Abstract C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is one of the plasma proteins that appear in the acute phase of inflammation. Periodontitis is associated with elevated levels of CRP in adults and with its decreasing after treatment. On the other hand, diabetes is a disease that compromises both the inflammatory and reparative response of the body and the periodontal tissues are particularly sensitive to its effect. Therefore, CRP can be useful for the diagnosis and determination of progression of periodontal disease (PD). The aim of this study was to assess CRP levels in patients with PD and patients with PD and type 2 diabetes (T2D). 60 subjects were included and divided into 3 groups: 15 patients with PD (Group 1), 15 patients with PD and T2D (group 2) and 30 patients systemically healthy (group 3). Each participant underwent biochemical tests: Protein C Reactive (NycoCard® CPR), HbA1c (NycoCard®) and blood glucose test. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and periodontal loss of attachment were registered. For diagnosis of periodontal disease, we followed the parameters of the 5th European Workshop on Periodontology. Kruskal Wallis test was used to evaluate the differences between the groups. Significant statistical differences were found when comparing the CRP concentration in the 3 groups (p<0.01), finding that the healthy group showed the lowest mean (4.88±0.08) and the highest mean values were shown in the PE groups (5.95±2.23) and EP/T2D (5.21±0.20). Also, significant differences (p<0.01) were found in the three groups, in relation to hemoglobin concentration, height, body mass index and periodontal loss of attachment. The results indicate that serum levels of CRP rise in patients with PD and in patients with PE and T2D. Although this difference was noted, there are several local and systemic factors that can potentially influence CRP levels and these represent a limitation and difficulty when interpreting the tests.

Resumen La Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) es una de las proteínas plasmáticas que aparecen en la fase aguda de la inflamación. La periodontitis se relaciona con niveles elevados de PCR en adultos y con una reducción de la misma después de su tratamiento. La diabetes, por otro lado, es una enfermedad que compromete la respuesta tanto inflamatoria como reparativa del organismo y los tejidos periodontales son particularmente sensibles a su efecto. La PCR por lo tanto, puede ser útil en el diagnóstico y en la determinación de progresión de la enfermedad periodontal (EP). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los niveles de PCR en pacientes con EP y pacientes con EP y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Se incluyeron 60 sujetos distribuidos en 3 grupos: 15 pacientes con EP (Grupo 1), 15 pacientes con EP y DM2 (grupo 2) y 30 pacientes sistémicamente sanos (grupo 3). A cada uno de los participantes se les realizaron pruebas bioquímicas: Proteína C Reactiva (NycoCard® PCR), HbA1c (NycoCard®) y glucosa en sangre. Para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad periodontal se siguieron los parámetros del 5° Taller Europeo de Periodontología. Para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos se usó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas al comparar la concentración de PCR en los 3 grupos (p<0.01), siendo el grupo de pacientes sanos el que presentaba el menor promedio (4.88±0.08) y los mayores promedios para los grupos de EP (5.95±2.23) y EP/DM2 (5.21±0.20). Además se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0.01) en los tres grupos con respecto a la concentración hemoglobina, talla, IMC y PI. Los resultados indican que los niveles séricos de PCR se elevan en pacientes con EP y en pacientes con EP y DM2. Aunque se notó esta diferencia, existen diversos factores tanto locales como sistémicos que pueden potencialmente influir en los niveles de PCR y estos representan una limitación y dificultad al momento de interpretar las pruebas.

High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) are considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer. Furthermore, there is no doubt that some types of oral squamous cell carcinoma are associated with HR-HPV. The epidemiology of oral HPV infections in healthy subjects remains unclear due to a lack of knowledge. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections of the oral mucosa without pathology. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 390 women seeking prenatal care, Pap smears, family planning or gynecological diseases were studied. Oral cells were collected by direct swab sampling. Information regarding sociodemographic status, sexual behavior, infectious diseases, contraceptive history and tobacco and alcohol consumption were obtained through direct interviews. HPV and genotypes were detected by type-specific polymerase chain reaction. Our results revealed that 14% of the women studied had an oral HPV infection. Women ≤ 20 years of age had the highest HPV prevalence (24.5%). In total, seven genotypes were identified, including the high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 58 and 59 and the low-risk genotypes 6, 81 and 13, the latter of which is a type exclusive to oral mucosa. Sexual behavior was not associated with the presence of genital HPV types in the oral mucosa. Genital HPV types were present in the oral mucosa of women without associated clinical manifestations; however, sexual behavior was not associated with infection, and therefore others routes of transmission should be explored.

Papilomavírus humano de alto risco (HR-HPV) é um fator reconhecido como necessário para o desenvolvimento de câncer cervical. Na última década vários estudos encontraram HR-HPV em OSCC (oral squamous cell carcinoma) e em mucosa oral normal, mas a associação entre HR-HPV e OSCC não é bem conhecida. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar DNA de HR-HPV na cavidade oral normal de adultos saudáveis. Realizou-se um estudo cross-sectional com amostras da cavidade oral normal de 77 pacientes da Escola de Odontologia da Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV foi detectado através de Captura Híbrida 2. Uma amostra em 77 (1,2%) foi positiva para HR-PVH e era proveniente de um homem de 50 anos de idade. Concluiu-se que HR-HPV tem baixa prevalência na mucosa oral normal e a Captura Híbrida 2 pode ser um método adequado para estudos epidemiológicos.

High risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are recognized as a necessary factor to development cervical cancer. During the last decade many studies have found HR-HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and normal oral mucosa, however the association between HR-HPV and OSCC is still uncertain. The aim of the study was to determine DNA HR-HPV in normal oral cavity of healthy adults. A cross-sectional study was performed; samples from 77 patients with normal oral cavity were collected at the Dentistry school, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, México. HR-HPV was detected by hybrid capture 2. One sample out of 77(1.2%) was positive for HR-PVH. It was from a man of 50 years old. HR-HPV is present in low rate among healthy oral mucosa. Hybrid capture 2 could be a good methodology for large epidemiology studies.

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y los genotipos de los papillomavirus humanos (PVH) en mujeres con lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de bajo grado (LEIBG). Métodos: noventa y seis mujeres de la clínica de colposcopia fueron incluidas. La presencia del ADN de los PVH en las biopsias fue determinada por ensayo de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) con oligonucleótidos para el gen L1. Las muestras fueron coamplificadas con MY09/MY11/HMB01 e iniciadores para betaglobina GH20/PC04. Para tipificar se utilizó hibridación reversa en línea. Resultados: el ADN de PVH fue detectado en 28/96 (29,1%) pacientes, de las cuales 21/28 (75%) tuvieron infección con un solo tipo y 7/28 (25%); infección múltiple. En 29/39 (74,3%) fueron de alto riesgo y 10/39 (25,7%) de bajo riesgo. Encontramos 13 diferentes tipos, 9/13 (69,2%) de ellos de alto riesgo. PVH 58 fue el tipo más frecuente. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de VPH en mujeres con diagnóstico citológico de LEIBG fue menor que la esperada; este resultado sugiere una clasificación inadecuada de los diagnósticos.

Objective: to determine the prevalence and types of HPV in women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). Methods: ninety-six women were sequentially enrolled from the colposcopy clinic. The presence of HPV DNA in the biopsies was determined by L1 consensus primer polymerase chain reaction assay. The samples were co-amplified with biotinylated MY09/MY11/HMB01 and GH20/PC04 beta-globin primers. Reverse line blot hybridization was used for typing the samples. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 28/96 (29.1%) patients. From these, 21/28 (75%) had a single HPV infection and 7/28 (25%) had multiple infection; 29/39 (74.3 %) had high-risk subtypes and 10/39 (25.7%) had low-risk. Thirteen different types were found; most of them were high-risk HPV subtypes (9/13, 69.2%). HPV 58 was the most frequently found subtype. Conclusions: the HPV prevalence in women with LSIL was lower than expected; these results suggest a misclassification in the diagnosis.

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las variables epidemiológicas asociadas a la infección por papilomavirus humano en un grupo de mujeres mexicanas. En un estudio prospectivo, transversal y comparativo, se estudiaron 470 mujeres que acudieron para valoración citológica y colposcópica; previo al examen ginecológico se les realizó una entrevista en la cual se consignó la ficha de identidad, historia reproductiva, anticonceptiva, sexual, tabaquismo pasivo y activo. El diagnóstico de papilomavirus se realizó por citología y colposcopia. Las mujeres infectadas fueron más jóvenes y tuvieron menos embarazos y partos que las mujeres sanas. En el análisis multivariado la edad de las pacientes y la edad del primer embarazo resultaron ser factores protectores contra la infección. A diferencia de otras investigaciones, este estudio no encontró ninguna asociación entre la infección con papilomavirus y la conducta sexual.

The purpose of the study is to determine the epidemiological variables associated to human papillomavirus infection in a group of Mexican women. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 470 women enrolled for Pap smear and colposcopy. Previous to gynecological examination women were interviewed about demographic data, reproductive and contraceptive history, sexual behavior and smoking. The diagnosis of papillomavirus was done by cytology and colposcopy. Women infected were younger and had less pregnancies and childbirth than healthy women. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age of patients and the age of their first pregnancy were protective factors against the infection. Unlike previous research, this study found no associations between human papillomavirus and sexual behavior.