ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can be multifactorial and may underly limitations in swallowing rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors related to dysphagia in patients with COVID-19 immediately after orotracheal extubation and the factors that influence swallowing rehabilitation. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study. METHODS: The presence of dysphagia was evaluated using the American Speech-Language Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System (ASHA NOMS) scale and variables that influenced swallowing rehabilitation in 140 adult patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation for >48 h. RESULTS: In total, 46.43% of the patients scored 1 or 2 on the ASHA NOMS (severe dysphagia) and 39.29% scored 4 (single consistency delivered orally) or 5 (exclusive oral diet with adaptations). Both the length of mechanical ventilation and the presence of neurological disorders were associated with lower ASHA NOMS scores (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–0.87 P < 0.05; and OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.61–0.29; P < 0.05, respectively). Age and the presence of tracheostomy were negatively associated with speech rehabilitation (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87–−0.96; OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.80–−0.75), and acute post-COVID-19 kidney injury requiring dialysis and lower scores on the ASHA NOMS were associated with longer time for speech therapy outcomes (β: 1.62, 95% CI, 0.70–3.17, P < 0.001; β: −1.24, 95% CI: −1.55–−0.92; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Prolonged orotracheal intubation and post-COVID-19 neurological alterations increase the probability of dysphagia immediately after extubation. Increased age and tracheostomy limited rehabilitation. BACKGROUND COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 OBJECTIVE COVID-1 SETTING study METHODS SpeechLanguage Speech Language 14 48 >4 h RESULTS total 4643 46 43 46.43 severe 3929 39 29 39.29 single orally exclusive adaptations. adaptations . adaptations) odds OR [OR] 080 0 80 0.80 95 CI [CI] 074087 74 87 0.74–0.8 0.05 005 05 013 13 0.13 0.61–0.29 061029 61 respectively. respectively respectively) (OR 0.92 092 92 0.87–−0.96 087096 96 0.24 024 24 0.80–−0.75, 080075 0.80–−0.75 , 75 0.80–−0.75) postCOVID19 postCOVID post post-COVID-1 β (β 162 62 1.62 070317 70 3 17 0.70–3.17 0.001 0001 001 124 −1.24 −1.55–−0.92 155092 55 0.001. 0.001) CONCLUSION COVID1 (COVID-1 COVID- > 464 46.4 392 39.2 [OR 08 8 0.8 9 [CI 07408 7 0.74–0. 0.0 00 01 0.1 0.61–0.2 06102 6 0.9 09 0.87–−0.9 08709 0.2 02 08007 0.80–−0.7 postCOVID1 post-COVID- 16 1.6 07031 0.70–3.1 0.00 000 12 −1.2 −1.55–−0.9 15509 (COVID- 46. 39. 0. 0740 0.74–0 0.61–0. 0610 0.87–−0. 0870 0800 0.80–−0. post-COVID 1. 0703 0.70–3. −1. −1.55–−0. 1550 (COVID 074 0.74– 0.61–0 061 0.87–−0 087 0.80–−0 070 0.70–3 −1 −1.55–−0 155 07 0.74 0.61– 06 0.87–− 0.80–− 0.70– − −1.55–− 15 0.7 0.61 0.87– 0.80– 0.70 −1.55– 0.6 0.87 −1.55 −1.5

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a reação de resistência de porta-enxertos e cultivares de tomateiro à raça 3 de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e a comprovação de sua resistência às raças 1 e 2. Os porta-enxertos testados foram: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr. K, Kagemuscha, Block, Magnet e He-Man, e, como testemunhas, as cultivares 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas e 5 repetições, sendo os porta-enxertos e as cultivares, alocados na parcela principal e as 3 raças de F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, nas subparcelas. As plantas foram inoculadas e mantidas em casa de vegetação com temperatura e umidade controladas. Os porta-enxertos foram avaliados pela severidade de infecção do fungo no xilema. Todos os porta-enxertos foram resistentes às raças 1 e 2 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici e apenas Guardião e Block foram resistentes à raça 3.

The aim of this research was to verify the reaction of tomato rootstocks to race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and his resistance to races 1 and 2. It was tested the rootstocks: Guardião, Helper-M, Anchor-T, Dr K, Kagemusha, Block, Magnet and He-man and, as a control, the cultivars 'Kada', 'Santa Clara', 'Gisele', 'BHRS 2,3'. The experimental design was a completely randomized type, with split-plots and 5 replicates. The rootstocks and cultivars were allocated in principal plot, and the 3 races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, in the sub-plots. The plants were inoculated and maintained in vegetation house with temperature and humidity controlled. The rootstock was assessed by the severity of disease infection in the xylem. All rootstock were resistant to races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and only Guardian and Block were resistant to race 3.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de materiais inertes para controle de tombamento durante a emergência. Os tratamentos foram cobertura do sulco de semeadura com areia e serragem, tratamento químico com brometo de metila e uma testemunha. Os parâmetros avaliados foram percentagem e velocidade de emergência, percentagem de tombamento de pré e pós-emergência. Os dados obtidos permitiram concluir que, dentre os materiais inertes testados, a areia pode constituir-se em uma alternativa eficiente no controle do tombamento em sementeiras de repolho e beterraba, pois permitiu o maior número de plântulas emergidas e o menor número de plântulas tombadas não alterando a velocidade de emergência, enquanto que nas sementeiras de alface a utilização dos materiais inertes prejudicou a emergência normal das plântulas, não se constituindo em agente de controle eficiente.

SUMMARY The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate inert materials like protectors of seedlings against damping-off pathogens. The treatments tested were sand covering, sawdust covering, chemical treatment with methyl bromide and one control. It was evaluated the percentage and velocity of emergence, percentage of pre and post-emergence damping-off. The results showed that sand was the best inert material and that is possible to get itself a good alternative to control damping-off in nursery bed of cabbage, and sugarbeet. The utilization of inert materiais in lettuce nursery bed prejudiced the seedling emergence and did not get a good agent to control one.

Foi elaborada escala de 1 a 5, com base na severidade (% de área foliar afetada), para avaliação da reação de germoplasma de morangueiro à mancha de micosferela por Mycosphaerella fragariae.

It is being proposed key based on diseased severity for evaluation of strawberry germplasm reaction to leaf spot incited by Mycosphaerella fragariae