 83 (62.83 vs 5123 51 23 51.23 5823 58 58.23 4670 46 70 46.7 0.001, (IMV 39.25% 3925 39 25 (39.25 3222 32 22 32.22 3122 31 31.22 2155 21 55 21.5 LOS (LOS 9 ( days Surprisingly 1820 18 20 18-2 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 6671 66 71 66.7 wave Conclusions utilization rates systems mortalitys responses COVID1 1 COVID- 27 000 0.00 00 62.83 628 6 (62.8 512 5 2 51.2 582 58.2 467 4 7 46. 39.25 392 3 (39.2 322 32.2 312 31.2 215 21. 182 18- 0.0 667 66. 62.8 (62. 51. 58. 39.2 (39. 32. 31. 0. 62. (62 39. (39 (6 (3

Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Here we examined several morphometric and biochemical parameters linked to MS in a rodent litter size reduction model, and how a 30-day fish oil (FO) supplementation affected these parameters. On day 3 post-birth, pups were divided into groups of ten or three. On day 22, rats were split into control (C) and small litter (SL) until 60 days old. Then, after metabolic disturbance and obesity were confirmed, FO supplementation started for 30 days and the new groups were named control (C), FO supplemented (FO), obese (Ob), and obese FO supplemented (ObFO). Comparison was performed by Student t-test or 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. At the end of the 60-day period, SL rats were hyperphagic, obese, hypoinsulinemic, normoglycemic, and had high visceral fat depot and high interleukin (IL)-6 plasma concentration. Obese rats at 90 days of age were fatter, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hypertriacylgliceromic, hipoinsulinemic, with low innate immune response. IL-6 production ex vivo was higher, but in plasma it was not different from the control group. FO supplementation brought all biochemical changes to normal values, normalized food intake, and reduced body weight and fat mass in obese rats. The innate immune response was improved but still not as efficient as in lean animals. Our results suggested that as soon MS appears, FO supplementation must be used to ameliorate the morpho- and biochemical effects caused by MS and improve the innate immune response. MS, , (MS) resistance dyslipidemia model 30day (FO postbirth, postbirth birth, birth post-birth three 22 C (C (SL 6 old Then confirmed C, FO, Ob, Ob (Ob) ObFO. ObFO . (ObFO) ttest t test 2way way 2 60day period hyperphagic hypoinsulinemic normoglycemic IL6 IL (IL)- concentration 9 fatter hyperglycemic hypertriacylgliceromic hipoinsulinemic IL- higher group values intake animals appears morpho (MS (Ob (ObFO (IL) (IL

Abstract Robotic milking systems are successful innovations in the development of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to analyse the milking characteristics and behavior of dairy cows of different calving orders in “milk first” robotic milking systems. The data were collected from a commercial herd located in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais (Brazil), which uses an automatic milking system (AMS TM, DeLaval). Were analysed 26,574 observations of 235 Holstein cows were available. Data were evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance and the Tukey test. - Tthe characteristics milk flow and milking efficiency were more favourable for multiparous cows (p <0.01), while the time in the stall was more favourable for primiparous females (p <0.01). The values of handling time were better in the primiparous cows (p <0.01). Primiparous cows had higher amounts of kick-off (p <0.001), and multiparous cows had higher incomplete milkings (p <0.001). The number of incomplete milkings showed a higher ratio in terms of reduction in milk production in 26.6% in primiparous cows and 26.7% in multiparous cows (p <0.01). Regarding the behavioral characteristics, primiparous cows had higher amounts of kickbacks, while multiparous cows had greater quantities of incomplete milkings. cattle first Brazil, Brazil , (Brazil) AMS TM DeLaval. DeLaval . DeLaval) 26574 26 574 26,57 23 available test p <0.01, 001 <0.01 0 01 <0.01) <0.01. kickoff kick off <0.001, 0001 <0.001 <0.001) <0.001. 266 6 26.6 267 7 26.7 kickbacks (Brazil 2657 2 57 26,5 00 <0.0 000 <0.00 26. 265 5 26, <0. <0 <

ABSTRACT Purpose: To validate the Barcelona magnetic resonance imaging predictive model (BCN-MRI PM) in men with pre-biopsy multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) reported with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) v2.1, followed by transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsies. Materials and Methods: Prospective analysis of 3,264 men with PSA >3.0 ng/mL and/or abnormal digital rectal examination who were referred to ten participant centers in the csPCa early detection program of Catalonia (Spain), between 2021 and 2023. MpMRI was reported with the PI-RADS v2.1, and 2- to 4-core MRI-transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion-targeted biopsy of suspected lesions and/or 12-core systematic biopsy were conducted. 2,295 (70.3%) individuals were referred to six centers for transrectal prostate biopsies, while 969 (39.7%) were referred to four centers for transperineal prostate biopsies. CsPCa was classified whenever the International Society of Urologic Pathology grade group was 2 or higher. Results: CsPCa was detected in 41% of transrectal prostate biopsies and in 45.9% of transperineal prostate biopsies (p <0.016). Both BCN-MRI PM calibration curves were within the ideal correlation between predicted and observed csPCa. Areas under the curve and 95% confidence intervals were 0.847 (0.830-0.857) and 0.830 (0.823-0.855), respectively (p = 0.346). Specificities corresponding to 95% sensitivity were 37.6 and 36.8%, respectively (p = 0.387). The Net benefit of the BCN-MRI PM was similar with both biopsy methods. Conclusions: The BCN-MRI PM has been successfully validated when mpMRI was reported with the PI-RADS v2.1 and prostate biopsies were conducted via the transrectal and transperineal route. Purpose BCNMRI BCN prebiopsy pre (mpMRI PIRADS PI RADS (PI-RADS v21 v v2 1 Methods 3264 3 264 3,26 30 0 >3. ngmL ng mL andor Spain, Spain , (Spain) 202 2023 4core core 4 MRItransrectal TRUS (TRUS fusiontargeted fusion targeted 12core 12 2295 295 2,29 70.3% 703 70 (70.3% 96 39.7% 397 39 7 (39.7% higher Results 41 459 45 9 45.9 p <0.016. 0016 <0.016 . 016 <0.016) 95 0847 847 0.84 0.8300.857 08300857 0.857 830 857 (0.830-0.857 0830 0.83 0.8230.855, 08230855 0.823 0.855 823 855 (0.823-0.855) 0.346. 0346 0.346 346 0.346) 376 37 6 37. 368 36 8 36.8% 0.387. 0387 0.387 387 0.387) methods Conclusions v2. route 326 26 3,2 >3 (Spain 20 229 29 2,2 70.3 (70.3 39.7 (39.7 45. 001 <0.01 01 084 84 0.8 8300 0.8300.85 0830085 0857 0.85 83 85 (0.830-0.85 083 8230 0.8230.855 0823085 0823 0.82 0855 82 (0.823-0.855 034 0.34 34 36.8 038 0.38 38 32 3, > 22 2, 70. (70. 39. (39. 00 <0.0 08 0. 0.8300.8 083008 085 (0.830-0.8 0.8230.85 082308 082 (0.823-0.85 03 0.3 36. (70 (39 <0. 0.8300. 08300 (0.830-0. 0.8230.8 08230 (0.823-0.8 (7 (3 <0 0.8300 (0.830-0 0.8230. (0.823-0. ( < (0.830- 0.8230 (0.823-0 (0.830 (0.823- (0.83 (0.823 (0.8 (0.82 (0. (0

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la Inteligencia Emocional (IE) y la Procrastinación Académica (PA) en estudiantes universitarios y generar un modelo predictivo. Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo y de diseño predictivo transversal. Participaron 254 estudiantes, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre los 18 y los 30 años, de distintas escuelas profesionales en Perú. Se administró el Inventario Breve de Inteligencia Emocional para Mayores (EQ-I-M20) y la Escala de Procrastinación Académica. Los hallazgos muestran que el 52 % de los participantes tienen un nivel alto de inteligencia emocional y el 51.2 % un nivel alto de procrastinación académica. La asociación entre la inteligencia emocional y la procrastinación académica fue significativa y negativa. Las dimensiones de la inteligencia emocional predicen significativamente la procrastinación académica, a excepción de la dimensión intrapersonal.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre Inteligência Emocional (IE) e Procrastinação Acadêmica (AP) em estudantes universitários e gerar um modelo preditivo. Este estudo tem uma abordagem quantitativa e um desenho preditivo transversal. Participaram 254 alunos, com idades entre 18 e 30 anos, de diferentes escolas profissionais em Peru. Foram aplicados o Inventário Breve de Inteligência Emocional para Idosos (EQ-I-M20) e a Escala de Procrastinação Acadêmica. Os resultados mostram que 52 % dos participantes têm um alto nível de inteligência emocional e 51,2 % um alto nível de procrastinação acadêmica. A associação entre inteligência emocional e procrastinação acadêmica foi significativa e negativa. As dimensões da inteligência emocional predizem significativamente a procrastinação acadêmica, com exceção da dimensão intrapessoal.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Academic Procrastination (AP) in university students and to generate a predictive model. This study has a quantitative approach and a cross-sectional predictive design. Two hundred fifty-four students from different professional schools in Peru participated, whose ages fluctuated between 18 and 30 years. The Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Seniors (EQ-I-M20) and the Academic Procrastination Scale were administered. The findings show that 52 % of the participants have a high level of emotional intelligence, and 51.2 % have a high level of academic procrastination. The association between emotional intelligence and academic procrastination was significant and negative. The dimensions of emotional intelligence significantly predict academic procrastination, except for the intrapersonal dimension.

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes foi de 20% após a pandemia, o que aumentou o custo da produção agrícola no Peru. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar as características químicas e biológicas e sua relação com o rendimento do rabanete nutrido com composto à base de resíduos vegetais. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental; portanto, foi empregado o modelo estatístico do Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Casualizados, que consistiu em 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de composto à base de resíduos vegetais, e as doses foram aplicadas 14 dias após a semeadura. Foram avaliadas as características físicas (comprimento total da planta, peso da planta, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo e produtividade comercial), concentrações de nutrientes (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio) nas folhas e densidade de estômatos. Os resultados determinaram que o T5 se destacou em comprimento total da planta com 28,07 cm, peso da planta com 75 g, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo com 4,52 cm e produtividade comercial com 22,53 t/ha. Na contribuição total de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 300,44 kg/ha. Rentabilidade com 186,8%. Quantificação de estômatos por tratamento com 598 estômatos/mm2 e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas no T3 com nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo e magnésio. Conclui que o T5, que possui concentração adequada de nutrientes nas folhas como magnésio, manganês, zinco e densidade de estômatos de 598 estômatos/mm2, influenciou reações bioquímicas ótimas que resultaram na maior produtividade com 22,53 t/ha, diferindo em 31,38% em relação ao T1. 20 pandemia Peru motivo vegetais Baseiase Baseia experimental portanto Casualizados T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura comercial, , comercial) (nitrogênio potássio cálcio magnésio enxofre molibdênio ferro manganês cobre boro sódio 2807 28 07 28,0 7 g 452 52 4,5 2253 22 53 22,5 30044 300 44 300,4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186,8% 59 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm mm2 mm estômatos/mm 3138 31 38 31,38 2 280 28, 45 225 22, 3004 30 300, 18 186,8 313 31,3 186, 31,

Abstract The increase in fertilizer prices was 20% after the pandemic, which increased the cost of crop production in Peru. For this reason, research was conducted on the analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with compost based on plant residues. The objective was to analyze the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with vegetable waste-based compost. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach; therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of compost based on vegetable residues, and the doses were applied 14 days after sowing. Physical characteristics (total plant length, plant weight, bulb equatorial diameter and marketable yield), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides and sodium) in leaves and stomata density were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.07 cm, plant weight with 75 g, bulb equatorial diameter with 4.52 cm and commercial yield with 22.53 t/ha. In the total contribution of nitrogen in relation to yield with 300.44 kg/ha. Profitability with 186.8%. Quantification of stomata per treatment with 598 stomata/mm2 and concentration of nutrients in leaves at T3 with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. It concludes that T5, which has an adequate concentration of nutrients in leaves such as magnesium, manganese, zinc and stomata density of 598 stomata/mm2 influenced optimal biochemical reactions that resulted in the highest yield with 22.53 t/ha, differing by 31.38% in relation to T1. 20 pandemic Peru reason residues wastebased waste approach therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing yield, , yield) (nitrogen potassium calcium magnesium sulfur molybdenum iron manganese copper boron sodium evaluated 2807 28 07 28.0 7 g 452 52 4.5 2253 22 53 22.5 30044 300 44 300.4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186.8% 59 stomatamm2 stomatamm mm2 mm stomata/mm 3138 31 38 31.38 2 280 28. 45 4. 225 22. 3004 30 300. 18 186.8 313 31.3 186. 31.

RESUMEN Introducción: Existe evidencia sobre el efecto negativo del uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en estudiantes, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre problemas fisioergonómicos secundarios a su uso. Objetivo: Identificar los factores tecnológicos-educativos asociados al reporte de 4 problemas fisioergonómicos en estudiantes de medicina. Métodos: Estudio transversal en estudiantes de medicina de 11 países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Se utilizó un cuestionario cuyas variables fueron las características socio-educativas y tecnológicas, así como los problemas fisioergonómicos (dolor de cuello, dolor de espalda, ojo seco/rojo y dolor de cabeza). Resultados: De 11 587 estudiantes, 14,5 % reportó presentar 4 problemas fisioergonómicos. La mayoría reportó dolor de cuello (50 %), dolor de espalda (50,5 %) y dolor de cabeza (53,7 %). Tuvieron mayor frecuencia de presentar estos problemas fisioergonómicos las mujeres (RP= 1,06), quienes estudiaron una carrera previa (RP= 1,19), pertenecer a todos los años de estudios (RP= 1,12-1,20), quienes tenían mayor uso de Internet en horas (RP= 1,01) y aquellos que accedían a Twitter en horas de clases (RP= 1,30). La frecuencia de presentar estos problemas disminuyó en quienes tenían menor edad en años (RP= 0,99), procedían de una universidad privada (RP= 0,81), y quienes pertenecían a cualquier grupo extracurricular (RP= 0,67-0,93). Conclusiones: Los factores tecnológicos-educativos asociados al reporte de 4 problemas fisioergonómicos en estudiantes de medicina son ser mujer, tener carrera previa, pertenecer a todos los años de estudios, horas de uso de internet y el acceso a Twitter durante clases.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence on the negative effect of the use of information and communication technologies on students, however, little is known about physio-ergonomic problems secondary to their use. Objective: To identify the technological-educational factors associated with the report of 4 physio-ergonomic problems in medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional study in medical students from 11 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. A questionnaire was used whose variables were socio-educational and technological characteristics, as well as physio-ergonomic problems (neck pain, back pain, dry/red eye and headache). Results: Of 11 587 students, 14.5% reported presenting 4 physio-ergonomic problems. Most reported neck pain (50%), back pain (50.5%), and headache (53.7%). Women (PR= 1.06), who studied a previous degree (PR= 1.19), who belonged to all years of studies (PR= 1.12-1.20), who had greater use of the Internet, had a higher frequency (in hours) of presenting these physio-ergonomic problems (PR= 1.01) and those who accessed Twitter during school hours (PR= 1.30). They decreased the frequency of presenting these problems, being younger in years (PR= 0.99), coming from a private university (PR= 0.81), and who belonged to any extracurricular group (PR= 0.67-0.93). Conclusions: The technological-educational factors associated with the report of 4 physio-ergonomic problems in medical students were being a woman, having a previous degree, belonging to all the years of study, hours of Internet use and access to Twitter during classes.

Abstract: The primary objective of this research study is to characterize the gasification of oil-palm frond and trunk obtained as residual biomass from oil-palm crops by using air as a gasifying agent. Screening type experimentation is applied by using a downflow free-fall reactor. At 800°C and 0.24 equivalence relation (ER), the results for oil-palm frond show a yield of 1.85 Nm3 gas/kg dry biomass and a heating value of 4.08 MJ/Nm3. For oil-palm trunk, the yield is 1.30 Nm3 gas/kg dry biomass and the heating value is 4.56 MJ/Nm3. The gas obtained has the potential to generate 1.05 kW-h/kg dry biomass for oil-palm frond and 0.90 kW-h/kg of dry biomass for oil-palm trunk. In conclusion, energetic utilization of residual biomass (fronds and trunks) should be explored in Colombia to optimize oil-palm economic and environmental production processes in a circular economy scheme.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar la gasificación de hojas y tallos obtenidos como biomasa residual en el cultivo de palma de aceite utilizando aire como agente gasificante. Se desarrolla una experimentación tipo barrido y se utiliza un reactor de caída libre de flujo descendente. A 800°C y relación de equivalencia (ER) de 0.24, los resultados muestran para las hojas un rendimiento de 1.85 Nm3 gas/kg biomasa seca y un poder calorífico inferior de 4.08 MJ/Nm3. Para el tallo se obtiene 1.30 Nm3 gas/kg biomasa seca y poder calorífico inferior de 4.56 MJ/Nm3 . El gas obtenido tiene un potencial de generación de energía eléctrica de 1.05 kW-h/kg de biomasa seca para hojas y 0.90 kW-h/kg de biomasa seca para tallo. En conclusión, el aprovechamiento energético de las biomasas residuales (hojas y tallo) debería ser explorado en Colombia para optimizar económica y ambientalmente los procesos de producción de aceite de palma en un esquema de economía circular.

ABSTRACT In fruit species, the amount of solar energy absorbed can influence fruit quality; hence, ensuring optimal light distribution management in the canopy of plants is essential. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to analyze the variations in gas exchange through the day and (ii) identify the photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) that promotes higher chlorophyll fluorescence and electron transport rate in jaboticaba seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments consisting of 18 photosynthetic photon flux densities and three evaluations throughout the day. Six replicates were used, with two plants per plot. Gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in P. peruviana were altered due to fluctuating photosynthetic photon flux density (0; 25; 50; 75; 100; 125; 150; 175; 200; 400; 600; 800; 1,000; 1,200; 1,400; 1,600; 1,800; and 2,000 μmol m-2 s-1) and environmental conditions throughout the day (8:00 a.m., 12:00 and 4:00 p.m.). The higher PPFD (1,384.6 μmol m-2 s-1) and air temperature (39.74 °C) at noon (12:00 p.m.) favored gas exchange in this species. An increase in PPFD of up to 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 positively influenced the gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence of P. peruviana. species quality hence essential Therefore i (i ii (ii (PPFD seedlings randomized 1 used plot P 0 (0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 400 600 800 1000 000 1,200 1200 1,400 1400 1,600 1600 1,800 1800 2000 2 2,00 m2 m m- s1 s 8 00 (8:0 am a.m. 12 12:0 4 4:0 p.m.. pm p.m. . p 1,384.6 13846 384 6 (1,384. 39.74 3974 39 74 (39.7 °C C (12:0 1,00 s- ( 5 7 10 15 17 20 40 60 80 1,20 120 1,40 140 1,60 160 1,80 180 2,0 (8: a.m 12: 4: p.m 1,384. 1384 38 (1,384 39.7 397 3 (39. (12: 1,0 1,2 1,4 14 1,6 16 1,8 2, (8 1,384 138 (1,38 39. (39 (12 1, 1,38 13 (1,3 (3 (1 1,3 (1,

RESUMO Em espécies fruteiras, é essencial considerar o gerenciamento da distribuição da luz nas copas das plantas, pois a quantidade de energia solar absorvida pode influenciar na qualidade dos frutos. Diante disso, os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) analisar as variações das trocas gasosas ao longo do dia; (ii) identificar a densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos (PPFD) que promove maior fluorescência da clorofila e maior taxa de transporte de elétrons em mudas de jaboticaba. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos compostos por 18 densidades de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos (0; 25; 50; 75; 100; 125; 150; 175; 200; 400; 600; 800; 1.000; 1.200; 1.400; 1.600; 1.800 e 2.000 μmol m-2 s-1) e três horários de avaliação ao longo do dia (08:00, 12:00 e 16:00 h). Foram utilizadas seis repetições, considerando duas plantas por parcela útil. Trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a de P. peruviana foram alterados em virtude da PPFD e das condições ambientais ao longo do dia. A alta PPFD (1.384,6 μmol m-2 s-1) e temperatura do ar (39,74 °C) no horário de 12 horas favoreceu as trocas gasosas dessa espécie. O aumento da PPFD até 1.000 µmol m-2 s-1 influenciou positivamente as trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a de P. peruviana. fruteiras frutos disso i (i ii (ii (PPFD jaboticaba casualizado 1 0 (0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 400 600 800 1000 000 1.200 1200 1.400 1400 1.600 1600 1800 1.80 2000 2 2.00 m2 m m- s1 s 0800, 0800 08 00, 00 (08:00 12:0 16 16:0 h. h . h) repetições útil P 1.384,6 13846 384 6 (1.384, 39,74 3974 39 74 (39,7 °C C espécie 1.00 s- ( 5 7 10 15 17 20 40 60 80 1.20 120 1.40 140 1.60 160 180 1.8 2.0 080 (08:0 12: 16: 1.384, 1384 38 (1.384 39,7 397 3 (39, 1.0 4 8 1.2 1.4 14 1.6 1. 2. (08: 1.384 138 (1.38 39, (39 (08 1.38 13 (1.3 (3 1.3 (1. (1

Resumen En sus inicios la producción de tequila utilizó diferentes especies de agaves, con el tiempo el Agave tequilana Weber se consolidó como especie única por presentar mejores características para su cultivo y producción de azúcares. La Barranca del Río Santiago es considerada como el lugar de origen de la planta de Agave tequilana y del proceso de elaboración de la bebida que hoy se conoce con el nombre tequila. A partir de lo declarado por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación la Ciencia y la Cultura, el paisaje agavero y las antiguas instalaciones industriales de tequila como patrimonio cultural de la humanidad. La caracterización espacial y temporal de la información climatológica y edáfica disponible para una región en particular permite comprender el tipo de manejo que los agricultores practican sobre sus cultivos, evaluar sus restricciones y posibles efectos en la producción y en el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las condiciones ambientales bajo las cuales se distribuyen las plantaciones actuales y potenciales del cultivo de A. tequilana en el Cañón del Río Santiago y de manera específica la parte que incluye el paisaje agavero. Se detectó que en la barranca más de 50% de las plantaciones de agave se localizaron en terrenos escarpados sin prácticas de conservación de suelo lo que provoca su pérdida y contaminación con agroquímicos al ecosistema barranqueño, considerado como un atractivo natural a conservar dentro del paisaje agavero.

Abstract In its beginnings the production of tequila used different species of agaves, over time Agave tequilana Weber consolidated itself as a unique species for presenting better characteristics for its cultivation and production of sugars. The Ravine of the Santiago River is considered the place of origin of the Agave tequilana plant and of the preparation process of the drink that is now known as Tequila. Based on what was declared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Agave Landscape and the Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila as cultural heritage of humanity. The spatial and temporal characterization of the climatological and edaphic information available for a particular region allows understanding the type of management that farmers practice on their crops, evaluating their restrictions and possible effects on production and the environment. The objective of this work was to know the environmental conditions under which the current and potential plantations of the A. tequilana crop are distributed in the Canyon of the Santiago River and specifically the part that includes the agave landscape. It was detected that in the ravine more than 50% of the agave plantations were in steep terrain without soil conservation practices, which causes its loss and contamination with agrochemicals to the ravine ecosystem, considered as a natural attraction to be conserved within the Agave Landscape.