ABSTRACT People with Trisomy 21 (T21) have generalized hypotonia, also manifesting in oral structures. The palatal memory plate (PMP) is a removable appliance to improve tongue and lip posture. The evidence of research elucidates an improvement in oral motor function in children with T21 up to the age of 2 who received PMP-based therapy, with only limited, scanty reports in the literature concerning older children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of modified PMP on an oral motor function in patients over 2 years old. Two patients with T21, aged 4 and 3, with absence of lip seal and tongue malposition, were subjected to PMP-based therapy for 6 months. The patients were evaluated for an extra and intra oral exam; their parents answered a questionnaire about their children's habitual tongue and lip position. Two-minute footage to record orofacial motor functions was performed monthly, during follow-up appointments to assess the changes. The substantial improvement of tongue and lip posture was observed after 6 months of plate regular use. PMP has proved to be clinically effective in children over 2 years old, presented with T21, leading to improvement of lip and tongue posture, observed by parents and professionals. T (T21 hypotonia structures (PMP T2 PMPbased based limited Therefore old 3 malposition exam childrens s position Twominute minute monthly followup follow changes use professionals (T2 (T

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a efetividade de protocolos de escleroterapia com diferentes diluições de oleato de etanolamina no tratamento de varizes orais. Métodos: Dados clínicos e imagens de 14 casos tratados com escleroterapia foram avaliados, sendo realizado análises descritivas. Resultados: As mulheres (58%) e a cor de pele branca (83%) prevaleceram na amostra. A idade variou entre 14 e 79 anos, com média de 47 anos (DP = 19 anos). As localizações anatômicas mais comuns foram a mucosa jugal e o lábio inferior. O volume final do agente esclerosante (Ethamolin®) variou de 0,4 a 4,3ml e a concentração variou de 5% a 100%. O número de sessões variou de 1 a 12 e o número de pontos por aplicação foi de 1 a 7 pontos. Dor e edema foram observados em 43% e 29% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Conclusão: A escleroterapia com oleato de monoetanolamina diluído em anestésico é uma opção segura e eficaz para o tratamento das varizes orais, independentemente da concentração. No entanto, edema e dor parecem estar diretamente associados ao aumento da concentração do medicamento.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aim to evaluate the effectiveness of sclerotherapy protocols with different dilutions of ethanolamine oleate in the treatment of oral varicose veins. Methods: Clinical data and images of 14 cases treated with sclerotherapy were analyzed and descriptive analyses were performed. Results: Females (58%) and white skin color (83%) prevailed. Age varied between 14 and 79 years, with 47 years on mean (SD = 19 years). The most common anatomical locations were the buccal mucosa and lower lip. The final volume of the sclerosing agent (Ethamolin®) ranged from 0.4 to 4.3ml and the concentration ranged from 5% to 100%. The number of sessions ranged from 1 to 12 and the number of points per application was 1 to 7 points. Pain and edema were seen in 43% and 29% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy with monoethanolamine oleate diluted in anesthetic is a safe and effective option for the treatment of this lesion, regardless of concentration. However, edema and pain seem to be directly associated with increased drug concentration.

Abstract Background: Psoriasis is a skin-articular disease with unclear etiopathogenesis. It has been suggested that the disease is immune-mediated by T-lymphocytes, predominantly Th17 cells. Similar to psoriasis, geographic tongue is an inflammatory disease with participation of Th17 cells and direct correlation with psoriasis. Objective: To investigate and compare the inflammatory responses and the Th17 pathway in psoriasis and geographic tongue. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 46 participants that were categorized into three groups: (A) patients with psoriasis vulgaris; (B) patients with geographic tongue and psoriasis; (C) patients with geographic tongue without psoriasis. All patients underwent physical examination, and a skin and oral biopsy for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis with anti-IL6, anti-IL17, and anti-IL23 antibodies. Results: Histological analysis of all lesions showed mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. However, moderate intensity was prevalent for the patients with geographic tongue and psoriasis and geographic tongue groups. Immunopositivity for the antibodies anti-IL6, anti-IL17, and anti-IL23 revealed cytoplasmic staining, mainly basal and parabasal, in both psoriasis and geographic tongue. Regarding IL-6, in patients with geographic tongue and psoriasis cases the staining was stronger than in patients with geographic tongue without psoriasis cases. IL-17 evidenced more pronounced and extensive staining when compared to the other analyzed interleukins. IL-23 presented similar immunopositivity for both geographic tongue and psoriasis, demonstrating that the neutrophils recruited into the epithelium were stained. Study limitation: This study was limited by the number of cases. Conclusion: The inflammatory process and immunostaining of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 were similar in geographic tongue and psoriasis, suggesting the existence of a type of geographic tongue that represents an oral manifestation of psoriasis.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre língua fissurada e ansiedade. Métodos: A amostra consistiu em 95 participantes divididos em dois grupos: a) G-LF, 48 pacientes com língua fissurada e b) CG, 47 participantes saudáveis. Os pacientes foram submetidos aos exames orais e dermatológicos. Os níveis de ansiedade foram medidos utilizando o Inventário de Ansiedade de Traçado do Estado (IDATE). Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Quatorze (30%) pacientes relataram ter consciência de língua fissurada e 9 (64%) eram mulheres. Sintomas como sensação de queimação foram relatados por apenas 3 (6%) pacientes. Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo controle apresentou esses sintomas. Nos dois grupos, controle e língua fissurada, os escores médios de ansiedade-tração foram ligeiramente superiores ao estado-ansiedade. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre grupo língua fissurada e o grupo controle, relacionado ao estado-ansiedade (p = 0,724) e os achados traço-ansiedade (p = 0,680). Limitação: Este estudo é limitado devido o tamanho da amostra. Conclusão: Embora tenham sido determinados valores moderados de ansiedade de estado e traço-ansiedade, a ansiedade, como fator ambiental, pode não desempenhar um papel significativo no desenvolvimento de língua fissurada. Considerando língua fissurada como uma doença multifatorial, é necessário um componente genético para a expressão.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between FT and anxiety. Methods: The sample consisted of 95 participants categorized into two groups: a) G-FT, 48 patients with FT and b) CG, 47 healthy participants. All patients were submitted to complete oral and dermatological examinations. The anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Fourteen (30%) patients reported awareness of having FT and 9 (64%) were women. Symptoms like burning feeling were reported by 3 (6%) only patients, all of then women. None of the control group patients presented these symptoms. In both groups, control and FT, the average scores of trait-anxiety were slightly higher than state-anxiety. There were no statistically significant differences between the FT and the control group related to the state-anxiety (p=0.724) and the trait-anxiety (p=0.680) scores. Study limitations: This study was limited by the number of subjects. Conclusion: Although moderate state-anxiety and trait-anxiety scores were determined, anxiety, as an environmental factor may not play a significant role in the development of FT. Considering FT as a multifactorial disease, probably a genetic component is necessary for expression.

Abstract: Background: An oral condition associated to psoriasis is benign migratory glossitis. The review of the literature does not show any publication about heritability in both soriasis and benign migratory glossitis and prevalence of psoriasis in the Brazilian population. Objective: This research was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of psoriasis and benign migratory glossitis in the Brazilian population from a Brazilian sample, as well as the heritability in these conditions. Methods: Six thousand patients were studied from the records of the outpatient dermatology department. The sample had 129 patients with cutaneous psoriasis, 399 with benign migratory glossitis without psoriasis and a control group with 5,472 patients. After data collection, the statistical analysis was made using Woolf, Chi-square and Falconer tests. Results: The prevalence of psoriasis was 2.15% and the benign migratory glossitis was 7.0%. The prevalence of benign migratory glossitis in the psoriasis group was high (16.3%), and that was statistically significant. Family history in the psoriasis group was 38% for the condition itself and 2,75% for benign migratory glossitis and in the benign migratory glossitis group was 17.54% for the condition itself and 1.5% for psoriasis. The study of heritability was 38.8% for psoriasis and 36.6% for benign migratory glossitis, both with medium heritability. Study limitations: This study was only in the state of São Paulo. Conclusion: This is the first publication that quantifies how much of these conditions have a genetic background and how important the environmental factors are in triggering them.

Abstract: Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of unknown etiology. It is characterized by serpiginous white areas around the atrophic mucosa, which alternation between activity, remission and reactivation at various locations gave the names benign migratory glossitis and wandering rash of the tongue. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with frequent cutaneous involvement and an immunogenetic basis of great importance in clinical practice. The association between geographic tongue and psoriasis has been demonstrated in various studies, based on observation of its fundamental lesions, microscopic similarity between the two conditions and the presence of a common genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-C*06. The difficulty however in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is the fact that not all patients with geographic tongue present psoriasis. Some authors believe that the prevalence of geographic tongue would be much greater if psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. This study aimed to develop a literature review performed between 1980 and 2014, in which consultation of theses, dissertations and selected scientific articles were conducted through search in Scielo and Bireme databases, from Medline and Lilacs sources, relating the common characteristics between geographic tongue and psoriasis. We observed that the frequency of oral lesions is relatively common, but to establish a correct diagnosis of oral psoriasis, immunohistochemical and genetic histopathological analyzes are necessary, thus highlighting the importance of oral examination in psoriatic patients and cutaneous examination in patients with geographic tongue.

Introdução: Espécies de Candida fazem parte da microbiota normal de indivíduos sadios, residindo como comensais. Entretanto, podem tornar-se patogênicas caso ocorram alterações nos mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro ou comprometimento das barreiras anatômicas. A candidíase é a infecção fúngica mais frequente na mucosa oral, causada principalmente pela Candida albicans. O diagnóstico baseia-se nos aspectos clínicos e nos sintomas, em conjunto com os métodos laboratoriais. Objetivos: Avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do método de Gram na identificação da Candida spp. em raspados de mucosa oral e avaliar o grau de concordância entre os métodos clínico e citopatológico no diagnóstico de candidíase oral. Material e métodos: Teste cego de 171 esfregaços, provenientes dos pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro da Universidade Federal Fluminense (HUAP/UFF), corados pelas colorações de Gram (n = 57), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) (n = 57) e Papanicolaou (n = 57). Resultados: A análise comparativa entre os métodos revelou que no PAS há maior prevalência de Candida spp. (12%) em relação ao Gram; todavia, não há diferença significativa entre os resultados. Dos casos com diagnóstico clínico de candidíase, 93% foram confirmados pela citopatologia. Conclusão: A coloração pelo Gram mostrou-se adequada, sendo necessário intensificar o treinamento do profissional para a identificação das estruturas morfológicas do fungo. Apesar de o Papanicolaou representar o método mais utilizado na rotina citopatológica para diagnóstico da candidíase, também se indica a utilização do PAS concomitantemente. Desse modo, sugere-se que o diagnóstico de candidíase seja realizado por meio de avaliação clínica associada à análise citopatológica, com base na presença de hifas e/ou pseudo-hifas.

Introduction: Candida species are part of the normal microbiota of healthy subjects, living as commensals. However, they can become pathogenic when changes in the mechanisms of host defense or disruption of anatomic barriers occur. Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity, mainly caused by Candida albicans. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and clinical aspects, in association with laboratory methods. Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Gram’s method for Candida spp. identification in scrapes from the buccal mucosa and evaluate the degree of concordance between clinical and cytological methods in the diagnosis of oral candidiasis. Material and methods: A blind study was performed in 170 smears from patients of Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro of Universidade Federal Fluminense (HUAP/UFF), stained by Gram (n = 57), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) (n = 57) and Papanicolaou (Pap) (n = 57) methods. Results: The comparative analysis of the methods demonstrated a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (12%) in PAS than in Gram staining, without statistic significance. The cytology method was positive in 93% of the clinical diagnosis of candidiasis. Conclusion: Gram was an adequate method; however more intensive professional training would be necessary to identify the fungus morphological structures. Although Pap test is the most common method of routine cytopathologic examination, for candidiasis diagnosis PAS staining is also recommended. Thus, it is suggested that candidiasis diagnosis should be accomplished by clinical evaluation in association with cytopathological analysis based on the identification of hyphae and/or pseudohyphae.