Abstract. Mexican migration to Spain has been poorly studied due to their high socio-economic profile, their small number compared to other immigrant groups in that country, and the lesser importance of Spain in Mexican diaspora. However, its analysis will be of great interest, as it will provide valuable knowledge about the settlement of Mexican elites outside the central nucleus of their diaspora. With a mixed methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative ethnographic information of 19 in-depth interviews, this paper studies the elements that, from a demographic and symbolic perspective, allow the categorization and distinction of the Mexican population residing in Spain as a qualified population. Finally, we reflect on the possibility that this migration constitutes an emerging phenomenon that may give rise to migratory chains that expand their volume and sociodemographic range.

Resumen. Las migraciones mexicanas en España han sido poco estudiadas debido a su perfil aventajado, a su escaso número en comparación con las de otras procedencias, y a la diáspora mexicana en el mundo. Sin embargo, su análisis resulta de gran interés, pues aporta un conocimiento valioso sobre el asentamiento de las élites fuera del núcleo central de las diásporas. Mediante una metodología mixta, combinando información cuantitativa y cualitativa etnográfica y de 19 entrevistas en profundidad, se destacan aquellos elementos que desde un punto de vista demográfico y simbólico permiten categorizar y distinguir a la población mexicana residente en España como población cualificada. Se reflexiona, finalmente, sobre la posibilidad de que esa migración constituya un fenómeno emergente que pueda dar lugar a cadenas migratorias que amplíen su volumen y abanico sociodemográfico.

The health care demand for transgenders has increased in Chile and worldwide. However, in Chile health care professionals are not trained to understand and face this problem. We herein review issues that should be considered in the training of non-specialist physicians to provide health care to transgenders, issues about terminology of body reassignment treatments and gender identity and the way Chilean professionals should deal with transgender persons.

A glassy carbon electrode was modified by drop-coating technique using 1,4,10,13-Tetraoxa-7,16-diazaciclooctadecano (diaza-18 -crown-6 or DA18C6) and Nafion (NF) for the determination of Pb (II) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV). The new electrode exhibits an increase in due to major pre-concentration of aza crown ether and ionic exchange of NF with metal cations. Optimal conditions were: 3 mmol L-1 DA18C6, 3 wt % NF, 10 mmol L-1 HCl as supporting electrolyte, a frequency of 15 Hz, an accumulation time of 300 s and an accumulation potential of -0.80 V. The detection limit was 0.09 μg L-1 and linear range was 10-50 μg L-1. Interference from metal ions such us Fe (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cu (II) was also studied. The method is sensitive, selective and simple with a relative standard deviation of 11%.

Abstract: This research studies the process of transition to adulthood of young Mexicans with migratory experience in the United State and the effect that this displacement had on five transitional events using event history models of continuous time - history history analysis-, using for its elaboration as primary source of information the National Survey of the Youth of the year 2010. The interrelationship between the different transitional events is also analyzed, comparing the study group with the young without international migration experience in different contexts. The results show that migration experience has an effect on the timing and intensity of the various transitions into adulthood. Migration adds complexity and alter the course of life of young Mexican, limiting the well-being and sustainable development of their future life project.

Resumen: En esta investigación se estudia el proceso de transición a la edad adulta de los jóvenes mexicanos con experiencia migratoria en Estados Unidos y el efecto que tuvo este desplazamiento en cinco eventos transicionales empleando modelos de historia de evento de tiempo continuo -event history analysis-, utilizando para su elaboración como fuente de información primaria la Encuesta Nacional de la Juventud del año 2010. También se analizan la interrelación entre los diferentes eventos transicionales comparando al grupo de estudio con los jóvenes sin experiencia migratoria internacional en diferentes contextos. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que la experiencia migratoria tiene un efecto en el calendario y la intensidad de las diversas transiciones hacia la adultez. La migración agrega complejidad y altera el curso de vida de los jóvenes mexicano, limitando el bienestar y desarrollo sustentable de su proyecto futuro de vida.

Abstract: Since the global financial crisis of 2008, international migratory flows have declined, particularly that of Mexicans going to the United States. Data from various sources of information show that because of this process, there has not been a massive return of Mexicans. However, the Population and Housing Census 2010 detects that over a million people have returned from the U.S. to Mexico in recent years. Given the impossibility of studying this phenomenon in the country, the authors propose analyzing the return process in certain municipalities in the state of Hidalgo. The aim is to understand why migrants take the decision to return to Mexico.

Resumen: A partir de la crisis financiera mundial del año 2008 los movimientos migratorios internacionales han disminuido, particularmente el de los mexicanos que van a Estados Unidos. Los datos de diversas fuentes de información revelan que debido a este proceso no hay un retorno masivo de mexicanos. Sin embargo el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 detecta que más de un millón de personas regresaron de Estados Unidos a México en los últimos años. Ante la imposibilidad de estudiar este fenómeno en todo el país proponemos analizar el proceso de retorno en algunos municipios del estado de Hidalgo. Se busca conocer por qué toman los migrantes la decisión de retornar a México.

DHA is a critical nutrient for pregnant and lactating women, with important functions in brain development and sight acuity ofthe newborn. In Chile, DHA intake represents less than 30% ofthe international recommendation for pregnancy. The objective ofthis study was to design and evalúate a milk drinkfor pregnant and lactating women, containing 60 mg ofDHA and 11 mg ofEPA per 200 mi portion, plus other added vitamins and minerals. A cohort of 177 pregnant women receivedl kglmonth ofthe milk drink and compared to a group ofl75 women receiving the regular milk distributed by the National Complementary Feeding Program (PNAC), consisting of whole milk powder (26% fot) fortifled with Fe, Zn, and Vitamin C. Evaluation included acceptability tests, tole-ranee, and intake ofboth milks, and measurements were performed at two moments during pregnancy, and after two months of lactation. Both milks had good evaluations in their organoleptic characteristi.es. Average intake for both groups was 1.8 ± 1 cup per day, lower than the three cups per day that were originally deflnedfor the study. During pregnancy, sensory evaluation was better, and intake was higher, than with the regular whole milk, although these differences were not signifleant from a biological standpoint. During lactation, there were no differences among any ofthe evaluated parameters. The developed milk drink constilutes a good alternative for improving DHA intake during pregnancy and lactation.

El DHA es un nutriente crítico en mujeres embarazadas y en lactancia, con importantes beneficios en el desarrollo cerebral y agudeza visual del lactante. En Chile el consumo de DHA representa menos del 30% de las recomendaciones internacionales para el embarazo. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y evaluar una bebida láctea para embarazadas y nodrizas adicionada de 60 mg de DHA y 11 de EPA por porción de consumo (200 mi), además de estar fortificada con vitaminas y minerales. Se estudió una cohorte de 177 embarazadas que recibieron 2 Kg. mensuales de bebida láctea en comparación con un grupo control de 175 embarazadas que recibió el producto actualmente en uso en el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria (leche 26% de materia grasa, fortificada con Fe, Zn y vit C). Se evaluó aceptabilidad, tolerancia y consumo de ambos productos en dos oportunidades en el embarazo y a los 2 meses posparto. Ambos alimentos fueron bien evaluados en sus características organolépticas. El consumo promedio de ambos grupos fue 1,8 ± 1,0 tazas diarias, inferior a las 3 tazas programadas. Durante el embarazo la evaluación sensorial y el consumo fueron mayores para la leche entera, aunque las diferencias no fueron importantes desde el punto de vista biológico. Durante la lactancia no hubo diferencias en ninguno de los parámetros evaluados. Se concluye que la bebida láctea es una buena alternativa para mejorar el consumo de DHA durante el embarazo y lactancia.

Background: Symptomatic ischemia occurs in 1 to 8% of hemodialysis vascular accesses and may result in its loss. Aim: To report our experience in the management of patients with severe symptomatic ischemia associated to a vascular access for hemodialysis. Material and methods: All patients operated for a severe ischemia associated to a hemodialysis vascular access, between 2000 and 2005, were included in this study. Results: Of a total of 1926 vascular accesses, symptomatic ischemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (9 males) aged between 27 and 84 years. Fourteen (78%) were diabetic. Thus, the incidence of severe ischemia was 1.2%. It appeared in 1.1% of native and 1.9% of prosthetic vascular accesses. Clinical manifestations appeared in the early postoperative period in seven patients (39%). In the rest, they appeared more than 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment consisted in revascularization in eight patients (45%) and closure of fistula and installation of a tunneled catheter in 10 (55%). At the end of follow up, 15 patients (83%) had a complete regression of symptoms and three (17%) had sequelae. Conclusions: Symptomatic vascular access ischemia occurs in 1.2% of procedures, is much more common among diabetics and can be successfully managed in 80% of cases

El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con isquemia sintomática severa asociada a los accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis (AVHD). Entre Enero de 2000 y Junio del 2005 se construyeron 1926 accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis en 1537 pacientes en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, seleccionando aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados por presentar elementos de isquemia sintomática severa. El grupo está constituido por 18 pacientes, 9 (50%) hombres y 9 (50%) mujeres, 14 (78%) diabéticos. La edad promedio fue de 61 años. El diagnóstico se hizo en base a la anamnesis, examen físico y laboratorio no invasivo. En algunos casos se realizó eco doppler y angiografía. La incidencia encontrada es 1,17%, correspondiendo 61,1% a diabéticos mayores de 60 años y 16,7% a no diabéticos menores de 60 años (p< 0,05). Se presentó en 1,1% de los pacientes con AVHD nativo y 1,93% con AVHD protésico (ns). Las manifestaciones aparecieron en el post operatorio inmediato en 7 (39%) pacientes y en forma tardía en 11 (61%). La etiología fue enfermedad arterial oclusiva en 13 casos (72,2%), mecanismo de robo arterial en 3 (16,7%) y estenosis funcional en 2 (11,5%). El manejo consistió en revascularización en 8 casos (44,5%) y cierre de la fístula mas instalación de catéter tunelizado en 10 (55,5%). Al término del seguimiento, 15 (83,3%) presentaban regresión completa de los síntomas y 3 (16,7%) presentaban secuelas. La isquemia sintomática es una complicación poco frecuente, que puede presentarse tanto en forma precoz como tardía especialmente en pacientes diabéticos mayores de 60 años o con enfermedad vascular periférica, pudiendo significar la pérdida del acceso o dejar secuelas invalidantes. Son importantes las medidas de prevención

OBJECTIVE: To assess coronary stent placement in patients with multivessel coronary disease and involvement of the proximal portion of the anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the in-hospital and late evolution of 189 patients with multivessel coronary disease, who underwent percutaneous coronary stent placement. These patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: group I (GI) - 59 patients with involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery; and group II (GII) - 130 patients without involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the success rate of the procedure (91.5% versus 97.6%, p=0.86), nor in the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (5.1% versus 1.5%, p=0.38), nor in the occurrence of major vascular complications (1.7% versus 0%, p=0.69) in the in-hospital phase. In the late follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (15.4% versus 13.7%, p=0.73) and the need for new revascularization (13.5% versus 10.3%, p=0.71) were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: The in-hospital and late evolution of patients with multivessel coronary disease with and without involvement of the proximal segment of the anterior descending coronary artery treated with coronary stent placement did not differ. This suggests that this revascularization method is an effective procedure and a valuable option for treating these types of patients.