Abstract Factors that influence the acceptability and preferences of consumers have been perceived as sensory attributes, such as color, appearance, flavor, and texture. Understanding which attributes are most important for overall liking would be helpful to establish meaningful criteria for product grading. Thus, in addition to the overall chemical and sensory qualities, it is important to appreciate which sensory attributes make a product pleasant or unpleasant to a consumer. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory attribute that contributes most to the overall liking by a gamma regression model using different formulations of mixed fruit jams made with Brazilian Cerrado fruits. Based on the proposed model, we concluded that appearance was the most important predictor of the overall liking of the assessors.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the volatile composition and sensory characteristics of virgin olive oils (VOOs) from eight olive cultivars grown in the southeast region of Brazil. The volatiles were extracted by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to MassSpectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant sensory attributes were determined by Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS). C5 and C6 alcohols and C6 aldehydes were the most abundant volatiles in the investigated VOOs. E-2-hexenal was among the majorityof volatiles in all investigated olive oils, mainly in VOOs fromcultivars Arbequina, Arbosana and Grappolo 541, in which it had the most of their chromatographic area (about 60-80%). VOOs from cultivars Maria da Fé, Mission, Arbosana and Arbequina were characterized by the dominance of pungency sensation, as well as Frantoio regarding to bitter. Grappolo yielded an olive oil withpredominance of bitter, and a blended VOO (Grappolo 541 and Arbequina) had predominance of green leaf. VOO from Ascolano cultivar had dominance of fruity and pungency. Overall, pungent was the main dominant sensation in most of the investigated VOOs, which can be related to C5 and C6 volatiles.

Abstract Faced with the need for greater knowledge of the different physalis species, the aim of this study was to characterize different Native American physalis species (Physalis peruviana L., Physalis pubescens L., Physalis angulata L., Physalis mínimos L. and Physalis ixocarpa Brot) as to their physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Besides that, in order to increase their use and add even more value to this fruit, we also evaluate the influence of these different species on the physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of physalis jelly. In addition, this study evaluated the sensory acceptance of the combination of physalis jellies obtained from different species with brie-type cheese. The Peruviana, Pubences and Angulata, are highlighted for being the nutritionally richest species, with the highest levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C and antioxidant. Moreover, they stand out for originating the most widely sensory accepted jellies, either in pure form or in combination with brie-type cheese.

ABSTRACT HPV types 16 and 18 were studied in paraffin-fixed cervical biopsy collected in southern Brazil. HPV 16, HPV 18 and co-infection HPV 16/18 were identified in 10/57 (17.5%), 4/57 (7%) and in 43/57 (75.4%) samples, respectively. Southern Brazil has one of the highest prevalence rates of HPV 16/18 reported.

Abstract Jabuticaba skin flour (JSF), rich in antioxidants and fibre, was used in order to develop four restructured hams in different combinations with meat: 0% control – without the addition of JSF, with the addition of 0.5% JSF, 1.0% JSF and 1.5% JSF, meeting, therefore, the growing demand for meat products with functional appeal. Physicochemical characterizations and sensory analysis were performed, evaluating the impact of information on possible health benefits and the effect on storage. Restructured hams with JSF had higher contents of phenolic compounds; greater weight loss; a darker shade; texture profile with smaller parameters of stiffness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, flexibility and chewiness (except the restructured ham with 0.5% JSF). Phenolic compounds, pH values, colour and TBARs did not differ with storage time, but were statistically different among JSF concentrations. Panellists preferred the restructured ham without JSF, however, the analysis of variance for overall aspect did not show a significant difference between the restructured ham “control” and those added with 0.5% and 1.0% JSF, after informing the panellists that they would possibly bring health benefits. It is concluded that it is possible to prepare and store restructured hams with JSF, at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% with good acceptance.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar as concentrações fecais de metabólitos de glicocorticoides, mensurados por enzimaimunoensaio, empregando-se anticorpos contra cortisol, e por radioimunoensaio, empregando-se anticorpo contra corticosterona, e dos metabólitos da progesterona, mensurados por raioimunoensaio empregando-se anticorpo contra progesterona, em papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) após desafio com ACTH. A estimulação da adrenal com 25 UI/animal de ACTH resultou na elevação das concentrações de metabólitos de glicocorticoides, mas não modificou a dos metabólitos da progesterona fecal em papagaio-verdadeiro. Embora não tenha sido observada a sincronização dos picos de excreção fecal dos metabólitos de glicocorticoides mensurados por enzimaimunoensaio e radioimunoensaio, houve dois picos de excreção, um entre 2 e 4 horas e outro entre 8 e 10 horas. Apesar dos picos, não foram detectados efeitos de Grupos (Tratamento x Controle), momento (horas de coleta) ou sexo (macho x fêmea) nos resultados observados nas concentrações fecais de metabólitos de glicocorticoides e de progesterona, com os métodos empregados.

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate fecal concentrations of metabolites of glucocorticoids, measured by enzyme immunoassay with a cortisol antibody and by radioimmunoassay with a corticosterone antibody, and progesterone by radioimmunoassay with a progesterone antibody in blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva) after ACTH challenge.The adrenal stimulation with ACTH (25 UI/animal) resulted in an increase of fecal glucocorticoids metabolites concentration, but it did not affect the concentrations of fecal progesterone metabolites. Although there were no synchronized peaks of glucocorticoid metabolites excretion measured by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay, there were two peaks of excretion, one at 2-4 hours and other at 8-10 hours. Despite the occurrence of peaks, the analysis of fecal glucocorticoids metabolites and progesterone metabolites showed no effect of group (control and treatment), moment (hours of sampling) and sex.

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), popularly known as squash, is a widely grown vegetable in Brazil. In this study, pumpkin seed flours (PSF) with different granulometries were used: PSF 1 (medium granulometry) and PSF 2 (coarse granulometry) in the preparation of cereal bars (CB) with different combinations with brown oats. Five formulations were prepared: CB-1 (control - 25% brown oats and 0% PSF); CB-2 (12.5% PSF 1 and 12.5% brown oats); CB-3 (25% PSF 1 and 0% brown oats); CB-4 (12.5% PSF 2 and 12.5% brown oats); and CB-5 (25% PSF 2 and 0% brown oats). The acceptance test results were analyzed in a conventional preference mapping which indicated that the bars CB-2 and CB-5 received mostly the maximum hedonistic score. With the objective of developing a cereal bar replacing oats with PSF, the bars CB-2 and CB-5 were compared to the conventional bar CB-1. The cereal bars CB-2 and CB-5 showed an increase in crude protein (87.5% and 62.5%) and in dietary fiber (77% and 44%), respectively. These results allowed the classification of CB-2 and CB-5 as fiber sources; they can, therefore, be classified as light products according to the Brazilian legislation.

Os principais meios de consumo do azeite de oliva extravirgem incluem a aplicação direta em saladas ou como ingrediente em molhos, mas ele também tem sido usado para cozinhar, seja em frituras ou cozimentos. No entanto, sob estresse térmico, alguns componentes não-glicerídicos do azeite podem ser degradados. Assim, o efeito do aquecimento (a 50, 100, 150 e 200 °C por 2 h) sobre os componentes voláteis e aspectos sensoriais do azeite de oliva extravirgem foram avaliados. Os resultados indicaram que o aquecimento alterou a composição volátil do azeite extra virgem, principalmente em temperaturas mais elevadas (acima de 150 °C). As principais modificações foram relacionadas à formação de compostos oxidados, sobretudo aldeídos de cadeia longa. Os aspectos sensoriais também sofreram alterações quando o azeite foi aquecido a temperaturas elevadas (acima de 150 °C), o que pode ter sido influenciado por alterações de cor e pelas da composição volátil do produto.

The main ways by which extra-virgin olive oil is consumed include direct application on salads or as an ingredient in sauces, but it is also been used by some for cooking, including frying and baking. However, it has been reported that under heat stress, some nonglyceridic components of olive oil are degraded. So, the effect of heating (at 50, 100, 150, and 200 °C for 2 h) on the volatile composition and sensory aspects of extra-virgin olive oil were evaluated. Heating altered the volatile composition of extra-virgin olive oil, mainly at higher temperatures (above 150 °C). The main modifications were related to the formation of large amounts of oxidized compounds, particularly large chain aldehydes. Sensory aspects were also altered when the oil was heated to higher temperatures, which might have occurred because of color alterations and mainly changes in the volatile composition of the oil.

SensoMaker é um software livre para análise de dados de estudos sensoriais que tem módulos com uma interface gráfica amigável. A aquisição de dados pode ser realizada por meio de diferentes métodos, tais como escala de categoria, escala linear, dominância temporal de sensações (TDS) e tempo-intensidade (TI). Os resultados podem ser analisados por uma variedade de métodos, tais como mapas de preferência interno e externo (convencional e de três vias), análise de componentes principais, análise de agrupamento hierárquico, curvas de TDS e TI, além de testes de Tukey e Dunnett. Gráficos de alta qualidade são facilmente obtidos e exportados para vários formatos. O software é útil durante o desenvolvimento ou a melhoria de produtos, quando é importante observar cuidadosamente as preferências dos consumidores e relacioná-la com características descritivas, a fim de garantir sua boa aceitação.

SensoMaker is a free software for data analysis from sensory studies, which has modules with user-friendly interface. Data acquisition can be performed using different methods, such as category scale, linear scale, temporal dominance of sensations (TDS), and time-intensity (TI). Results can be analyzed by a variety of methods, such as conventional internal and external preference mapping, three-way internal and external preference mapping, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, TDS and TI curves, in addition to Tukey and Dunnett tests. High quality graphics are easily obtained and exported to several formats. The software is useful during the development or improvement of products, when it is important to carefully note consumer preferences and to relate it to descriptive characteristics in order to ensure good product acceptance.

A cachaça é uma bebida considerada símbolo nacional, sendo produzida por grandes produtores e por cerca de 30 mil pequenos e médios produtores de alambiques artesanais espalhados por todo o País. O cobre oriundo dos destiladores dos alambiques artesanais pode tornar-se um grande problema, pois esse metal, em grandes concentrações na bebida, acarreta sérios problemas à saúde humana. Desta forma, objetivou-se estudar a influência da filtragem em carvão utilizado nos filtros comerciais sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de aguardentes de cana envelhecidas. Realizaram-se as análises de cobre, extrato seco, grau alcoólico, álcoois superiores, acidez volátil, aldeídos, ésteres, furfural e metanol. A avaliação sensorial foi realizada com equipe de provadores selecionados e treinados, os quais analisaram a intensidade da cor amarela, sabor e aroma de madeira e sabor e aroma alcoólico das cachaças antes e após a filtragem. Os testes sensoriais foram realizados por meio de escala de intensidade, não estruturada e de 9 cm. Observou-se uma redução em todos os compostos físico-químicos analisados, exceto ésteres, que aumentaram nas cachaças após a filtragem. Provavelmente este aumento ocorreu devido à esterificação dos álcoois e ácidos presentes. De acordo com os resultados sensoriais obtidos, observou-se redução na intensidade das características cor amarela, aroma e sabor de madeira, principais características adquiridas no processo de envelhecimento.

Sugarcane spirit is a drink considered as a national symbol of Brazil. It is produced by large producers and by about 30 thousand small and medium home-distilling producers dispersed throughout the country. The copper originating from the home-distillers can become a serious problem since at high concentrations in beverages it may cause serious human health problems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the activated carbon used in commercial filters on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of aged sugarcane spirit. Analyses of copper, dry extract, alcoholic degree, higher alcohols, volatile acids, aldehydes, esters, furfural, and methanol were performed. The sensory evaluation was performed by seven selected trained judges, who analyzed the yellow color, woody aroma and flavor, and intensity of alcoholic aroma and flavor of the cane spirit before and after the filtration process. The sensory tests were carried out using a 9 cm non-structured intensity scale. A reduction was observed in all compounds analyzed physicochemically, except for the esters, which increased after filtration. This increase is probably due to the esterification of the alcohols and acids present. According to the sensory results obtained, a reduction was observed in the intensity of the yellow color, aroma, and wood flavor characteristics, the major characteristics of the aging process.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da substituição de leite por soro de leite e o efeito da adição de café na qualidade química e sensorial do doce de leite. Foi utilizado um fatorial completo 2², com dois níveis (±1) com a adição de três pontos centrais (0) e dois níveis de pontos axiais (±1,41). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados pela metodologia estatística de superfície de resposta e os dados do teste de aceitação foram analisados pela metodologia de mapa de preferência. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento da concentração de soro de leite aumentou o teor de umidade e diminuiu o teor de proteína e de gordura. A adição de café alterou somente a umidade dos doces. A análise da superfície de resposta para a composição dos doces mostrou que o teor máximo de substituição de leite por soro para se fabricar doce de leite seria de 37%. Pelo mapa de preferência, observou-se que os doces preferidos pelos consumidores foram os da formulação 1 e 2. O fator determinante na escolha dos doces foi a concentração de café, visto que os consumidores optaram pelas amostras com baixas concentrações de café independente da concentração de soro, possibilitando com isso a utilização do soro de leite e do café na fabricação do doce de leite, obtendo assim um novo produto.

This research was carried out with the objective to verify the effect of substitution of milk for whey and the addition effect of coffee in the quality chemical and sensory of dulce de leche. A full factorial was used 2², with two levels (± 1) with the addition of three central points (0) and two levels of axial points (±1.41). The data were analyzed by statistical methodology of response surface and the data obtained with the acceptance testing was assessed using preference mapping. The results indicated that the increased concentration of whey increased the moisture content and yield of sweet and decreased protein and fat. The addition of coffee changed the moisture of candy. The response surface analysis for the composition of sweets showed that the maximum substitution of milk whey to produce dulce de leche would be 37%. For the preference map, observed that the sweets preferred by consumers were the formulation 1 and 2. The determining factor in their choice of sweet was the concentration of coffee, since that consumers preferred the samples with low concentrations of coffee independent of the concentration of whey, enabling with this the use of whey in the manufacture of dulce de leche, thus obtaining a new product.

A goiaba apresenta altas taxas de respiração e uma vida útil muito curta, e como as informações sobre o padrão respiratório são contraditórias, objetivou-se estudar mudanças ocorridas no fruto durante o amadurecimento e relacioná-las ao comportamento respiratório desses frutos. Foram colhidas goiabas no estádio "de vez" e armazenadas por 8 dias à temperatura ambiente (22 ± 1 ºC e umidade relativa de 78 ± 1%). As análises realizadas foram: coloração da casca e polpa, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT) e produção de etileno. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que todas as variáveis analisadas aparentemente não coincidem e independem da síntese de etileno. A produção de etileno durante o amadurecimento teve aumento acentuado a partir do 4º dia. Até o 8º dia, com os frutos já em fase de decomposição, a síntese do etileno continuava aumentando. Observou-se que a firmeza diminuiu acentuadamente nos três primeiros dias de amadurecimento e a cor da casca e da polpa alteraram com o amadurecimento. Os SST e a ATT dos frutos praticamente não variaram durante o amadurecimento, mesmo com o aumento da produção de etileno. Conclui-se que a goiaba é um fruto que apresenta características de frutos climatéricos e também de frutos não climatéricos.

Guava is a fruit with high respiration rates and a very short shelf life. Since information on its respiration pattern is contradictory, the objective was to study the changes occurring in the fruit during ripening and to relate them to the respiration behavior of this fruit. Guavas were picked at the half-ripe stage and stored for 8 days at 22 ± 1 ºC and 78 ± 1% relative humidity. The analyses conducted were: peel and pulp coloration, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), and ethylene production. According to the results, it was verified that the parameters analyzed apparently do not coincide and are ethylene-independent. There was an accentuated ethylene production during ripening, starting from the 4th day. The ethylene synthesis continued increasing up to the 8th day, when the fruits were already decomposing. It was observed that the firmness decreased sharply in the first three days of ripening, and the skin and pulp color changed during ripening. The TSS, total soluble solids, and the TTA, total titratable acidity, practically did not change during the ripening, even with the increased ethylene production. It can be concluded that guava is a fruit that presents characteristics of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.

As propriedades tecnológicas e sensoriais de apresuntados elaborados com soro de leite em substituição à água de formulação (0, 25, 50, 75 ou 100%) foram avaliadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) nos testes de perda de peso (cozimento, refrigeração, reaquecimento e ciclo de congelamento) e na textura objetiva (teste TPA). No entanto, para a cor objetiva (CIELAB), as amostras se apresentaram (P < 0,05) menos avermelhadas (redução no valor a*) e mais acinzentadas e amareladas (menor valor C * e maior h) com maiores adições de soro de leite. Foi observada (P < 0,05) uma menor preferência de sabor entre as amostras com 25 e 50% de substituição da água de formulação por de soro de leite. Além disso, a cor percebida foi diferente (P < 0,05) nos produtos formulados com mais de 25% de soro de leite, embora a impressão global não tenha sido (P > 0,05) afetada. Esses resultados sugerem que até 38% de soro de leite natural e fresco pode ser adicionado a uma formulação de apresuntado com resultados similares aos produtos curados com uma formulação convencional.

The use of liquid whey to replace water (at 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100%) in a restructured cooked ham formulation was studied and several technological and sensory quality properties were determined. The test results showed no statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in weight loss attributes (cooking yield, storage loss, reheating loss and refreezing loss) and instrumental texture (TPA test) parameters. However, for CIELAB color, samples were (P > 0.05) less reddish (a* value reduction) and more grayish and yellowish (lesser C* and higher h values) with higher whey additions. A lower (P < 0.05) flavor preference among samples with 25 and 50% liquid whey substitution was observed. Also, the sensory color was different (P < 0.05) in the products formulated with more than 25% of this adjunct, although the overall sensory impression was not affected (P > 0.05). These results suggest that up to 38% natural fresh liquid whey can be added to a restructured cooked ham formulation with similar results to products cured with a conventional formulation.

Mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics were used to identify adulteration in roasted and ground coffee by addition of coffee husks. Consumers' sensory perception of the adulteration was evaluated by a triangular test of the coffee beverages. Samples containing above 0.5% of coffee husks from pure coffees were discriminated by principal component analysis of the infrared spectra. A partial least-squares regression estimated the husk content in samples and presented a root-mean-square error for prediction of 2.0%. The triangular test indicated that were than 10% of coffee husks are required to cause alterations in consumer perception about adulterated beverages.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a aceitação de doce de leite com café e soro. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de superfície de resposta, ANOVA, teste de médias, histogramas e mapa de preferência, correlacionando os dados de impressão global com resultados de análises físicas, físico-químicas e atributos sensoriais. A metodologia de superfície de resposta, por si só, não foi suficiente para encontrar a melhor formulação. Pela ANOVA, teste de médias e mapa de preferência, observou-se que os doces preferidos pelos consumidores foram os da formulação 1(10% soro e 1% café) e 2(30% soro e 1% café) seguidos da formulação 9 (20% soro e 1,25% café). A aceitação das amostras 1 e 2 foi influenciada, pela maior aceitabilidade em relação ao sabor e por apresentar maiores valores de pH, L*(luminosidade) e b*(componente amarelo-azul). Observou-se que as amostras 1e 2 apresentaram maior índice de aprovação de compra e maiores porcentagens de respostas na categoria do ideal quanto à doçura e sabor de café. O doce de leite com café e soro apresentou uma boa aceitação sensorial, constituindo uma alternativa de utilização do soro, bem como o desenvolvimento de um novo produto.

This study sought to evaluate the acceptance of "dulce de leche" with coffee and whey. The results were analyzed through response surface, ANOVA, test of averages, histograms, and preference map correlating the global impression data with results of physical, physiochemical and sensory analysis. The response surface methodology, by itself, was not enough to find the best formulation. For ANOVA, test of averages, and preference map it was observed that the consumers' favorite "dulce de leche" were those of formulation 1 (10% whey and 1% coffee) and 2 (30% whey and 1% coffee), followed by formulation 9 (20% whey and 1.25% coffee). The acceptance of samples 1 and 2 was influenced by the higher acceptability in relation to the flavor and for presenting higher pH, L*, and b* values. It was observed that samples 1 and 2 presented higher purchase approval score and higher percentages of responses for the 'ideal' category in terms of sweetness and coffee flavor. It was found that consumers preferred the samples with low concentrations of coffee independent of the concentration of whey thus enabling the use of whey and coffee in the manufacture of dulce de leche, obtaining a new product.