RESUMO A forma de fazer ciência hoje é marcada pelos avanços tecnológicos. Seu uso, porém, não é suficiente para demonstrar a qualidade dos resultados científicos. A criatividade é, até agora, exclusiva do homem, por isso é imposto um equilíbrio para que o resultado seja de excelência. Portanto, o trabalho apresentado direciona sua atenção para a concepção de um programa de aperfeiçoamento profissional para o processo de construção de texto científico. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos como analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; e empíricas como observação participante e estruturada, análise documental e levantamento. Como resultado, foi desenvolvido um programa de aperfeiçoamento profissional para o processo de construção do texto científico do Programa de Diploma da Escola Preparatória para a Formação Doutoral, da Universidade de Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca”. Na pesquisa realizada foi especificada a passagem pelos subprocessos de planejamento, textualização e autorrevisão no processo de construção do texto científico e a aplicação do ChatGPT como ferramenta de ensino; Além disso, promoveu-se a aprendizagem autorregulada onde são implementadas estratégias cognitivas, metacognitivas e afetivas, e o uso de recursos educacionais e a ciência aberta são incorporados como paradigma.

ABSTRACT The way science is done today is marked by technological advances. Their use, however, is not enough to show the quality of scientific results. Creativity is, up to now, exclusive of man, so that a balance is necessary for the result to be of excellence. For this reason, the work presented here focuses on designing a professional improvement program for the scientific text construction process. Theoretical methods such as analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and systemic-structural-functional were used, as well as empirical methods such as participant and structured observation, document analysis and survey. As a result, a professional improvement program was elaborated for the process of the construction of the scientific text of the Diploma Program of the Preparatory School for Doctoral Training, at the University of Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". In the research carried out, the transit through the subprocesses of planning, textualization and self-revision in the process of construction of the scientific text and the application of ChatGPT as a teaching tool were specified; in addition, self-regulated learning was promoted where cognitive, metacognitive and affective strategies are implemented, and the use of educational resources and open science as a paradigm is incorporated.

RESUMEN La manera de hacer ciencia hoy está marcada por los avances tecnológicos.Su uso, sin embargo, no es suficiente para mostrar la calidad de los resultados científicos.La creatividad es, hasta ahora, privativa del hombre, por lo que se impone un equilibrio para que el resultado sea de excelencia. Por ello, el trabajo que se presenta dirige su atención a diseñar un programa de superación profesional para el proceso de construcción del texto científico. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos como el analítico-sintético, el inductivo-deductivo y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; y empíricos como la observación participante y estructurada, el análisis de documentos y la encuesta. Como resultadose elaboró un programa de superación profesional para el proceso de la construcción del texto científico del Programa de Diplomado de la Escuela Preparatoria para la Formación Doctoral, en la Universidad de Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca”.En la investigación realizada, se precisó el tránsito por los subprocesos de planeación, textualización y autorrevisión en el proceso de construcción del texto científico y la aplicación de ChatGPT como herramienta docente; además, se promovió el aprendizaje autorregulado donde se implementen estrategias cognitivas, metacognitivas y afectivas, y se incorpore el uso de recursos educativos y la ciencia abierta como un paradigma.

ABSTRACT This article responds to the need to design specific innovative strategies for students with Autism Spectrum Disorders, as well as implement effective interventions aimed at developing logical mathematical reasoning, so important for their development in daily life. Taking this into account, the general objective was to propose a didactic strategy for the development of logical mathematical reasoning in a student with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The research is descriptive, methodological and field where theoretical and empirical methods are combined. The proposed teaching strategy is characterized by its inclusive and contextualized nature by taking into account the particularities of the environment where the student operates and their individual potential, which facilitated the learning process, as well as greater interest and motivation. The analysis of the results after the application in practice was carried out through a case study where it was possible to verify the strengthening of logical mathematical thinking in the student from greater motivation, being able to relate and identify clearly and quickly the numbers from one to ten, using their symbolic representations, as well as improving their behavior among other advances.

RESUMEN El presente artículo responde a la necesidad de diseñar estrategias innovadoras específicas para los estudiantes con Trastornos del Espectro Autista, así como ejecutar intervenciones efectivas dirigidas a desarrollar el razonamiento lógico matemático, tan importante para su desenvolvimiento en la vida diaria. Teniendo en cuenta ello el objetivo general fue proponer una estrategia didáctica para el desarrollo del razonamiento lógico matemático en un estudiante con Trastornos de Espectro Autista. La investigación fue de tipo descriptiva, metodológica y de campo donde se combinaron métodos teóricos y empíricos. La estrategia didáctica propuesta se caracteriza por su carácter inclusivo y contextualizado al tener en cuenta las particularidades del entorno donde se desenvuelve el estudiante y sus potencialidades individuales, lo cual facilitó el proceso de aprendizaje, así como un mayor interés y motivación. El análisis de los resultados luego de la aplicación en la práctica se realizó mediante un estudio de caso donde se pudo constatar el fortalecimiento del pensamiento lógico matemático en el estudiante a partir de una mayor estimulación siendo capaz de relacionar e identificar con claridad y precisión los números del uno al diez, utilizando sus representaciones simbólicas, así como mejorar su comportamiento, comunicación y tiempo de concentración en la actividad, entre otros avances.

ABSTRACT Carrying out didactic tasks in education offers students the development of skills in searching for information related to the content of the subject they are studying and solving society's problems. In the research carried out, deficiencies were detected in the orientation of didactic tasks, since the integrated articulation of Information and Communication Technologies in the student's performance of these tasks is still insufficient. The objective of this article is to propose the performance of didactic tasks through the integration of technologies. The methods used were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, document analysis, observation, survey and interview. The final result of this article is a system of didactic tasks through the integration of technologies. It can be concluded that the planned and directed use of the didactic task contributes to the development of audiovisual and communication skills.

RESUMEN La realización de tareas didácticas en la educación, ofrece a los estudiantes el desarrollo de habilidades en la búsqueda de información relacionadas con el contenido de la asignatura que cursa y la solución de problemas de la sociedad. En la investigación realizada, fueron detectadas carencias en la orientación de tareas didácticas, pues es aún insuficiente la articulación integrada de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación a la realización por el estudiante de estas tareas. El objetivo de este artículo, es proponer la realización de tareas didácticas mediante la integración de las tecnologías. Los métodos empleados fueron análisis y síntesis, histórico-lógico, análisis de documentos, observación, encuesta y entrevista. El resultado final de este artículo, es un sistema de tareas didácticas mediante la integración de las tecnologías. Se puede concluir que el uso planificado y dirigido de la tarea didáctica, contribuye al desarrollo de habilidades audiovisuales y de comunicación.

RESUMEN Diferentes estudios sobre el Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido (PCK) se han realizado desde la autopercepción de los docentes, sin embargo, no se han reportado estudios sobre el rendimiento en PCK (R-PCK). Los objetivos de estudio fueron describir, comparar y correlacional el R-PCK en referencia a las variables sexo, edad, experiencia laboral, procedencia de centro de formación y habilidades generales (Comprensión Lectora y Razonamiento Lógico) del docente. Se utilizaron los datos de la Prueba Única Nacional (PUN) de docentes de educación primaria durante el año 2022, correspondiente a las 24 regiones del Perú. Se consideró un total de 94 665 participantes en el estudio (mujeres = 67.4% y hombres = 32.6%). Los resultados mostraron que las medias en R-PCK difieren en función al sexo, la procedencia del centro de formación pedagógica y de la experiencia laboral, ya sea en sector público y privado. Por otro lado, se reportaron correlaciones negativas y estadísticamente significativas entre el R-PCK y edad; asimismo, se halló una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre R-PCK y las Habilidades Generales. Se concluyó el R-PCK en docentes se halla en relación con el sexo, la edad, experiencia laboral, procedencia y habilidades generales.

ABSTRACT Different studies on Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) have been carried out based on teachers' self-perception; however, no studies on PCK performance (R-PCK) have been reported. The objectives of the study were to describe, compare and correlate the R-PCK in reference to the variables gender, age, work experience, origin of training center and general skills (Reading Comprehension and Logical Reasoning) of the teacher. Data from the Single National Test (PUN) of primary school teachers for the year 2022, corresponding to the 24 regions of Peru, were used. A total of 94,665 participants were considered in the study (females = 67.4% and males = 32.6%). The results showed that the means in R-PCK differed according to sex, origin of the pedagogical training center and work experience, whether in the public or private sector. On the other hand, negative and statistically significant correlations were reported between R-PCK and age; likewise, a positive and statistically significant correlation was found between R-PCK and General Skills. It was concluded that R-PCK in teachers is found to be related to sex, age, work experience, origin and general skills.

The main objective of this paper is to produce an anodic layer of TiO2 rich in calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium using the anodizing technique known as micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on the Ti-25Ta alloy together with the incorporation of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) metallic ions using different electrolytes. The structural changes and microstructures on the MAO surfaces were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition to verify whether silver, copper, and zinc were incorporated via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and surface characteristics such as wettability and hardness of the coatings were also investigated. From the EDS mapping results, it is observed that the MAO process was effective in incorporating the ions present in the electrolyte. Regarding X-ray diffraction patterns, the TiO2 phases formed in the Ti-25Ta alloy has a mixture of anatase and rutile, making the MAO surface hydrophilic. The Ag element surface is thicker than the films containing Cu and Zn, as the Ag ions have high electrical conductivity, accelerating the oxidation process during surface treatment. Regarding hardness, coating containing Cu have a higher hardness value. TiO calcium phosphorus microarc micro arc (MAO Ti25Ta TiTa Ti 25Ta Ta Ag, , (Ag) (Cu Zn (Zn electrolytes Xray X ray XRD (XRD SEM. SEM . (SEM) (EDS investigated results electrolyte patterns rutile hydrophilic conductivity treatment value (Ag (SEM

ABSTRACT Diagnosis in orthodontics involves more than a simple observation of the functions, but rather it is necessary to consider the problems that may arise in other structures such as the cervical spine, position of the hyoid bone, the temporomandibular joint, the airway, due to that orthodontic treatment acts by applying forces or redirecting them within the craniofacial complex and this intervention can alter the cranio-cervical posture. The literature was selected through a search in the electronic databases: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, Springer, Ovid, Google Academic, Dialnet, Proquest, Pesquisa, Epistemonikos, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, Machester Library search. The keywords used were diagnosis, cranio-cervical, posture, facial, morphology, orthodontics. The search was restricted to articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published from 1987 to 2022. After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 18 articles were reviewed. The available literature revealed that it is of utmost importance to take into account the relationship that exists between the different structures of the cranio-cervical maxillofacial complex and they should be analyzed as such as a whole in order to have efficient results and with the advance of technology we have several methods to make a complete diagnosis and therefore an adequate praxis.

RESUMEN El diagnóstico en ortodoncia implica más allá de una simple observación de las funciones, sino que hay que tener en cuenta los problemas que pueden presentarse en otras estructuras como la columna cervical, posición del hueso hioides, la articulación temporomandibular, la vía aérea, debido a que el tratamiento de ortodoncia actúa mediante la aplicación de fuerzas o redirigiendo las mismas dentro del complejo craneofacial y esta intervención puede alterar la postura cráneo cervical. La literatura se seleccionó mediante una búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas: Pubmed, Lilacs, Scopus, Springer, Ovid, Google Academic, Dialnet, Proquest, Pesquisa, Epistemonikos, Taylor & Francis, Web of Science, Machester Library search. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron: diagnosis, craniocervical, posture, facial, morphology, orthodontics. La búsqueda se restringió a artículos en inglés, español y portugués publicados desde el año 1987 al 2022. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión en total se revisaron 18 artículos. La literatura disponible reveló que es de suma importancia tener en cuenta la relación que existe entre las diferentes estructuras del complejo cráneo cérvico maxilo-facial y se deben analizarlas como tal en conjunto para poder tener resultados eficientes y con el avance de la tecnología tenemos varios métodos para realizar un diagnóstico completo y por lo tanto una praxis adecuada.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the students of the propaedeutic level of the Medicine course at Uniandes about the contributions of the subject of Reasoning, Analysis, Synthesis and Comprehension in their formation and preparation for higher level studies. For this purpose, the analytical-synthetic and documentary analysis methods were used, as well as an online questionnaire. The results obtained showed that students highly value how the subject of Reasoning, Analysis, Synthesis and Comprehension contributes in a decisive way to improve their training and preparation for higher level studies in Medicine. In conclusion, it is emphasized that this subject is indispensable in the training of the medical professional, since it is a fundamental basis for the development of critical reasoning and comprehension skills, necessary in their professional practice.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes del nivel propedéutico de la carrera de Medicina en la Uniandes acerca de las contribuciones de la asignatura de Razonamiento, Análisis, Síntesis y Comprensión en su formación y preparación para los estudios de nivel superior. Para ello, se utilizaron los métodos analítico-sintético y análisis documental, así como un cuestionario en línea. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que los estudiantes valoran en gran medida cómo la asignatura de Razonamiento, Análisis, Síntesis y Comprensión contribuye de manera decisiva a mejorar su formación y preparación para los estudios de nivel superior en Medicina. Como conclusión, se destaca que esta asignatura es indispensable en la formación del profesional de Medicina, al ser una base fundamental para el desarrollo de habilidades de razonamiento crítico y comprensión, necesarias en su práctica profesional.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the search for metallic alloys with favorable mechanical and chemical characteristics that elicit a positive biological response. Among these alloys, β-Ti alloys have attracted significant attention due to their low elastic modulus and excellent biocompatibility. The addition of Nb contributes to stabilizing the β phase at room temperatures, leading to the transformation of β into β + α (β-isomorph). Additionally, despite Zr being commonly considered a neutral element, it can exhibit a β-stabilizing characteristic when combined with betagenic elements. Both Nb and Zr have been shown to effectively increase the lattice parameter of the β phase, which is advantageous for reducing the elastic modulus. The primary objective of this study was to characterize β-Ti alloys within the Ti-Nb-Zr system, specifically Ti-40Nb-20Zr, Ti-40Nb-30Zr, and Ti-40Nb-40Zr (wt.%) produced via arc furnace casting. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the proportion of β-stabilizing or betagenic elements on the microstructure and properties of the alloys, including Vickers microhardness and elastic modulus. years response βTi Ti biocompatibility temperatures βisomorph. βisomorph isomorph . (β-isomorph) Additionally element βstabilizing TiNbZr system Ti40Nb20Zr, Ti40Nb20Zr 40Nb 20Zr, 20Zr Ti-40Nb-20Zr Ti40Nb30Zr, Ti40Nb30Zr 30Zr, 30Zr Ti-40Nb-30Zr Ti40Nb40Zr 40Zr wt.% wt (wt.% casting (β-isomorph wt. (wt. (wt

With increasing life expectancy, revision surgeries have become more frequent in implanted people. This is due to the biological and biomechanical incompatibility that generates, among others, problems such as stress shielding. This works aims to analyze the influence of the hot rolling process (HR sample) on the microstructure and, consequently, the properties of β-Ti multiprincipal alloys: Ti-27Nb-39Zr (39Zr), Ti-30Nb-50Zr (50Zr), and Ti-20Nb-30Zr-13Ta (30Zr) (wt. %.) (equimassic and with high content of β-stabilizer elements). All samples were subjected to characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases present, and optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were realized to characterize the microstructure and confirm the phases obtained through XRD. Before hot rolling, only the β phase was identified, but in the HR condition, the α and β phases were identified. Consequently, it did not observe significant changes in microhardness for all alloys, while the elastic modulus was observed with a reduction of 23% for 39Zr, 46% for 40Zr, and 13% for 30Zr. The hot rolling processing was confirmed to be a helpful route to reduce the elastic modulus for β Ti multiprincipal alloys opening perspectives for applying such alloys as metallic implant materials. expectancy people generates others shielding sample consequently βTi Ti27Nb39Zr TiNbZr 27Nb 39Zr Nb Zr , (39Zr) Ti30Nb50Zr 30Nb 50Zr 50Zr, (50Zr) Ti20Nb30Zr13Ta TiNbZrTa 20Nb 30Zr 13Ta Ta (30Zr wt. wt (wt %. equimassic βstabilizer stabilizer elements. elements . elements) Xray X ray XRD (XRD present OM (OM SEM (SEM identified condition Consequently 23 46 40Zr 13 materials (39Zr (50Zr % 2 4 1

This paper aims to analyze the structure of the Ti-25Ta-xZr system alloys (x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% wt.) after melting and hot-rolling by Rietveld's technique. The results confirm that zirconium acts as a β phase stabilizer (in which the Ti-25Ta-40Zr alloy is fully β in the as-cast condition), increases the lattice parameters of the phases, decreases the c/a ratio of the α phase, consequently, decreases the elastic modulus values (86 to 72GPa) and decreases the atomic packing factor (APF) of the alloys (60% reduction compared to alloys with and without zirconium in the as-cast condition and 50% reduction in the hot-rolled condition). Concerning hot-rolling, this mechanical process induces the α phase formation and increases the atomic packing factor of the alloys (APF). By the William-Hall technique, it was possible to calculate the average crystalline size and the micro-strain of the structures. Ti25TaxZr TiTaxZr Ti 25Ta xZr Ta x 0 10 20 30 40 wt. wt hotrolling hot rolling Rietvelds Rietveld s technique Ti25Ta40Zr TiTaZr 40Zr Zr ascast cast condition, , condition) phases ca c consequently 86 (8 72GPa GPa APF (APF 60% 60 (60 50 hotrolled rolled condition. . hotrolling, rolling, APF. WilliamHall William Hall microstrain micro strain structures TaxZr 1 2 3 4 8 ( 6 (6 5

RESUMO: Púrpura trombocitopênica isoimune (PTI) é uma doença imunomediada que causa lesões hemorrágicas graves e alta mortalidade em leitões, que pode se apresentar através de uma forma precoce em leitões neonatos (PTIP) ou uma forma tardia em leitões com duas a três semanas de idade (PTIT). Neste trabalho analisamos aspectos clínicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos de 391 casos de PTI, sendo 312 de PTIP e 79 de PTIT. Observou-se maiores morbidade (60%) e mortalidade (53%) na PTIT. Os principais achados clínico-patológicos observado na PTI são hemorragias em diferentes graus de intensidade e nos diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Na PTIP observou-se predominantemente hemorragias subcutâneas extensas e morte em alguns dias, já na PTIT, observou-se além de grave hemorragia, morte súbita. Na análise macroscópica, observou-se diátese hemorrágica em todos os animais afetados. Na PTIP as lesões hemorrágicas mais graves foram tegumentares, principalmente em derme e epiderme, enquanto, na forma tardia, observou-se lesões predominantemente viscerais, em epicárdico e intestino. A análise microscópica de medula óssea revelou discreta hiperplasia celular na forma PTIP, enquanto, na PTIT observou-se aplasia medular. Na análise hematológica observou-se leucopenia, trombocitopenia e anemia em todos os animais com PTI. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e hematológicos para PTIP e PTIT da doença permitiram o diagnóstico de PTI. Entretanto, a troca de mãe se mostrou eficiente apenas para controle PTIP, uma vez que, esta estratégia apresenta pouco resultado para leitões sintomáticos com a PTIT, devido lesões mais severas. Estudos sobre a etiopatogênese da PTIT ainda são necessários para melhor entendimento desta forma da doença. RESUMO (PTI (PTIP . (PTIT) clínicos 39 31 7 Observouse Observou 60% 60 (60% 53% 53 (53% clínicopatológicos clínico patológicos tecidos observouse observou dias hemorragia súbita macroscópica afetados tegumentares epiderme enquanto viscerais intestino medular leucopenia Entretanto severas (PTIT 3 6 (60 5 (53 (6 (5 (

ABSTRACT: Isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease that causes severe hemorrhagic lesions and high mortality in piglets. The disease can occur early in newborn piglets (EITP) or late in 2- to 3-week old piglets (LITP). In this study, we analysed the clinical, pathological, and hematological aspects of 391 ITP cases (312 with EITP and 79 with LITP). In LIPT cases, morbidity and mortality rates were higher, with rates of 60% (morbidity) and 53% (mortality). The main clinicopathological findings in ITP cases were different patterns of hemorrhages organs and tissues. In EITP, clinical signs were characterized by extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages and death occurred within a few days; however, in LITP, often sudden death occurred. In macroscopic analysis, hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in all affected animals. In EITP, the most severe hemorrhagic lesions were integumentary, mainly in the dermis and epidermis. In LITP, visceral lesions were predominant, mainly in the epicardium and intestines. Microscopic bone marrow analysis revealed mild cellular hyperplasia in EITP and bone marrow aplasia in LITP. hematological analyses revealed leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in all ITP-affected animals. However, fostering by a different sow was only efficient in controlling EITP and had little effect in LITP-symptomatic piglets, due to more severe lesions. Further studies on the etiopathogenesis of LITP are required to improve our understanding of this disease form. ABSTRACT (ITP immunemediated immune mediated (EITP 2 3week week 3 . (LITP) study pathological 39 312 (31 7 LITP) higher 60 (morbidity 53 mortality. (mortality) tissues days however animals integumentary epidermis predominant intestines leucopenia thrombocytopenia ITPaffected However LITPsymptomatic symptomatic form (LITP 31 (3 6 5 (mortality (

ABSTRACT In university students, it is common to observe the diversion of time to the use of social networks, video games, among others; postponing their academic tasks, that is, procrastinating. On the other hand, problem solving is associated with pragmatism and deterministic approach, the first from a qualitative approach and the second from a quantitative perspective. The objective of this research was to determine which factors are characteristic of academic procrastination in problem solving among young undergraduates of an engineering faculty in a Peruvian public university. The study had a quantitative approach, a non-experimental, transectional, correlational design. For this purpose, a questionnaire was elaborated referring to the behavior of university students in relation to procrastination and problem solving. The instrument was delivered virtually to 226 students, and the results were evaluated establishing that there is an inverse relationship between procrastination due to lack of motivation and problem solving (path=-0.254), and an inverse relationship between procrastination due to lack of work method and problem solving (path=-0.196). The relationships between procrastination due to lack of knowledge and due to the presence of stress do not occur, given values of p>0.05.

RESUMEN En los estudiantes universitarios, es común observar el desvío de tiempo al uso de redes sociales, videojuegos, entre otros; posponiendo sus tareas académicas, esto es procrastinar. Por otro lado, la resolución de problemas está asociada al pragmatismo y enfoque determinístico, la primera desde un enfoque cualitativo y la segunda desde una perspectiva cuantitativa. La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar cuáles son los factores propios de la procrastinación académica en la resolución de problemas de los jóvenes universitarios de una facultad de ingeniería en una universidad pública peruana. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, un diseño no experimental transeccional, correlacional. Para ello, se elaboró un cuestionario referido al comportamiento de los universitarios con relación a la procrastinación y la resolución de problemas. El instrumento fue entregado virtualmente a 226 estudiantes, se evaluó los resultados estableciendo que existe una relación inversa entre la procrastinación por falta de motivación y la resolución de problemas (path=-0.254), una relación inversa entre la procrastinación por falta de método de trabajo y la resolución de problemas (path=-0.196). Las relaciones entre la procrastinación por la falta de conocimiento y por la presencia de estrés no se dan, dado los valores de p>0.05.

ABSTRACT In Ecuador since 1902 the possibility of divorce is admitted. Statistics show that the trend of divorce is increasing, registering a divorce rate of 12.7 in 2021. The proposed objective of this research is to characterize the divorce processes executed in the first quarter of 2021 in the canton of Atacames in the province of Esmeraldas. With this, it is expected to identify the level of satisfaction of the participants in relation to this legal process, and thus determine whether there is adherence to current regulations and whether constitutional rights are complied with in the processing of divorce proceedings. It is concluded that the divorces show similarity with the data collected and published in the country in terms of age groups, previous marital status, but differ in the grounds used, due to the impact of covid-19 on human and family relationships during isolation. There is satisfaction in the fulfillment of constitutional rights. In general, the respondents showed a higher degree of satisfaction with the legal services received through notaries than through the courts, with a satisfaction index of 0.50 and 0.369 respectively, stating that the notarial service has fulfilled their expectations.

RESUMEN En Ecuador desde 1902 se admite la posibilidad del divorcio. Las estadísticas muestran que la tendencia de divorcios es creciente, al registrarse una tasa de divorcios de 12.7 en 2021. El objetivo propuesto en esta investigación aplicar un proceder metodológico para evaluar la satisfacción en procesos de divorcios por vía notarial y judicial en el cantón de Atacames, provincia Esmeraldas. Con ello se espera identificar el nivel de satisfacción de los concurrentes en relación con este proceso jurídico, y así determinar si existe apego a la normativa vigente y se cumplen los derechos constitucionales en la tramitación de los procesos de divorcios. Se concluye que los divorcios muestran similitud con los datos recopilados y publicados en el país en cuanto a grupos etarios, estado civil anterior, pero difieren en las causales esgrimidas, debido al impacto de la covid-19 en las relaciones humanas y familiares durante el aislamiento. Existe satisfacción en el cumplimiento de los derechos constitucionales. En sentido general los encuestados mostraron mayor grado de satisfacción con los servicios jurídicos recibidos por la vía notarial, antes que, por la judicial, con un índice de satisfacción de 0.50 y 0.369 respectivamente, refiriendo que el servicio notarial ha cumplido sus expectativas.

ABSTRACT The health crisis has caused the closure of businesses and the companies that have not closed are not in a position to sign employment contracts, especially when it is known that in an employment contract, once the ninety-day trial period has elapsed, the worker obtains stability and acquires the right to claim severance pay for dismissal. Bringing law students closer to these cases allows them to train professionals with greater capabilities. For this reason, the general purpose of this research is to prepare law students through a case study on labor stability based on probationary periods. Necessary elements are determined to guarantee the labor stability of workers according to the probationary period. The degree of their hierarchical ranking was determined through a Saaty AHP. In addition, the preparation of students is made possible by the presence of a pedagogical model based on competencies.

RESUMEN La crisis sanitaria ha provocado el cierre de negocios y las empresas que no han cerrado no están en condiciones de firmar contratos de trabajo, y más cuando se conoce que en un contrato de trabajo una vez transcurrido los noventa días de prueba el trabajador consigue estabilidad, y adquiere el derecho a reclamar indemnizaciones laborales por despidos. Acercar a los estudiantes de la carrera de Derecho a estos casos, permite formar profesionales con mayores capacidades. Es por ello que para la presente investigación se establece como propósito general preparar a los estudiantes de Derecho a partir de un caso de estudio sobre estabilidad laboral a partir de los tiempos de prueba. Se determinan elementos necesarios que garanticen la estabilidad laboral de los trabajadores según el periodo de prueba. Se determinó el grado de jerarquización de los mismos a través de un AHP Saaty. Además, la preparación de los estudiantes es posible por la presencia de un modelo pedagógico basado en competencias.

ABSTRACT Dating violence as a particular form of violence in couples of adolescents and young people, requires study and intervention, the objective of the work is to characterize the violence received, exerted and perceived according to sex in dating relationships of Medicine students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 74 medical students at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. An abbreviated Cuban version of the VREP questionnaire was applied. The article shows the main results: more than half of the sample experienced situations of violence in almost all types, physical, sexual, social psychological violence, psychological violence humiliation coercion, psychological violence control jealousy. The most suffered violence was Psychological violence control jealousy. The females exercised more psychological violence control jealousy and psychological violence humiliation coercion, and the males with similar percentages the types of psychological violence. Physical violence and psychological violence humiliation coercion were perceived better by both sexes. Violence in courtships of medical students is a phenomenon with an important presence. It was bidirectional, with few differences between both sexes who act as recipients and perpetrators of violence. Men reported receiving more violence, but they tend to exercise it and perceive it to a greater extent.

RESUMEN La violencia en el noviazgo como forma particular de violencia en parejas de adolescentes y jóvenes, requiere estudio e intervención, el objetivo del trabajo es caracterizar la violencia recibida, ejercida y percibida según el sexo en relaciones de noviazgo de estudiantes de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal a una muestra de 74 estudiantes de medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. Se aplicó una versión cubana abreviada del cuestionario VREP. El artículo muestra los principales resultados: más de la mitad de la muestra vivieron situaciones de violencia en casi todas las tipologías, violencia física, sexual, psicológica social, violencia psicológica humillación coerción, violencia psicológica control celos. La violencia más padecida fue Violencia psicológica control celos. Las féminas ejercieron más Violencia psicológica control celos y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción, y los masculinos con similares porcentajes los tipos de violencia psicológica. Percibieron mejor ambos sexos la Violencia física y Violencia psicológica humillación coerción. La violencia en noviazgos de estudiantes de Medicina es un fenómeno con una presencia importante. Fue de tipo bidireccional, con escasas diferencias entre ambos sexos que actúan como receptores y perpetradores de la violencia. Los varones refirieron recibir más violencia, pero suelen ejercerla y percibirla en mayor medida.