ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on temperament traits in a Brahman cattle population. The SNP located in CACNG4, EXOC4, NRXN3, and SLC9A4 candidate genes were genotyped in 250 animals with temperament records of exit velocity, pen score, and temperament score. Rs3423464051:G>A in the CACNG4 gene was associated with exit velocity and temperament score. An in silico analysis of the five intronic SNP showed that alternative alleles of CACNG4-rs3423464051, EXOC4-rs109393235, and SLC9A4-rs109722627 SNP could alter branch point sites during splicing, while a protein–protein interaction network analysis demonstrated a GRIA2 gene-mediated interaction between CACNG4 and NRXN3. The present results support previously reported evidence regarding bovine temperament-related candidate genes, particularly CACNG4, which is a confirmed candidate gene in need of more detailed analyses to reveal its role in temperament-related traits. (SNP population CACNG EXOC4 EXOC NRXN3 NRXN SLCA SLC A SLC9A 25 score Rs3423464051G>A Rs3423464051GA RsGA Rs3423464051 G>A G Rs CACNG4rs3423464051, CACNG4rs3423464051 CACNGrs rs3423464051, rs3423464051 rs CACNG4-rs3423464051 EXOC4rs109393235, EXOC4rs109393235 EXOCrs rs109393235, rs109393235 EXOC4-rs109393235 SLC9A4rs109722627 SLCArs rs109722627 SLC9A4-rs10972262 splicing proteinprotein protein GRIA genemediated mediated temperamentrelated related 2 Rs3423464051G GA Rs342346405 CACNG4rs342346405 rs342346405 CACNG4-rs342346405 EXOC4rs10939323 rs10939323 EXOC4-rs10939323 SLC9A4rs10972262 rs10972262 SLC9A4-rs1097226 RsG Rs34234640 CACNG4rs34234640 rs34234640 CACNG4-rs34234640 EXOC4rs1093932 rs1093932 EXOC4-rs1093932 SLC9A4rs1097226 rs1097226 SLC9A4-rs109722 Rs3423464 CACNG4rs3423464 rs3423464 CACNG4-rs3423464 EXOC4rs109393 rs109393 EXOC4-rs109393 SLC9A4rs109722 rs109722 SLC9A4-rs10972 Rs342346 CACNG4rs342346 rs342346 CACNG4-rs342346 EXOC4rs10939 rs10939 EXOC4-rs10939 SLC9A4rs10972 rs10972 SLC9A4-rs1097 Rs34234 CACNG4rs34234 rs34234 CACNG4-rs34234 EXOC4rs1093 rs1093 EXOC4-rs1093 SLC9A4rs1097 rs1097 SLC9A4-rs109 Rs3423 CACNG4rs3423 rs3423 CACNG4-rs3423 EXOC4rs109 rs109 EXOC4-rs109 SLC9A4rs109 SLC9A4-rs10 Rs342 CACNG4rs342 rs342 CACNG4-rs342 EXOC4rs10 rs10 EXOC4-rs10 SLC9A4rs10 SLC9A4-rs1 Rs34 CACNG4rs34 rs34 CACNG4-rs34 EXOC4rs1 rs1 EXOC4-rs1 SLC9A4rs1 SLC9A4-rs Rs3 CACNG4rs3 rs3 CACNG4-rs3 EXOC4rs EXOC4-rs SLC9A4rs CACNG4rs CACNG4-rs

Abstract Animals that exhibited estrus had greater pregnancy success compared to animals that did not exhibit estrus before fixed-time AI (FTAI). Estradiol is synthesized in bovine ovarian follicles under gonadotropin regulation and can directly and indirectly regulate the uterine receptivity and luteal function. Estradiol concentrations at FTAI impacted oviductal gene expression and has been reported to play an important role in establishing the timing of uterine receptivity. These changes have been reported to impact uterine pH and sperm transport to the site of fertilization. After fertilization, preovulatory estradiol has been reported to improve embryo survival likely by mediating changes in uterine blood flow, endometrial thickness and changes in histotroph. Cows with greater estradiol concentrations at the time of GnRH-induced ovulation also had a larger dominant follicle size and greater circulating progesterone concentrations on day 7. Therefore, it is impossible to accurately determine the individual benefit of greater estradiol concentrations prior to ovulation and greater progesterone concentrations following ovulation to pregnancy establishment, as these two measurements are confounded. Research has indicated an importance in the occurrence and timing of increasing preovulatory concentrations of estradiol, but increasing estradiol concentrations by supplementation may not be sufficient to increase fertility. Increased production of estradiol by the preovulatory follicle may be required to enhance fertility through the regulation of sperm transport, fertilization, oviductal secretions, the uterine environment, and embryo survival. fixedtime fixed FTAI. . (FTAI) function fertilization flow histotroph GnRHinduced GnRH induced 7 Therefore establishment confounded secretions environment (FTAI

Oxidative stress occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer disease, significantly before the development of the pathologic hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. In the first stage of development of the disease, amyloid-β deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau function as compensatory responses and downstream adaptations to ensure that neuronal cells do not succumb to oxidative damage. These findings suggest that Alzheimer disease is associated with a novel balance in oxidant homeostasis.

Oxidative stress is the earliest feature of Alzheimer disease and an attractive therapeutic target. One of the major challenges today is to establish the source of the reactive oxygen and to determine the role of oxidative stress in the etiology of Alzheimer disease. This is a complex issue since a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes are involved in the formation of reactive oxygen and other toxic molecules. In this review, we discuss progress in the understanding of these processes

La presencia de estrés oxidativo es la característica más temprana de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), lo cual proporciona un atractivo objetivo para intervenciones terapéuticas. Entre los mayores retos que se presentan actualmente están el establecimiento de la fuente de estrés oxidativo y la determinación de cómo este proceso puede influir en la etiología de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Este es un tema complejo, pues varios procesos, enzimáticos y no-enzimáticos, están implicados en la formación de oxígeno reactivo y otras moléculas tóxicas. En este artículo discutimos el progreso en el entendimiento de estos procesos

The collection of dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper provides a powerful approach for the development of large-scale, population-based screening programs. DBS methods are particularly valuable in developing countries and isolated rural regions where resources are limited. Large numbers of field specimens can be economically collected and shipped to centralized reference laboratories for genetic and (or) serological analysis. Alternatively, the dried blood can be stored and used as an archival resource to rapidly establish the frequency and distribution of newly recognized mutations, confirm patient identity or track the origins and emergence of newly identified pathogens. In this report, we describe how PCR-based technologies are beginning to interface with international screening programmes for the diagnosis and genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In particular, we review recent progress using DBS specimens to resolve the HIV-1 infection status of neonates, monitor the genetic evolution of HIV-1 during early infancy and establish a sentinel surveillance system for the systematic monitoring of HIV-1 genetic variation in Asia.