Resumen: Las competencias digitales, en la actualidad, han ganado relevancia dentro del plano educativo, siendo esenciales para la formación de estudiantes universitarios y su posterior desempeño profesional. El objetivo de esta revisión fue triple. En primer lugar, se describió el nivel de dominio de las competencias digital de los estudiantes y docentes universitarios. En segundo lugar, se describió la percepción de los estudiantes y docentes universitarios sobre las competencias digitales. En tercer lugar, se presentaron los retos y oportunidades de las competencias digitales en el contexto universitario. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de literatura en bases de datos, estableciendo un límite temporal de cinco años (2018-2023). Los resultados demostraron que el dominio de docentes y estudiantes universitarios fue alto, estableciendo una relación con la especialidad y el dominio de las tecnologías. En cuanto a la percepción, tanto docentes como estudiantes mostraron actitudes positivas a las competencias digitales. Finalmente, la principal ventaja hallada en esta revisión fue el uso de tecnologías por parte de los estudiantes universitarios, mientras que el principal reto fue la negativa por parte de los docentes para abandonar la educación tradicional.

Abstract: Digital competencies have nowadays gained relevance in the educational field, being essential for the training of university students and their subsequent professional performance. The objective of this review is threefold. First, it describes the level of mastery of digital competencies of university students and teachers. Secondly, it describes the perception of university students and teachers on digital competencies. Third, to present the challenges and opportunities of digital competencies in the university context. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted in databases, establishing a time limit of five years (2018-2023). The results show that the mastery of university teachers and students was high, establishing a relationship with the specialty and mastery of technologies. In terms of perception, both teachers and students showed positive attitudes to digital competencies. Finally, the main advantage found in this review was the use of technologies by university students, while the main challenge was the teachers' refusal to abandon traditional education.

Formative assessment is conceived as an essential factor to improve the teaching and learning process. The success of its implementation in university classrooms lies in its assessment tools. In this context, this research aims to analyze the benefits of the application of assessment instruments in the formation of professional competencies among university students. To this end, a consultation of articles indexed in Scopus and Scielo was executed. The perception of university students on the rubric and other assessment instruments was also explored. The used methodology was based on a literature review so as to analyze and synthesize the results of the selected publications. The results show that the assessment instruments improve the evaluation process, academic performance, and the acquisition of professional competencies. Likewise, the university students were satisfied with this new assessment modality, highlighting the benefits thereof for both their training and subsequent professional practice.

La evaluación formativa se concibe como un factor esencial para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje; el éxito de su implementación en las aulas universitarias radica en las herramientas para lograrlo. El objetivo de la presente investigación se relaciona con analizar los beneficios de la aplicación de instrumentos de evaluación en la formación de competencias profesionales de estudiantes universitarios, con base en artículos indexados en Scopus y Scielo. Además, se propuso revisar la percepción de los alumnos universitarios sobre la rúbrica y otros instrumentos de evaluación. Para ello, la metodología utilizada se basó en una revisión de literatura con la finalidad de analizar y sintetizar los resultados de las publicaciones seleccionadas. Los resultados evidencian que los instrumentos de evaluación mejoran el proceso evaluativo, el rendimiento académico y la adquisición de competencias profesionales. Asimismo, los universitarios se sintieron satisfechos hacia esta nueva modalidad de evaluación, y destacaron sus beneficios para la formación y posterior ejercicio profesional.

A avaliação formativa é concebida como fator essencial para melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem; O sucesso da sua implementação nas salas de aula universitárias reside nas ferramentas para alcançá-lo. O objetivo desta pesquisa está relacionado a analisar os benefícios da aplicação de instrumentos de avaliação na formação de competências profissionais de estudantes universitários, com base em artigos indexados no Scopus e Scielo. Além disso, propôs-se revisar a percepção dos estudantes universitários sobre a rubrica e demais instrumentos de avaliação. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada baseou-se em uma revisão de literatura com o objetivo de analisar e sintetizar os resultados das publicações selecionadas. Os resultados mostram que os instrumentos de avaliação melhoram o processo avaliativo, o desempenho acadêmico e a aquisição de competências profissionais. Da mesma forma, os estudantes universitários sentiram-se satisfeitos com esta nova modalidade de avaliação e destacaram os seus benefícios para a formação e posterior prática profissional.

RESUMEN Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) son herramientas digitales capaces de interconectar a las personas con diversos fines. A partir de ellas y de una mayor interactividad, se ha buscado crear una experiencia educativa que se adapte mejor a las necesidades independientes de los estudiantes. En ese contexto, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar información sobre la relevancia del uso de las TIC en el aprendizaje dentro de la educación secundaria y durante la última década, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura bajo el método PRISMA. Como resultado del proceso de selección, se recopilaron 58 artículos acerca de esta temática. A partir de lo obtenido en esta revisión, se observa que las TIC ya se muestran como herramientas revolucionarias dentro del ámbito educativo, y que su importancia ha crecido considerablemente a raíz de la pandemia del COVID-19. Sin embargo, aún queda una serie de retos por vencer para poder implementarlas eficientemente, lo que requiere de un arduo trabajo por parte de los docentes y de las propias instituciones educativas.

ABSTRACT Information and communication technologies are digital tools capable of interconnecting people for different purposes. It is through them and a greater interactivity that new educational experiences have arisen to better adapt to the personal needs of each student. In this context, this study aims to analyze information related to the relevance of ICT use in learning within secondary education and during the last decade, through a systematic review of the literature under the PRISMA method. A total of 58 articles were compiled in the selection process. The review result indicated that ICTs are considered innovative tools within the educational field, and their significance has considerably grown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are still a few challenges to overcome to implement them efficiently, this step requiring hard work on the part of teachers and educational institutions themselves.

Background: the new vision of teaching in Ecuador requires a relevant professional development for tasks that demand the contemporary social context. Objective: to sustain the pertinence of determining needs for the improvement of teachers in the implementation of the Institutional Educational Project, according to its democratic approach in Private Corel Educational Unit, Ecuador. Methods: a descriptive qualitative research was carried out during 2015. Theoretical methods were used to interpret the essential qualities of the subject of study; and empirical ones analysis of documents, survey in questionnaire form and Dafo technique to complete the objective. Results: it was found, through the documents, the interest shown by the current Ecuadorian government to legitimize the assumption that the formation of the human being is the fundamental axis for the development of society; diagnosis performed on the sample, inadequacies in knowledge and application of the Institutional Educational Project are evident; Dafo technique allowed to determine the weaknesses and threats that assert the need for professorial improvement, and the strengths and opportunities available for the institution to achieve this endeavor. Conclusions: the analysis allowed arriving at a set of general regularities that make relevant developing a coping strategy for the implementation of that project.

Fundamento: la nueva visión de la docencia en el Ecuador exige una superación profesional pertinente para las tareas que demanda el contexto social contemporáneo. Objetivo: fundamentar teóricamente la pertinencia de la determinación de necesidades de superación del profesorado para la aplicación del Proyecto Educativo Institucional, teniendo en cuenta su enfoque democrático, en la Unidad Educativa Corel, Ecuador. Métodos: se efectuó una investigación descriptiva, esencialmente cualitativa durante el año 2015. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico para interpretar las cualidades esenciales del tema de estudio; y empíricos: análisis de documentos, encuesta en forma de cuestionario y de entrevistas y la técnica Dafo, para cumplimentar el objetivo propuesto. Resultados: se constató, a través de los documentos, el interés que muestra el actual gobierno ecuatoriano en legitimar el postulado de que la formación del ser humano constituye el eje fundamental para el desarrollo de la sociedad; en el diagnóstico realizado a la muestra, se evidencian insuficiencias en cuanto al conocimiento y aplicación del Proyecto Educativo Institucional; la técnica Dafo permitió determinar las debilidades y amenazas que aseveran la necesidad de superación profesoral, y las fortalezas y oportunidades con que cuenta la institución para lograr este empeño. Conclusiones: el análisis realizado permitió arribar a un conjunto de regularidades generales que hacen pertinente la elaboración de una estrategia de superación para la aplicación del referido proyecto.

The encephalocele is a uncommon congenital anomaly where a portion of encephalon protrudes through a cranial orifice (evagination), generally located in the middle line. Clinically, it is characterized by a soft epicranial mass often accompanied or psychomotor disorders, convulsions and vision disorders. This is the case of a newborn diagnosed with parietal atresic encephalomeningocele operated on with a satisfactory evolution.

El encefalocele es una anomalía congénita rara, en la que una porción del encéfalo protruye a través de un orificio craneal (evaginación), generalmente situado en la línea media. Clínicamente se caracteriza por una masa epicraneal, de consistencia blanda, muchas veces acompañada de trastornos psicomotores, convulsiones y trastornos de la visión. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido con diagnóstico de encefalomeningocele atrésico parietal, intervenido quirúrgicamente y con evolución satisfactoria.

We evaluated the performance of automated-flow cytometry, urinalysis dipsticks and microscopic urine sediment analysis as predictors of urinary tract infection. Urine cultures were used as a reference method for comparison. Six-hundred-seventy-five urine samples from hospitalized and not hospitalized patients attended at Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, in south Brazil, were included in the study. Among the individual measures analyzed, intense bacteriuria in the microscopic analysis of urinary sediment gave an accuracy of 92.9%. A combination between intense bacteriuria (microscopic analysis) and >20 leukocytes per µL of urine (flow cytometry) gave a higher accuracy (97.3%). We conclude that though it is laborious, microscopic urinalysis is a good analytical tool. Taken together with flow cytometry and dipsticks, we obtained a clinically-acceptable prediction of urinary-tract infection.

Este estudo, tem como o objetivo determinar a freqüência das hemoglobinopatias em neonatos, que realizaram a coleta para o Teste de Triagem Neonatal para Distúrbios Metabólicos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O método utilizado para a determinação das variantes da hemoglobina, foi eletroforese por focalização isoelétrica em amostra de sangue total, coletadas em papel filtro por punção do calcanhar. Para confirmação diagnóstica dos casos alterados, foram realizadas eletroforeses das hemoglobinas em acetato de celulose com pH 8,6 e em citrato de ágar com pH 6,2, em amostra de sangue total dos neonatos e dos seus progenitores. Foram analisados, 1.615 indivíduos, e identificada a presença da hemoglobina S em 20 amostras e da hemoglobina C em seis amostras. Esses valores, correspondem a uma freqüência de 1,2% para o gene da anemia falciforme e 0,4% para o gene da doença de hemoglobina C, independente da raça ou ascendência. Esses dados, sugerem que a inclusão da triagem neonatal universal para hemoglobinopatias nos projetos já implementados para fenilcetonúria e hipotireoidismo congênito, apresenta vantagens e deve ser considerada pelos programas de saúde.

This study was conducted to establish the frequency of hemoglobinopathies among newborns undergoing screening tests for metabolic diseases at the University Hospital (Hospital de Clínicas) in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Testing for abnormal hemoglobins was performed by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis on agarose gel with blood obtained by heel stick and applied to filter paper. For confirmatory testing of abnormal neonatal screening, a venopuncture blood sample was obtained from the infant and parents and then submitted to hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at pH 8.6 and citrate agar at pH 6.2. A total of 1,615 subjects were studied: 20 samples showed the Hb S pattern and six samples showed Hb C. Thus, frequency of the sickle cell gene was 1.2% and that of the Hb C gene was 0.4%, regardless of race or origin. These data suggest that the inclusion of universal neonatal screening for hemoglobinopathies in the ongoing projects for the detection of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism has many advantages and should be considered in health programs.

Este estudo, tem como o objetivo determinar a freqüência das hemoglobinopatias em neonatos, que realizaram a coleta para o Teste de Triagem Neonatal para Distúrbios Metabólicos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O método utilizado para a determinação das variantes da hemoglobina, foi eletroforese por focalização isoelétrica em amostra de sangue total, coletadas em papel filtro por punção do calcanhar. Para confirmação diagnóstica dos casos alterados, foram realizadas eletroforeses das hemoglobinas em acetato de celulose com pH 8,6 e em citrato de ágar com pH 6,2, em amostra de sangue total dos neonatos e dos seus progenitores. Foram analisados, 1.615 indivíduos, e identificada a presença da hemoglobina S em 20 amostras e da hemoglobina C em seis amostras. Esses valores, correspondem a uma freqüência de 1,2% para o gene da anemia falciforme e 0,4% para o gene da doença de hemoglobina C, independente da raça ou ascendência. Esses dados, sugerem que a inclusão da triagem neonatal universal para hemoglobinopatias nos projetos já implementados para fenilcetonúria e hipotireoidismo congênito, apresenta vantagens e deve ser considerada pelos programas de saúde.

This study was conducted to establish the frequency of hemoglobinopathies among newborns undergoing screening tests for metabolic diseases at the University Hospital (Hospital de Clínicas) in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Testing for abnormal hemoglobins was performed by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis on agarose gel with blood obtained by heel stick and applied to filter paper. For confirmatory testing of abnormal neonatal screening, a venopuncture blood sample was obtained from the infant and parents and then submitted to hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at pH 8.6 and citrate agar at pH 6.2. A total of 1,615 subjects were studied: 20 samples showed the Hb S pattern and six samples showed Hb C. Thus, frequency of the sickle cell gene was 1.2% and that of the Hb C gene was 0.4%, regardless of race or origin. These data suggest that the inclusion of universal neonatal screening for hemoglobinopathies in the ongoing projects for the detection of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism has many advantages and should be considered in health programs.