ABSTRACT. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. It is cultivated using at least four distinct systems, the most common of which are conventional and hydroponic systems. These systems provide different cultivation conditions for plants, causing physiological changes that are important for commercial production, such as nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. However, only a few studies have compared the physiological aspects of these two cultivation systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of ‘Rubinela’ lettuce plants grown in hydroponic and conventional pot systems, by comparing dry mass (DM) and fresh mass (FM) production, number of leaves (NF), stomatal density, and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, sugars, and starch. Plants cultivated in hydroponic systems presented significant differences in chlorophyll content, producing more biomass than plants cultivated in conventional pot systems, probably because of better nutritional conditions, primarily with respect to macronutrients, provided by the nutrient solution of the hydroponic system. The lower water availability encountered by plants cultivated in conventional pot systems influenced the increased sugar and starch concentrations, as well as the anthocyanin content, which may be a strategy to mitigate the possible damage caused by hydric stress conditions. ABSTRACT Lactuca L. L Brazil production accumulation However ‘Rubinela Rubinela DM (DM FM (FM NF, NF , (NF) density carotenoids sugars content macronutrients system concentrations (NF

Resumen Introducción: Cattleya crispa es una orquídea epífita ornamental con distribución geográfica restringida a la Mata Atlántica brasileña. Debido al extractivismo depredador y a la pérdida de hábitat inducida por el hombre, esta especie aparece en la Lista Roja de la Flora Brasileña. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos morfoanatómicos de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de semillas de C. crispa; así como estudiar el efecto de la criopreservación de estas semillas. Métodos: Utilizamos microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para describir la microestructura en 100 semillas maduras. Evaluamos la viabilidad de la semilla, la germinación de la semilla, la tasa de supervivencia y el peso de los protocormos en el material criopreservado y no criopreservado, con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento de 20 mg de material vegetal. Resultados: Las semillas son fusiformes, amarillo blanquecinas, con una longitud de 700 a 900 µm y un contenido de agua del 5 %. La germinación comenzó siete días después de la siembra, la formación del protocormo globular a los 30 días y la formación de la plántula a los 150 días. La cubierta de semilla persistente puede comprimir el protocormo y provocar su colapso. Las semillas criopreservadas presentaron 87.15 % de viabilidad, 78.32 % de germinación, 8.48 % de supervivencia y protocormos con 104.27 mg a los cinco meses de la siembra. Los datos no fueron diferentes a las semillas no criopreservadas. Conclusiones: La capacidad criogénica de las semillas muestra que la crioconservación puede utilizarse para la conservación a largo plazo. Los resultados de este trabajo contribuyen a la biología general de C. crispa y a la propagación y almacenamiento de material genético con fines de conservación.

Abstract Introduction: Cattleya crispa is an ornamental epiphytic orchid with geographic distribution restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to predatory extractivism and human-induced habitat loss, this species appears on the Red List of Brazilian Flora. Objective: To characterize morpho-anatomical aspects regarding germination and post-seminal development from C. crispa seeds; as well as studying the effect of cryopreservation on these seeds. Methods: We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to describe the microstructure of a 100 ripe seeds. We evaluated seed viability, seed germination, survival rate and protocorm weight in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved material, with four replicas per treatment using 20 mg of plant material. Results: The seeds are fusiform, whitish yellow with a length from 700 to 900 µm and a water content of 5 %. Germination began seven days after sowing, the formation of the globular protocorm at 30 days and the formation of the seedling occurred 150 days. The persistent seed coat can compress the protocorm and cause it to collapse. The cryopreserved seeds presented 87.15 % viability, 78.32 % germination, 8.48 % survival and protocorms with 104.27 mg five months after sowing. Data wasn't different to non-cryopreserved seeds. Conclusions: The cryocapability of the seeds shows that cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation. The results of this work contribute to the overall biology of C. crispa and to the propagation and storage of genetic material for conservation purposes.

Vriesea reitzii is an endemic bromeliad from the Atlantic Rainforest. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cryopreservation using the method of direct immersion of its seeds, collected from capsules at 120, 135, and 150 days after anthesis (DAA). The water content was determined before cryopreservation, while the germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI), and total soluble carbohydrates were quantified after cryopreservation. The highest percentage of moisture (17.6%) was observed in 120 DAA, while the highest percentage of germination (89.6%) and GSI (17.0) were observed in 150 DAA. Optical and transmission electron microscopy analyses were performed, and no cell damage or changes at the morpho-histological and ultrastructural levels were observed after the cryopreservation process. From these results, V. reitzii seeds can be classified as orthodox seeds and the cryopreservation (+LN) is an efficient tool for an ex situ conservation of this species.

Vriesea reitzii é uma bromélia endêmica da Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a criopreservação de sementes utilizando o método de imersão direta, coletadas de cápsulas aos 120, 135 e 150 dias após a antese (DAA). O teor de água foi determinado antes da criopreservação. A porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (GSI) e os carboidratos solúveis totais foram quantificados após a criopreservação. A maior porcentagem de umidade (17,6%) foi observada aos 120 DAA, enquanto a maior porcentagem de germinação (89,6%) e GSI (17,0) foram observadas aos 150 DAA. Em análises de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de transmissão não foram observados danos celulares ou alterações a nível morfohistológico e ultraestrutural após o processo de criopreservação. A partir desses resultados, as sementes de V. reitzii podem ser classificadas como ortodoxas e a criopreservação (+LN) é uma ferramenta eficiente para a conservação ex situ desta espécie.

RESUMO Vriesea reitzii é uma bromélia endêmica da Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a criopreservação de sementes utilizando o método de imersão direta, coletadas de cápsulas aos 120, 135 e 150 dias após a antese (DAA). O teor de água foi determinado antes da criopreservação. A porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (GSI) e os carboidratos solúveis totais foram quantificados após a criopreservação. A maior porcentagem de umidade (17,6%) foi observada aos 120 DAA, enquanto a maior porcentagem de germinação (89,6%) e GSI (17,0) foram observadas aos 150 DAA. Em análises de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de transmissão não foram observados danos celulares ou alterações a nível morfohistológico e ultraestrutural após o processo de criopreservação. A partir desses resultados, as sementes de V. reitzii podem ser classificadas como ortodoxas e a criopreservação (+LN) é uma ferramenta eficiente para a conservação ex situ desta espécie.

ABSTRACT Vriesea reitzii is an endemic bromeliad from the Atlantic Rainforest. The objective of this research was to evaluate the cryopreservation using the method of direct immersion of its seeds, collected from capsules at 120, 135, and 150 days after anthesis (DAA). The water content was determined before cryopreservation, while the germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI), and total soluble carbohydrates were quantified after cryopreservation. The highest percentage of moisture (17.6%) was observed in 120 DAA, while the highest percentage of germination (89.6%) and GSI (17.0) were observed in 150 DAA. Optical and transmission electron microscopy analyses were performed, and no cell damage or changes at the morpho-histological and ultrastructural levels were observed after the cryopreservation process. From these results, V. reitzii seeds can be classified as orthodox seeds and the cryopreservation (+LN) is an efficient tool for an ex situ conservation of this species.

Resumo Estudos que envolvem alterações morfológicas e anatômicas decorrentes do armazenamento de sementes são escassos, porém relevantes para garantir informações relacionadas á qualidade de sementes e plântulas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização anatômica e histoquímica de sementes da orquídea Cattleya intermedia, verificando a ocorrência de possíveis alterações decorrentes de diferentes temperaturas e períodos de armazenamento. Os tratamentos consistiram das temperaturas de: 25 (± 2 °C) (ambiente), -20°C (freezer), -80 °C (ultra freezer) e -196 °C (criopreservação) e períodos de armazenamento: dois, quatro e seis meses. Para as análises anatômicas e histoquímicas foram empregadas a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a microscopia de luz com colorações de azul de toluidina (ATO), azul brilhante de Coomassie (CBB), Sudan IV e ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). A desidratação observada nas sementes foi considerada o principal dano decorrente do armazenamento. Também foram observadas alterações nas estruturas internas das sementes, como a degeneração dos principais componentes de reserva, principalmente em sementes mantidas na temperatura ambiente de 25 (± 2 °C). A temperatura de -80 °C (ultra freezer) durante os períodos de dois e quatro meses foi eficiente na conservação dos tecidos e células, confirmando a possibilidade do uso desta condição para a melhor conservação de sementes desta espécie.

Abstract Studies involving morphological and anatomical changes resulting from seed storage are rare, but relevant to ensure information related to the quality of seeds and seedlings originated from these seeds. The objectives of this work as to carry out the anatomical and histochemical characterization of seeds from the Cattleya intermedia orchid, verifying the occurrence of possible alterations coming from different temperatures and storage periods. The treatments consisted of temperatures of: 25 (± 2 °C) (room), -20 °C (freezer), -80 °C (ultra freezer) and - 196 °C (cryopreservation); and storage periods: two, four and six months. For the anatomical and histochemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were performed. The following stains were employed: toluidine blue (TBO), Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), Sudan IV and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The dehydration observed in the seeds was considered the main damage resulting from storage. Changes in the internal structures of the seeds were also noted, such as degeneration, mainly in seeds kept at room temperature 25 (± 2 °C), which caused a reduction in the main components of reserves. The -80 °C (ultra freezer) temperature during the two and four months period was efficient in the conservation seed of the tissues and cells, confirming the possibility of using this condition for better conservation of the seeds of this species.

ABSTRACT Although karyotype features are useful data for evolutionary studies, cytogenetic data in Bambusoideae are mainly based only on chromosome counts. The first comparative cytogenetic analysis of three Neotropical woody bamboo species - Guadua chacoensis, G. angustifolia and Chusquea tenella - was undertaken based on new and reviewed chromosome counts, CMA/DAPI double staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 35S and 5S rDNA probes, and genome size estimation. The two species of Guadua were found to have 2n = 46 chromosomes, while the first record for C. tenella was 2n = 44. Only one pair of CMA+/DAPI- was detected on the terminal region of metacentric chromosomes in all three species. Likewise, one pair of 5S and 35S rDNA sites was detected in all three species, with the 35S rDNA sites always collocated with the CMA+ bands. Genome sizes ranged from 2C ≈ 3.99 pg for the species of Guadua, to 2C = 4.77 pg for C. tenella. Considering the Miocene origin of Neotropical woody bamboos, the observed karyotype stability suggests that the analyzed species are diploidized paleopolyploids. The results reveal the conservative cytomolecular organization of Neotropical woody bamboo karyotypes, which helps to improve our understanding of the evolution of this group.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the post-harvest quality and the final storage time of the hydroponic crisp lettuce ‘Brida’, conditioned in different types of plastic packaging and environments. The statistical design was a completely randomized 3x2 factorial design, with 3 types of packages (control (without plastic packaging), perforated plastic packaging and closed plastic packaging) and 2 types of environments refrigerated (± 5 °C) and non-refrigerated (± 23 °C). Fresh leaf weight loss, relative SPAD content, total soluble solids content (TSS), pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and final storage time were measured. There was a decrease in the parameters of fresh mass, acidity, total soluble solids, and relative content of SPAD chlorophyll in refrigerated lettuce compared to uncooled. The use of packages also influenced post-harvest quality and closed packs resulted in lower values. It is concluded that the post-harvest quality of lettuce is better when they are refrigerated and packed in sealed packages.

ABSTRACT. Tissue culture techniques have been employed for bromeliad mass propagation by means of the morphogenetic route of nodular cluster cultures (NCs). This study aimed to assess protein, carbohydrate and global DNA methylation (GDM) level dynamics during NCs induction from Vriesea reitzii seeds. Seeds were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium supplemented with 4 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to induce NCs and in culture medium without plant growth regulators to form normal seedlings. Samples collected at 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days of culture were analyzed. All parameters assessed showed the same variation pattern. However, seeds inducing NCs showed significantly lower starch (6.0 mg g-1 FM), carbohydrate (10.7 mg g-1 FM) and GDM (11.0%) levels than seeds forming normal seedlings after 21 days in culture. On the other hand, the protein content (9.1 mg g-1 FM) was significantly higher during induction. NCs induction process through seeds is the result of gene reprogramming in the explant, which leads to morphological, biochemical and metabolic alterations. This involves dedifferentiation, high cell proliferation, high energy demand and protein synthesis, which is related to elevated metabolic activity.

RESUMO As plantas cultivadas em sistemas a campo e em hidroponia apresentam grandes diferenças em relação a disponibilidade hídrica e nutricional, afetando o ciclo de desenvolvimento e metabólico, a anatomia dos órgãos e o desempenho das plantas devido a mudanças no comportamento fisiológico e bioquímico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de plantas de alface da cultivar Crocantela (Lactuca sativa) cultivadas em sistema hidropônico e em vasos, através de análises de parâmetros de crescimento e fisiológicos relacionados aos processos fotossintéticos. Foram avaliados a produção de massa seca (MS), massa fresca (MF), número de folhas (NF), densidade de estômatos, teores de clorofila, carotenoides, açúcares e amido. Por proporcionar melhores condições nutricionais, principalmente em relação aos macronutrientes, plantas cultivadas em sistema hidropônico apresentaram diferenças significativas na concentração de clorofila a (0,4481 mg/g), b (0,1233 mg/g) e total (0,5714 mg/g), além de maior biomassa comparadas às plantas cultivadas em vaso (MF: 342,69 g; MS: 21,13 g; NF: 17,75 g). A menor disponibilidade hídrica para plantas cultivadas em vaso influenciou o aumento da concentração de carboidratos e a densidade estomática nas folhas (adaxial: 45,83 estômatos/mm2; abaxial: 64,75 estômatos/mm2) das plantas de alface.

ABSTRACT Conventional soil and hydroponic growing systems have inherent differences in water and nutritional availability. These differences may affect plant physiological development and biochemistry. The objective of this study was to evaluate lettuce (Lactica sativa) cv. ‘Crocantela’development in either a hydroponic system or in soil through analyses of vegetative growth; chlorophyll abundance; and sugar and starch content. We evaluated the dry mass (DM), fresh mass (FM), number of leaves (LN), stomatal density and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, sugars and starch. Due to the improved nutritional conditions, especially in relation to macronutrients, plants grown in hydroponic system presented significant differences in chlorophyll a (0.4481 mg/g), b (0.1233 mg/g) and total chlorophyll content (0.5714 mg/g), as well as greater biomass when compared to plants cultivated in pots (FM: 342.69 g; DM: 21.13 g; NL: 17.75 g). The lower water availability for plants cultivated in pots influenced the increase in carbohydrate concentration and stomatal density in leaves (adaxial: 45.83 stomates/mm2; abaxial: 64.75 stomates/mm2) of lettuce plants.

Resumo Cattleya xanthina é uma orquídea neotropical endêmica da Mata Atlântica brasileira, com alto risco de extinção. Neste trabalho analisamos diferentes meios de cultura sobre o desenvolvimento de C. xanthina, e seu status de nitrogênio endógeno. Meios de cultura estudados: Knudson C (KC), Vacin & Went (VW) e Murashige & Skoog (MS), e o meio MS com metade da concentração de nutrientes (MS/2). Após 180 dias, as plantas foram transferidas para o meio MS com diferentes concentrações de NAA e BA. Em cada tratamento, foram analisados parâmetros biométricos e níveis endógenos de pigmentos fotossintéticos, proteína total, nitrato e íons de amônio. As plantas cultivadas em meio KC apresentaram menor concentração de nitrogênio, mas exibiram o maior desenvolvimento, produção de pigmentos fotossintéticos e proteína total. Os resultados dos reguladores de crescimento mostraram que a maior concentração de auxina estimulou o desenvolvimento radicular e a produção de pigmentos, e a maior concentração de citocinina promoveu síntese proteica e o desenvolvimento caulinar. A aclimatização mais bem sucedida foi obtida quando uma mistura de Sphagnum e casca de Pinus foi usada como substrato.

Abstract Cattleya xanthina is a Neotropical orchid endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, at high risk of extinction. In this paper, we investigated the effects of different culture media on C. xanthina as well as on their endogenous nitrogen status. Culture media studied: Knudson C (KC), Vacin and Went (VW), and Murashige and Skoog (MS), the latter used at two different concentration (full and half-strength; MS/2). After 180 days, plants were transferred to MS medium with different NAA and BA concentrations. In each treatment, biometric parameters were measured and the endogenous levels of photosynthetic pigments, total protein, nitrate and ammonium ions were quantified. Plants grown on KC medium had the lowest concentration of nitrogen but exhibited the greatest shoot development, production of photosynthetic pigments and total protein. Results of growth regulators showed that the highest concentration of auxin stimulated root development and the production of photosynthetic pigments, and that a higher concentration of cytokinin promoted protein synthesis and the development of shoots. Most successful acclimatization was obtained when a mixture of Sphagnum and Pinus bark was used as the substrate.

A Mata Atlântica é um hotspot de biodiversidade, e as bromélias são um grupo taxonômico bastante comum presente neste bioma. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os aspectos morfológicos e histoquímicos das sementes Vriesea friburgensis var paludosa L.B. Sm. As sementes são filiformes, com tegumento marrom e apêndices plumosos amarelados. Têm valores médios de 4,4 mm de comprimento, 0,5 mm de largura, e peso de 1.000 sementes de 683,8 mg. O tegumento apresenta compostos fenólicos. O amido é o principal componente de reserva no endosperma, porém ele também se apresenta em menores quantidades no embrião. O embrião ocupa um terço da semente e apresenta uma zona de constrição no eixo hipocotilo-radicula. Os resultados do presente trabalho contribuem na biologia e na delimitação taxonomia de V. friburgensis var. paludosa

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and bromeliads are omnipresent in this biome. This study was aimed at characterizing both morphological and histochemical aspects of Vriesea friburgensis var. paludosa L.B. Sm. seeds. The seeds are filiform with a brown seed coat and yellowish-colored plumose appendages. Seeds are typically 4.4 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, and 1000 seeds weigh 683.8 mg. The seed coat presents phenolic compounds. Starch represents the main reserve compound in the endosperm; however, it is also present in smaller amounts in the embryo. The embryo occupies one-third of the seed and has a zone of constriction in the hypocotyl-radicle axis. The results of this work will contribute to the overall biology of V. friburgensis var. paludosa , as well as its taxonomic delimitation.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a fertilidade e as reservas de C e N em gemas de ramos, na entrada da dormência e dormência plena, das variedades 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Nebbiolo'. Em um vinhedo de 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e outro de 'Nebbiolo', em São Joaquim (SC), foram coletadas gemas em ramos de ano, em duas épocas: na entrada da dormência (maio de 2012) e na dormência plena (agosto de 2012). Os tratamentos foram: (T1) gemas basais (1ª a 5ª); (T2) gemas medianas (6ª a 10ª), e (T3) gemas distais (11ª a 15ª). Em cada planta, foram coletados três ramos, um localizado no lado esquerdo, outro no lado direito e o terceiro no centro da planta. A presença ou ausência de primórdios de inflorescência foi realizada apenas nas gemas dos ramos coletados na dormência plena, usando um estereomicroscópio. Foram quantificados em gemas na entrada da dormência e na dormência plena, os teores de carboidratos solúveis totais, amido, proteínas totais, carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio total e relação C/N. A 'Cabernet Sauvignon' apresentou o maior número de gemas férteis na porção mediana dos ramos de ano. Mas, na cultivar 'Nebbiolo', o maior número de gemas férteis foi observado nas porções medianas e distais do ramo. As maiores concentrações de reservas de carbono nas gemas da 'Cabernet Sauvignon' podem ser responsáveis pela maior fertilidade de gemas. A carga de gemas férteis na 'Cabernet Sauvignon' pode ser aumentada com a poda de inverno média a longa e, na 'Nebbiolo', com poda longa, acima da 6ª gema, como o Guyot.

The aim of this study was to assess the fertility and C and N reserves in buds of shoots at the beginning of dormancy and complete dormancy of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Nebbiolo' varieties. In a 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Nebbiolo' vineyard in São Joaquim (SC), buds were collected from new shoots at the beginning of dormancy (May 2012) and at complete dormancy (August 2012) according to the following treatments: (T1) basal buds (1st to 5th), (T2) medial buds (6th to 10th) and (T3) apical buds (11th to 15th). Three shoots were collected from each plant, one located on the left side, one on the right side and the third in the center of the plant. Determination of the presence or absence of the beginning of inflorescence was performed only in the buds collected in complete dormancy, using a stereo microscope. The contents of total soluble carbohydrates, starch, total proteins, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ration were determined in buds at the beginning of dormancy and in complete dormancy. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' exhibited a greater number of fertile buds in the medial portion of the new shoots. But in the 'Nebbiolo' cultivar, the greatest number of fertile buds was observed in the medial and apical portions of the shoot. The greater carbon reserves in the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' buds may be responsible for the greater fertility of the buds. The fertile bud load in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' can be increased through medium to light winter pruning and in 'Nebbiolo', through light pruning above the 6th bud, as in Guyot.

A alface (Lactuca sativa L.) é a hortaliça folhosa mais consumida na alimentação do brasileiro, sendo boa fonte de vitaminas e de sais minerais. É largamente produzida no sistema convencional. No entanto, o cultivo hidropônico vem ganhando espaço no mercado, conquistando a confiança dos consumidores, cada vez mais exigentes com a qualidade dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de duas cultivares de alface, nos sistemas de cultivo hidropônico e convencional, para a produção de massa fresca (MF) e massa seca (MS), fotossíntese, teores de antocianinas e de clorofilas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: um no sistema de cultivo hidropônico (CH) e outro em cultivo convencional (no solo) (CC), realizados em ambientes protegido e desprotegido, respectivamente, no município de Florianópolis, SC. A cultivar Mimosa Verde (MV) apresentou maior peso de massa fresca, em comparação com Mimosa Roxa (MR), em ambos os sistemas de produção, e ambas as cultivares apresentaram melhor desempenho no sistema hidropônico (287,7 g MV e 139,1 g MR), em relação ao convencional (129,7 g MV e 111,8 g MR). A cultivar MV apresentou menores teores médios de clorofila total (7,7 mg g-¹ MF), quando comparada com MR (11,8 mg g-¹ MF) e ambas apresentaram teores médios mais elevados dessa variável no cultivo hidropônico. Para a cultivar MR, os teores de antocianinas, no cultivo convencional, foram superiores (88,24 mg g-¹ MF) aos do cultivo hidropônico (36,89 mg g-¹ MF). Os melhores resultados para a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, com relação à densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos, foram observados no cultivo hidropônico, para ambas as cultivares. Também se observou variação nos teores de clorofila, que foram maiores no ambiente protegido do sistema hidropônico, e antocianinas, que foram maiores no cultivo convencional.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most commonly consumed leaf vegetable in the Brazilian diet, and it is a good source of vitamins and minerals. It is widely grown in the conventional farming system. However, the hydroponic farming system has been gaining importance in the market, wining confidence from consumers, who are becoming increasingly more demanding on food quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two lettuce cultivars on hydroponic and conventional farming systems for the production of fresh mass (FM) and dry mass (DM), photosynthesis, contents of chlorophyll and anthocyanin. The following two experiments were carried out: hydroponics farming (HF) and conventional farming (CF), performed in protect and unprotect environments, respectively, in Florianópolis, SC. Mimosa Verde cultivar (MV) showed greater fresh mass than Mimosa Roxa (MR), in both farming systems and the two cultivars presented better performance in the hydroponic system (287.7 g MV and 139.1 g MR) than the conventional system (129.7 g MV and 111.8 g MR). Mimosa Verde cultivar presented lower average contents of total chlorophyll (7.7 mg g-¹ FM) than Mimosa Roxa (11.8 mg g-¹FM), and both cultivars displayed higher means for this variable in the hydroponic farming system. Mimosa Roxa presented higher contents of anthocyanin in the conventional system (88.24 mg g-¹ FM) than the ones in the hydroponic system (36.89 mg g-¹ FM). The best results for CO2 net assimilation rate regarded to photosyntheticaly active photon flux density were found in the hydroponic system, for both lettuce cultivars. Variation in the contents of chlorophyll were also found. Those variations were higher in the protected system than in the hydroponic system and contents of anthocyanin were higher in the conventional system.

A inoculação de plântulas no viveiro com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) é uma estratégia biotecnológica para aumentar o crescimento, a sobrevivência após o transplantio, e a produção de biomassa e reduzir o uso de fertilizantes. Archontophoenix alexandrae e Euterpe edulis são espécies de palmeiras usadas no sul do Brasil para produzir o palmito - a última espécie incluída na lista daquelas ameaçadas devido à superexploração das suas populações nativas. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar o efeito da inoculação micorrízica no crescimento e parâmetros fisiológicos de A. alexandrae e E. edulis. Após a germinação, as plântulas foram submetidas aos tratamentos de inoculação micorrízica (FMA) ou não inoculadas (CTL). Os conteúdos de clorofila, biomassa e fósforo da parte aérea não foram significativamente diferentes entre os tratamentos após cinco meses em casa de vegetação. A inoculação alterou significativamente os níveis de amido e carboidratos solúveis na parte aérea e nas raízes de ambas as espécies. Em campo, os FMAs não tiveram efeito no diâmetro do caule e na altura após 12 e 24 meses, porém a biomassa total e a biomassa de folhas, caule e raízes foram maiores em plantas inoculadas, comparadas com plantas controle. Os resultados indicam que a inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares no viveiro tem papel importante no acúmulo de biomassa após 24 meses de transplantio para o campo. Assim, a inoculação micorrízica deve ser considerada uma importante estratégia para aumentar o crescimento e a produção dessas espécies de palmeiras tropicais que possuem importância econômica e ambiental.

Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of tree seedlings in the nursery is a biotechnological strategy to improve growth, survival after transplanting, biomass production and to reduce the use of fertilizers. Archontophoenix alexandrae and Euterpe edulis are palm species used in southern Brazil to produce the palm heart, the latter being included in the list of threatened species due to the overexploitation of its native population. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on growth and physiological parameters of A. alexandrae and E. edulis. After germination, the seedlings were inoculated (AMF) or not (CTL) with AMF in the treatments. Values of chlorophyll content, biomass and shoot phosphorus were not statistically different between the AMF and CTL treatments, after five months in the greenhouse. Inoculation with AMF significantly increased the levels of starch and soluble carbohydrates in shoots and roots of both species. Under field conditions, AMF had no effect on stem diameter and height after 12 and 24 months, but total plant biomass and leaf, stem and root biomass were greater in AMF than in CTL plants. The data indicated that AMF inoculation in the nursery has a strong effect on biomass accumulation after growing for 24 months under field conditions. Therefore, AMF inoculation should be considered an important strategy to increase growth and production of these economically important tropical palm species.

A associação micorrízica arbuscular estabelecida entre os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs - Filo Glomeromycota) e as raízes das plantas tem papel fundamental na sobrevivência e nutrição das plantas. Nesta revisão, é salientado que a tríade floresta ciliar-fixação de carbono-fungos micorrízicos arbusculares deve ser considerada uma estratégia ambientalmente correta para recuperar áreas outrora ocupadas por florestas ciliares. São apresentadas brevemente as classes de solos que ocorrem em ambientes ripários e a entrada de carbono (C) nos ecossistemas terrestres. Posteriormente, é enfatizado que os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares possuem papel importante no processo de fixação de carbono no solo, visto seus efeitos na absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas e aumento na produção de biomassa vegetal em espécies arbóreas, principalmente espécies pioneiras e secundárias iniciais, utilizadas na recuperação de florestas ciliares. Outrossim, as hifas externas desses fungos impactam a estrutura do solo tanto fisicamente, pela ação física das hifas, como bioquimicamente, pela produção de uma glicoproteína. As estruturas diferenciadas pelos fungos, como esporos e hifas, também servem como via de entrada de C no solo, por meio de componentes celulares ricos em C. A recuperação de florestas ciliares pelo plantio de espécies arbóreas resulta na emergência de um novo serviço ambiental: a fixação de C, a qual pode ser incrementada quando no processo de recuperação seja considerada a inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal association established between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF-phylum Glomeromycota) and plant roots plays an essential role in plant survival and nutrition. In this review, the idea is outlined that the triad "riparian forest-carbon sequestration-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi" should be taken into consideration as an environmentally compatible strategy for the recovery of areas formerly covered by riparian forests. We briefly discuss the soil classes found in riparian areas and the C input in terrestrial ecosystems. AMF play an important role in the carbon sequestration process, in view of their effects on plant nutrient uptake and biomass increase in woody species, mainly of those pioneer and late secondary species used in the revegetation of riparian forests. Moreover, external AMF hyphae affect the soil structure physically, through the physical binding of soil particles by hyphae, and biochemically, by the production of a glycoprotein. The structures differentiated by AMF as spores and hyphae also represent a C input in the soil by C-rich cell compounds. The restoration of riparian forests with woody species results in the emergence of a new environmental service: C fixation incremented with mycorrhizal inoculation of the seedlings for revegetation.