ABSTRACT Background: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are a global health issue, leading to high mortality and morbidity among hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective, observational and descriptive study was conducted by reviewing blood culture records collected from patients with suspected BSI, between January 2017 and December 2019. Results: The most frequent antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens were methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) (40%), methicillin-resistantS. epidermidis (MRSE) (9.5%), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (35.3%). Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of continued vigilance and advocate for the rational use of antimicrobial agents. Background BSI (BSI issue Methods retrospective 201 2019 Results AMR (AMR methicillinresistantStaphylococcus methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureusMRSA aureus MRSA aureus(MRSA 40%, 40 40% , (40%) methicillinresistantS. methicillinresistantS resistantS. resistantS methicillin-resistantS MRSE (MRSE 9.5%, 95 9.5% 9 5 (9.5%) extendedspectrum extended spectrum betalactamase beta lactamase ESBLproducing ESBL producing 35.3%. 353 35.3% . 35 3 (35.3%) Conclusions agents 20 4 (40% 9.5 (9.5% 35.3 (35.3% 2 (40 9. (9.5 35. (35.3 (4 (9. (35. ( (9 (35 (3

Abstract Knowledge about the prevalence of concussion in combat sports is important information to keep athletes’ and practitioners’ physical integrity in different modalities such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). Therefore, this study aimed to compare concussions incidence in BJJ between men and women practitioners. A randomized sample of 779 (689 men and 90 women) BJJ practitioners (age: 32.4± 9.8 years, training-time: 57.3± 54.4 months, training frequency: 3.4± 1.3 times/week). The injury analysis was done using a questionnaire with demographic data and a survey about concussions. The main results showed that women had a significantly higher frequency of concussions in training than men [38 (41%) women vs 147 men (20,5%); p ≤ 0.001]. Furthermore, women had a significantly higher frequency of loss of consciousness than men [13 (8.8%) men vs 4 (11%) women; p = 0.009], among the symptoms resulting from a concussion, headache, dizziness, and loss of balance, represented the most common symptoms in those affected by concussion, regardless of gender. The results of this study may be helpful to athletes, coaches, and federations to prevent this type of injury, mainly in women.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dental caries remains the most frequent chronic disease in childhood and is considered a public health problem. Fluoride has proven effectiveness in the prevention of caries and drinking water is the main source of fluoride intake. The objective of this study was to determine fluoride concentrations in tap water from 10 areas and in 10 bottled waters sold in the Region of Murcia. Materials and Methods: The concentration of fluoride in water was determined using a fluoride ion-selective electrode with a direct technique previously calibrated with standard fluoride concentrations prepared with TISAB II. Results: In tap water, fluoride concentrations from 0.09 to 0.18 mgF/L (ppm) were detected; in bottled waters the concentration of fluoride varied from 0.04 to 0.50 ppm. Conclusion: Fluoride is present in the water consumed in the Region of Murcia but in concentrations that do not prevent dental caries. Fluoride supplements should be prescribed in children at high risk of caries, and for this, all external sources of fluoride intake, including water, must be accounted for.

RESUMEN Introducción: La caries sigue siendo la enfermedad crónica más frecuente en el niño y es considerada un problema de salud pública. El flúor es la principal medida protectora contra la caries dental y el agua de consumo es la principal fuente de ingesta de flúor. Objetivo: El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue calcular la concentración de ión fluoruro en el agua de abastecimiento de 10 zonas y en 10 aguas embotelladas comercializadas en la Región de Murcia. Material y Métodos: La concentración de fluoruro en las aguas se determinó con un electrodo ion-selectivo para flúor previamente calibrado con patrones de fluoruro preparados con TISAB II. Resultados: En el agua de abastecimiento, se detectaron concentraciones de fluoruro entre 0.09 y 0.18 mgF/L (ppm) en las aguas embotelladas la concentración de fluoruro varió desde 0.04 a 0.50 ppm. Conclusiones: El fluoruro está presente en aguas consumidas en la Región de Murcia pero en concentraciones que no alcanzan niveles preventivos para la caries dental. Es necesario prescribir suplementos de flúor en niños con alto riesgo de caries y para ello se deben contabilizar todas las fuentes externas de flúor, incluido el agua.

Resumo: A substituição de florestas tropicais por sistemas de produção representa uma das principais fontes de alteração nos ecossistemas de riachos. Contudo, a composição atual das assembleias também depende do tempo decorrente desde o início dessas transformações e, desta forma, o conhecimento de cenários históricos variados pode facilitar a realização de ações que envolvam a recuperação de ambientes aquáticos. Neste estudo, foi realizado o inventário dos peixes de riachos em bacias cujo desmatamento foi intensificado nos últimos 20 anos, para compor uma linha de base que possa ser usada em estudos ecológicos e taxonômicos. Foram amostradas as variáveis do hábitat, físicas e químicas e os peixes de 60 riachos da região noroeste do estado de Mato Grosso, nas bacias dos rios Aripuanã e Juruena. No total, 130 espécies foram registradas, com predominância numérica de pequenos caracídeos e grande número de espécies raras, sendo 50 espécies representadas por menos que dez indivíduos e 19 por apenas um indivíduo. Aproximadamente 15% dos táxons amostrados foram identificados somente no nível genérico e vários precisam de estudos taxonômicos e moleculares mais detalhados para alcançar identificações satisfatórias. As espécies não-nativas foram representadas por dois exemplares e nenhuma espécie sabidamente ameaçada foi registrada. Embora a qualidade do hábitat seja superior nos riachos florestados, não houve diferenças na riqueza das assembleias quando comparada aos riachos de microbacias de pastagem, porém com faixa ripária florestada, ou com maior desmatamento. Contudo, a abundância foi maior nesses dois grupos de riachos, como resultado da dominância de caracídeos de pequeno porte.

Abstract: The replacement of tropical forests to production systems is one of the leading causes of riverine ecosystem alterations. However, current assemblages’ composition may also result from the time since these transformations have begun. Therefore, the knowledge of diversified historical scenarios can facilitate the accomplishment of actions that involve the aquatic environments recovery. In this study, an inventory of stream fish was carried out in basins whose deforestation was intensified in the last 20 years, to compose a baseline for ecological and taxonomic studies. The habitat, physical and chemical variables, and the fish assemblages from 60 streams in the northwest region of the state of Mato Grosso, in the Aripuanã and Juruena river basins, were sampled with standardized procedures. For a total of 130 species, a numerical predominance of small-sized Characidae and great rarity were registered, with 50 species represented by less than ten individuals and 19 singletons. Approximately 15% of the sampled taxa were identified only at the generic level, and for several taxa, more detailed taxonomic and molecular studies are required in order to achieve satisfactory identifications. None threatened species were so far reported. On the other hand, two specimens of non-native species were sampled. Although habitat quality is higher in forested streams, no differences in the species richness were registered when compared to the pasture with riparian forest streams or to more deforested streams. However, abundance was greater in these last two streams groups as a result of small-sized characins dominance.

Resumen: Antecedentes: la endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad con elevada morbimortalidad, la cual se encuentra en torno al 25%. Aproximadamente el 50% de los casos requiere tratamiento quirúrgico. En nuestro medio se desconocen las características clínicas y evolutivas de pacientes operados por endocarditis infecciosa activa. Objetivos: primario, determinar mortalidad operatoria (MO) y sobrevida a largo plazo; secundario, definir predictores de embolias, complicaciones locales (CL), MO y endocarditis protésica (EP) en la evolución. Métodos: trabajo retrospectivo y analítico. Se identificaron pacientes que recibieron cirugía cardíaca por endocarditis activa entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2017. Mediante regresión logística multivariada se identificaron predictores para los objetivos enunciados. Resultados: se incluyeron 101 pacientes. El microorganismo más frecuentemente encontrado fue Staphylococcus aureus (SA) (15,8%). La topografía fue protésica en 20,8%, aórtica en 46,5%, mitral en 23,8% y mitro-aórtica en 13,9%. La MO fue 11,3% y 29,5% (p=0,025), según ausencia o presencia de CL, único predictor independiente de mortalidad (OR=3,38). El 47,5% presentó CL, siendo la más frecuente el absceso (25,7%). Fueron predictores independientes: EP (OR=5,8), endocarditis valvular aórtica (OR=2,9) y sexo masculino (OR=3,5). La incidencia de EP precoz fue 3% y tardía 4%. El 30% de los pacientes adquirió la EI como consecuencia de un procedimiento médico invasivo en los 6 meses previos. De los siete pacientes con EP en la evolución, seis tenían CL (p<0,05). El 31,7% presentaba embolias, resultando predictores independientes: Staphylococcus aureus (OR=4,6), vegetación en el velo mitral posterior (OR=3,2) y antecedente de hipertensión arterial (OR=3,32). La sobrevida a cinco y diez años fue de 88,20%±0,04 y 81,50%±0,05 respectivamente. Conclusiones: la MO de la endocarditis activa en nuestro medio es similar a la reportada internacionalmente. La presencia de CL se asocia a EP en la evolución y resultó ser un predictor independiente de sobrevida a largo plazo, y de MO. La sobrevida a largo plazo es similar a la reportada internacionalmente. Se observó una alta incidencia de agentes intrahospitalarios y procedimientos invasivos como causas probables.

Summary: Introduction: infective endocarditis is a high morbidity and mortality disease, which is about 25%. About fifty percent of patients require heart surgery. In our environment, clinical and evolutionary characteristics of patients operated with active endocarditis are unknown. Objective: primary, determine operative mortality and long-term survival; secondary, define predictors of embolisms, local complications, operative mortality and prosthetic endocarditis in evolution. Methods: retrospective, analytical study. Patients who received cardiac surgery for active endocarditis between January 2006 and December 2017 were identified. Through multivariate logistic regression, predictors were identified for the stated objectives. Results: one hundred and one patients were included. The most frequently found microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%). The topography was prosthetic in 20.8%, aortic 46.5%, mitral 23.8% and mitro-aortic 13.9%. The operative mortality was 11.3% and 29.5% (p = 0.025) according to the absence or presence of local complications , the only independent predictor of mortality (OR = 3.32). Local complications were present in 47.5%, the most frequent were abscess (25.7%), independent predictors were: prosthetic endocarditis (OR=5.8), aortic endocarditis (OR=2.9) and male sex (OR=3.5). The incidence of early prosthetic endocarditis was 3% and late 4%. Thirty percent of patients acquired infective endocarditis as a result of an invasive medical procedure in the previous 6 months. Of the seven patients with prosthetic endocarditis in evolution, six had local complications (p <0.05). Embolic events were present in 31.7% of patients, were independent predictors: Staphylococcus aureus (OR=4.6), presence of vegetation in the posterior mitral leaflet (OR=3.2) and history of hypertension (OR=3.32). Survival at 5 and 10 years was 88.20% ± 0.04 and 81.50% ± 0.05 respectively. Conclusions: operative mortality of active endocarditis in our environment is high and similar to that reported internationally. The presence of local complications is associated with prosthetic endocarditis in evolution and proved to be an independent predictor of long-term survival, and operative mortality. Long-term survival is similar to that reported internationally. A high incidence of in-hospital agents was observed and invasive procedures as probable causes.

Resumo: Antecedentes: a endocardite infecciosa é uma doença com alta morbimortalidade. Requerem tratamento cirúrgico o 50%. Em nosso meio, as características clínicas e evolutivas dos pacientes operados com endocardite ativa são desconhecidas. Objetivos: primário, determinar a mortalidade operatória e a sobrevida a longo prazo; secundário: Definir preditores de embolias, complicações locais, mortalidade operatória e endocardite protética na evolução. Métodos: trabalho retrospectivo, analítico. Foram identificados no banco de dados pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de endocardite ativa entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2017. Através de regressão logística multivariada, os preditores foram identificados para os objetivos estabelecidos. Resultados: cento e um pacientes foram incluídos. Staphylococcus aureus foi o microrganismo mais frequente (15,8%). A topografia foi protética em 20,8%, aórtica 46,5%, mitral 23,8% e mitroaórtica 13,9%. A mortalidade operatória foi de 11,3% e 29,5% (p = 0,025), de acordo com a ausência ou presença de complicações locais, o único preditor independente de mortalidade (OR). Um 47,5% apresentaram complicações locais, sendo o mais frequente o abscesso (25,7%). Os preditores independentes foram: endocardite protética (OR = 5,8), endocardite valvar aórtica (OR=2,9)) e sexo masculino (OR = 3,5). A incidência de endocardite protética precoce foi de 3% e tardia de 4%. Trinta por cento dos pacientes adquiriram endocardite infecciosa como resultado de um procedimento médico invasivo nos 6 meses anteriores. Dos pacientes com endocardite protética na evolução, 85,7% apresentava complicações locais (p <0,05). O 31,7% apresentava embolia, resultando em preditores independentes: Staphylococcus aureus (OR = 4,6), vegetação no véu mitral posterior (OR = 3,2) e história de hipertensão arterial (OR = 3,32). A sobrevida em 5 e 10 anos foi de 88,20% ± 0,04 e 81,50% ± 0,05, respectivamente. Conclusões: a mortalidade operatória da endocardite ativa em nosso ambiente é alto e semelhante ao relatado internacionalmente. A presença de complicações locais está associada à endocardite protética na evolução e provou ser um preditor independente de sobrevida a longo prazo e mortalidade operatória. A sobrevivência a longo prazo é semelhante à relatada internacionalmente. Foi observada alta incidência de agentes hospitalares e procedimentos invasivos como causas prováveis.

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Summary: Introduction: the amino-terminal pro brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in heart failure. Its use as a prognosis predictor of postoperative evolution in cardiac surgery has not been established. Objective: to determine if the value of preoperative NT in cardiac surgery is associated with postoperative evolution parameters. Primary objective: to evaluate its association with the length of stay in intensive care unit. Secondary objectives: to evaluate its association with the time of mechanical ventilation and inotropic agents requirements. To determine the evolution of NT-proBNP concentration after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: multicentric retrospective study, endorsed by the Research Committee of the National Institute of Cardiac Surgery and the Ethic Research Committee of the Clinic Hospital. It included patients who underwent cardiac surgery between March and August 2018. NT-proBNP was measured during anesthesia induction and after cardiopulmonary bypass. A possible association of preoperative NT-proBNP with risk factors and type of procedure performed was studied. By analysing the ROC curve, the area under curve (AUC) was calculated and then, the best cut-off value of NT-proBNP to predict prolonged intensive care unit stay was determined. Intensive care unit stays, mechanical ventilation and inotropic requirements were defined as prolonged when they exceeded 2 days, 6 and 24 hours respectively. Through the use of multivaried logistics, the predicting value of NT-proBNP was determined for each one of the aforementioned variables. A value of alfa 0.05 was considered significant. Results: a total of 155 patients were included in the study. Age, creatininemia, and left ventricular ejection fraction were 65.8±11.4 years, 1.15±1.10 mg/dl and 52.8±11.9% respectively. Female prevalence was 30.3%, arterial hypertension 77.4%, diabetes mellitus 25.2% and dyslipidemia 50.3%. In 42.6% isolated myocardial revascularization was performed, in 12.9% myocardial revascularization plus one or more valve procedures, and in 44.5% isolated valve procedures. In all cases there was a significant reduction between preoperative (443 pg/ml, interquartile range 143-1.193) and postoperative NT-proBNP (362 pg/ml, interquartile range 138-939) (p<0.001). Age, creatininemia, left ventricular ejection fraction, functional classification IV of the New York Heart Association and dyslipidemia turned out to be predictors of preoperative NT-proBNP. Preoperative NT-proBNP was higher in patients with prolonged intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation and inotropic requirements. However, it turned out to be an independent predictor only for prolonged intensive care unit stay. (OR=1.62; IC95%:1.11-2.35. p=0.012). The best cut-off value for prolonged intensive care unit stay was 409 pg/ml (AUC=0.68). Conclusion: preoperative determination of NT-proBNP is an efficient tool to predict postoperative evolution. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated to a significant drop in that marker.

Resumo: Introdução: a porção terminal amino do peptído natriurético tipo B é um biomarcador diagnóstico e prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca. Seu uso como preditor prognóstico no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca não está estabelecido. Objetivo: determinar se o valor de NT-proBNP no período pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca está associado a parâmetros de evolução pós-operatória. Objetivo primário: avaliar sua associação com tempo prolongado de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. Objetivos secundários: associação com tempo de ventilação mecânica e necessidade inotrópica. Determinar a evolução da concentração de NT-proBNP após circulação extracorpórea. Método: estudo multicêntrico retrospectivo endossado pelo Comitê de Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cirurgia Cardíaco e pelo Comitê de Ética da Pesquisa do Hospital da Clínica. Foram incluídos pacientes operados de março a agosto de 2018. O NT-proBNP foi dosado durante a indução anestésica e após a circulação extracorpórea. O NT-proBNP foi comparado de acordo com os fatores de risco e procedimentos realizados. A área da curva (AUC) foi determinada pela análise da curva ROC e o melhor ponto de corte NT-proBNP foi estabelecido na previsão do tempo prolongado de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. O tempo de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, tempo de ventilação mecânica e necessidade inotrópica prolongada foram definidos como maiores que 2 dias, 6 e 24 horas, respectivamente. Um alfa de 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: 155 pacientes foram incluídos. Idade, creatininemia e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo foram 65,8± 11,4 anos, 1,15 ± 1,10 mg/dl e 52,8 ± 11,9 %, respectivamente. A prevalência do sexo feminino foi 30,3%, hipertensão arterial 77,4%, diabetes mellitus 25,2% e dislipidemia 50,3%. Em 42,6%, foi realizada revascularização do miocárdio isolada, em 12,9% revascularização do miocárdio associada a um ou mais procedimentos valvares, e em 44,5% procedimentos puros da válvula. Em todos os casos, houve uma diminuição significativa entre o pré-operatório (443 pg/ml, rango interquartílico 143-1.193) e o pós-operatório de NT-proBNP (362 pg/ml, rango interquartilico 138-939) (p <0,001). Idade, cretininemia, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, classe funcional IV da New York Heart Association e dislipidemia foram preditores de NT-proBNP pré-operatório. NT-proBNP pré-operatório foi elevado em pacientes com tempo prolongado de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, tempo de ventilação mecânica e necessidade inotrópica prolongada, mas apenas acabou por ser preditor independente em internação prolongada em unidade de terapia intensiva (OR=1,62; IC95%:1,11-2,35. p=0,012). O melhor valor de corte para internação prolongada foi de 409 pg/ml (AUC = 0,68). Conclusão: a determinação pré-operatória de NT-proBNP é útil como ferramenta na previsão da evolução pós-operatória. A circulação extracorpórea está associada a uma diminuição significativa desse marcador.

Abstract Introduction: Previous cardiac surgery (PCS) is a risk factor for operative mortality in pa-tients undergoing reoperative aortic valve replacement (AVR) and may be influenced by the volume of patients in each center. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of AVR in patients with previous cardiac surgery in a low volume cardiac center (400 cases per year). Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2016, 854 patients underwent isolated AVR surgery at our institution. Of these, 70 had PCS. Propensity match (PM) was per-formed to balance basal covariates. Operative mortality and survival were the primary outcomes. Results: The PCS and first-time surgery (FTS) groups had significant differences in base-line characteristics (PCS group were older, higher incidence of hypertension, endocarditis, NYHA III/IV, lower LVEF, higher creatinine and higher EuroSCORE). In the unmatched population, patients with PCS had higher operative mortality (17.1% vs. 4.6%, P=0.001). In the PM groups, this difference was not significant (12.5% and 3.6%, P=0.08). The only independent predictors for operative mortality found in the PCS group were age and fe-male gender. Age and diabetes were identified as the only independent predictors of sur-vival. Conclusion: PCS was not a predictor for operative mortality nor long-term survival in pa-tients undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement.

ABSTRACT Background: The daily consumption of fluoridated water is one of the most beneficial measures in dental caries prevention. The objective of this paper was to analyze the content of fluorine and heavy metals in the bottled natural mineral water available in stores in Spain. Methods: A descriptive and transversal study was done throughout 2019. Analysing a total of 20 bottled waters marketed in Spain during this year. Mainly, fluoride concentration (ppm/ml) was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode (Orion model 96-09, Orion Research, Cambridge, MA) coupled to an ion analyzer (Orion EA-940). The heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent model 7900). A descriptive statistical study of the data was carried out. Results: The minimum value of fluorine found was 0.05 ppm and the maximum 0.95 ppm. 80% of the brands analyzed contain less than 0.6 ppm F. Only 1 brand exceeds 0.8 ppm F. Chromium and arsenic were the heavy metals present in all brands, without exceeding the maximum dose. No brand of bottled water indicated heavy metals on the label, and only 1 mark indicated the fluoride concentration on the label. Conclusions: There is a great variability in the chemical composition of bottled waters marketed in Spain. Most have a fluoride concentration lower than that recommended to prevent tooth decay, which would require an extra supply of fluoride. In the bottled waters analyzed there are heavy metals but they did not exceed the maximum doses established by legislation.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: El consumo diario de agua fluorada es una de las medidas mas beneficiosas en la prevención de la caries dental. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el contenido de flúor y metales pesados en el agua mineral natural embotellada disponible en los comercios de España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal a lo largo de 2019, analizando 20 marcas de aguas embotelladas comercializadas en España en ese año. Se midió principalmente la concentración de flúor (partes por millón/mililitro) (ppm/ml), que fue analizada con un electrodo ion-específico (modelo Orión 96-09, Orion Research, Cambridge) acoplado a un analizador de iones (Orion EA-940). Los metales pesados se analizaron mediante ICP-MS (Agilent modelo 7900). Se realizó un estudio estadístico descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: El valor mínimo de flúor encontrado fue de 0,05 ppm y el máximo de 0,95 ppm. El 80% de las marcas analizadas contenían menos de 0,6 ppm F. Solamente una marca superó las 0,8 ppm F. Cromo y arsénico fueron los metales pesados presentes en todas las marcas, sin superar la dosis máxima. Ninguna marca de agua embotellada indicaba los metales pesados en la etiqueta, y solo una marca indicó la concentración de flúor en la etiqueta. Conclusiones: Existe una gran variabilidad en la composición química de las aguas embotelladas comercializadas en España. La mayoría tienen una concentración de fluoruro inferior a la recomendada para prevenir la caries dental, por lo que se necesitaría un aporte extra de flúor. En las aguas embotelladas analizadas existen metales pesados, pero no superan las dosis máximas establecidas por la legislación.

ABSTRACT Background: The daily consumption of fluoridated water is one of the most beneficial measures in dental caries prevention. The objective of this paper was to analyze the content of fluorine and heavy metals in the bottled natural mineral water available in stores in Spain. Methods: A descriptive and transversal study was done throughout 2019. Analysing a total of 20 bottled waters marketed in Spain during this year. Mainly, fluoride concentration (ppm/ml) was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode (Orion model 96-09, Orion Research, Cambridge, MA) coupled to an ion analyzer (Orion EA-940). The heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS (Agilent model 7900). A descriptive statistical study of the data was carried out. Results: The minimum value of fluorine found was 0.05 ppm and the maximum 0.95 ppm. 80% of the brands analyzed contain less than 0.6 ppm F. Only 1 brand exceeds 0.8 ppm F. Chromium and arsenic were the heavy metals present in all brands, without exceeding the maximum dose. No brand of bottled water indicated heavy metals on the label, and only 1 mark indicated the fluoride concentration on the label. Conclusions: There is a great variability in the chemical composition of bottled waters marketed in Spain. Most have a fluoride concentration lower than that recommended to prevent tooth decay, which would require an extra supply of fluoride. In the bottled waters analyzed there are heavy metals but they did not exceed the maximum doses established by legislation.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: El consumo diario de agua fluorada es una de las medidas mas beneficiosas en la prevención de la caries dental. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el contenido de flúor y metales pesados en el agua mineral natural embotellada disponible en los comercios de España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal a lo largo de 2019, analizando 20 marcas de aguas embotelladas comercializadas en España en ese año. Se midió principalmente la concentración de flúor (partes por millón/mililitro) (ppm/ml), que fue analizada con un electrodo ion-específico (modelo Orión 96-09, Orion Research, Cambridge) acoplado a un analizador de iones (Orion EA-940). Los metales pesados se analizaron mediante ICP-MS (Agilent modelo 7900). Se realizó un estudio estadístico descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: El valor mínimo de flúor encontrado fue de 0,05 ppm y el máximo de 0,95 ppm. El 80% de las marcas analizadas contenían menos de 0,6 ppm F. Solamente una marca superó las 0,8 ppm F. Cromo y arsénico fueron los metales pesados presentes en todas las marcas, sin superar la dosis máxima. Ninguna marca de agua embotellada indicaba los metales pesados en la etiqueta, y solo una marca indicó la concentración de flúor en la etiqueta. Conclusiones: Existe una gran variabilidad en la composición química de las aguas embotelladas comercializadas en España. La mayoría tienen una concentración de fluoruro inferior a la recomendada para prevenir la caries dental, por lo que se necesitaría un aporte extra de flúor. En las aguas embotelladas analizadas existen metales pesados, pero no superan las dosis máximas establecidas por la legislación.

Resumen: Introducción: tanto el uso de bioprótesis como de prótesis mecánicas en la sustitución valvular aórtica (SVA) tiene sus ventajas y desventajas en determinados grupos de pacientes. Datos internacionales no terminan de definir el beneficio a largo plazo de una u otra opción. Objetivo: estudiar el valor predictivo de sobrevida según el tipo de prótesis empleada en los pacientes sometidos a SVA. Métodos: se incluyeron pacientes operados de SVA aislada o asociada a cirugía de revascularización (CRM) desde enero de 2006 hasta diciembre de 2016. Se extrajeron las variables demográficas, operatorias y de seguimiento. Para disminuir la heterogeneidad entre ambos grupos se realizó un pareamiento por puntaje de propensión (PP). La sobrevida se evaluó de forma global y según estrato etario (< y ³ 60 años). Definimos el valor predictivo de sobrevida de cada tipo de prótesis mediante regresión de Cox. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.516 pacientes. Se implantó prótesis biológica a 1.230 pacientes (81,1%) y mecánica a 286 pacientes (18,9%). Se logró parear 145 pacientes en cada grupo. No se encontraron diferencias en la mortalidad operatoria ni en las complicaciones posoperatorias evaluadas (incidencia de accidente cerebrovascular [ACV], implante de marcapaso definitivo, requerimiento de diálisis, sangrado y complicaciones asociadas a la anticoagulación) tanto en la población global como luego del pareamiento. El uso de bioprótesis no fue predictor de sobrevida alejada en la población pareada por PP (HR=0,86, IC 95%: 0,51-1,4). En ninguno de los dos estratos etarios el tipo de prótesis fue predictor de sobrevida. Conclusión: en nuestro medio, en los pacientes sometidos a SVA la sobrevida a largo plazo es similar con ambos tipos de prótesis.

Summary: Introduction: the use of bioprosthesis and mechanical prosthesis has its advantages and disadvantages that vary according to each patient. International data do not agree on the long-term benefit in survival of either prosthesis. Objective: evaluate survival and predictive role of type of prosthesis in patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods: we included patients who underwent AVR from January 2006 to December 2016. Demographic, operative and follow-up variables were extracted from the institution database. In order to decrease patient heterogeneity, propensity match (PM) was performed. Survival was analyzed globally and according to age strata (< and ³ 60 years old). Predictive role of prosthesis type was evaluated with Cox regression. Results: 1.516 patients were included. Bioprosthesis was used in 1.230 (81,1%) and mechanical in 286 (18,9%) patients; 145 PM patients were evaluated in each group. No differences were found in operative mortality and postoperative complications (stroke, pacemaker, dialysis, bleeding and anticoagulation complications) either in the global population or the PM. Use of bioprosthesis was not an independent predictor for survival in the PM (HR=0.86,95%CI:0.51-1.14). In neither of the age strata was type of prosthesis a predictor of survival. Conclusion: locally, patients who undergo AVR have similar survival regardless of the type of prosthesis.

Resumen Antecedentes: un número significativo de pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular aórtica (SVA) poseen dilatación de aorta ascendente. Durante la SVA, las últimas guías recomiendan asociar la sustitución de aorta ascendente (SAA) cuando es mayor de 45 mm. No existe evidencia nacional respecto al riesgo operatorio de asociar dicho procedimiento. Objetivo: analizar la morbimortalidad quirúrgica en una cohorte local de pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular aórtica con y sin SAA. Material y método: se identificaron en la base de datos de la institución aquellos pacientes sometidos a SVA entre enero y diciembre de 2016. Se extrajeron y compararon las variables demográficas, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se compararon las mismas entre aquellos que recibieron o no SAA mediante X2 (variables categóricas) y test de t (variables continuas). Se utilizó Kaplan-Meier y log-rank test para comparación de sobrevida. Mediante regresión logística y Cox se identificó el valor predictivo de la SAA. Resultados: en dicho período se operaron 1.826 pacientes por SVA. Recibieron SAA 129 pacientes (7,1%). Los pacientes con SAA más frecuentemente fueron operados de urgencia, presentaban condición crítica preoperatoria, mayor Euroscore (19,9±17,2 versus 9,3±9,6, p<0,05), tiempo de circulación extracorpórea y clampeo aórtico. Aquellos que no recibieron SAA eran más añosos (69,3±11,9 versus 62,4±12,5, p<0,05) con mayor incidencia de diabetes, NYHA III-IV y mayor asociación con revascularización miocárdica y sustitución valvular mitral. Pacientes que recibieron SAA presentaron mayor sangrado posoperatorio (932±739 ml versus 785±734 ml, p<0,05), mayor tiempo de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (33,3±77,1h versus 17,5±40,4h, p<0,05). La mortalidad operatoria fue mayor en pacientes con SAA (15,5% versus 8,5%, p<0,05). Sin embargo, luego de ajustar por regresión logística, la SAA no resultó ser predictor de mortalidad operatoria, sangrado postoperatorio ni sobrevida a largo plazo. Conclusiones: la SAA en un paciente sometido a SVA no aumenta la morbimortalidad quirúrgica de forma independiente. La evaluación y optimización de las covariables asociada a la misma permitirán reducir los fenómenos adversos.

Resumen Antecedentes: la elección del tipo de prótesis valvular en los pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular aórtica (SVA) es de gran relevancia. Buscamos evaluar si es el tipo de prótesis valvular aórtica un predictor de mortalidad operatoria y sobrevida a largo plazo. Objetivo: el objetivo del trabajo es comparar el impacto de la colocación de prótesis valvulares mecánicas y biológicas en la mortalidad operatoria y sobrevida a largo plazo. Material y método: se identificaron en la base de datos de la institución aquellos pacientes sometidos a SVA entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2016. Se extrajeron y compararon las variables demográficas, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se compararon las mismas entre aquellos que recibieron bioprótesis y prótesis mecánica mediante chi cuadrado (variables categóricas) y test de t (variables continuas). Se utilizó Kaplan-Meier y log-rank test para comparación de sobrevida. Mediante regresión logística y Cox se identificó el valor predictivo del tipo protésico en los resultados. Resultados: en dicho período se operaron 1.826 pacientes por SVA. Recibieron bioprótesis 1.450 pacientes (78,3%). Estos eran de mayor edad (72,7±8,5 versus 53,7±11,9, p<0,05), con mayor incidencia de CFNYHA III-IV, mayor requerimiento de revascularización asociada y mayor Euroscore (10,5±0,1 versus 7,7±0,1, p<0,05). Pacientes con prótesis mecánica presentaban mayor incidencia de tabaquismo, endocarditis y requerimiento de sustitución de aorta ascendente. No hubo diferencias en las variables intraoperatorias a excepción de menor tamaño de prótesis en el grupo de bioprótesis (22,1±2,0 versus 23,1±2,3, p<0,05). Pacientes con bioprótesis presentaron mayor incidencia de FA, accidente isquémico transitorio y requerimiento de inotrópicos. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad operatoria. A diez años de seguimiento, el tipo protésico no fue predictor de sobrevida a largo plazo. Conclusiones: el tipo de prótesis valvular aórtica no es predictor de mortalidad operatoria ni sobrevida a largo plazo.

Objective: To compare the use of different healthcare levels, and its determinants, in two different health systems, the General System of Social Security in Health (GSSSH) and the Unified Health System (UHS) in municipalities in Colombia and Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a population survey in two municipalities in Colombia (n = 2163) and two in Brazil (n = 2155). Outcome variables consisted of the use of primary care services, outpatient secondary care services, and emergency care in the previous 3 months. Explanatory variables were need and predisposing and enabling factors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed by healthcare level and country. Results: The determinants of use differed by healthcare level and country: having a chronic disease was associated with a greater use of primary and outpatient secondary care in Colombia, and was also associated with the use of emergency care in Brazil. In Colombia, persons enrolled in the contributory scheme more frequently used the services of the GSSSH than persons enrolled with subsidized contributions in primary and outpatient secondary care and more than persons without insurance in any healthcare level. In Brazil, the low-income population and those without private insurance more frequently used the UHS at any level. In both countries, the use of primary care was increased when persons knew the healthcare center to which they were assigned and if they had a regular source of care. Knowledge of the referral hospital increased the use of outpatient secondary care and emergency care. Conclusions: In both countries, the influence of the determinants of use differed according to the level of care used, emphasizing the need to analyze healthcare use by disaggregating it by level of care.

Objetivo: Analizar comparativamente la utilización de servicios de los distintos niveles asistenciales y sus determinantes, de dos sistemas de salud diferentes, Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) y Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), en municipios de Colombia y Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal basado en encuesta poblacional en dos municipios de Colombia (n = 2163) y dos de Brasil (n = 2155). Variables resultado: utilización de los servicios de atención primaria, especializada y urgencias en los últimos 3 meses. Variables explicativas: necesidad, factores capacitantes y predisponentes. Análisis bivariado y regresiones logísticas multivariadas por nivel asistencial y país. Resultados: Los determinantes de la utilización varían según el nivel asistencial y el país. Padecer una enfermedad crónica se asocia a un mayor uso de atención primaria y especializada en Colombia, y además a las urgencias en Brasil. En Colombia, los afiliados al régimen contributivo utilizan más los servicios del SGSSS que los del subsidiado en atención primaria y especializada, o que los no asegurados en cualquier nivel; en Brasil, la población de baja renta y sin seguro privado hace un mayor uso del SUS en cualquier nivel de atención. En ambos países, conocer el centro de salud asignado y tener una fuente regular de atención incrementa el uso de la atención primaria y el conocimiento del hospital de referencia, el de especializada y urgencias. Conclusiones: La influencia de los determinantes del uso difiere según el nivel de atención utilizado en ambos países, por lo que se subraya la necesidad de analizarlo desagregando por nivel asistencial.

Objective: To compare the use of different healthcare levels, and its determinants, in two different health systems, the General System of Social Security in Health (GSSSH) and the Unified Health System (UHS) in municipalities in Colombia and Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, based on a population survey in two municipalities in Colombia (n = 2163) and two in Brazil (n = 2155). Outcome variables consisted of the use of primary care services, outpatient secondary care services, and emergency care in the previous 3 months. Explanatory variables were need and predisposing and enabling factors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed by healthcare level and country. Results: The determinants of use differed by healthcare level and country: having a chronic disease was associated with a greater use of primary and outpatient secondary care in Colombia, and was also associated with the use of emergency care in Brazil. In Colombia, persons enrolled in the contributory scheme more frequently used the services of the GSSSH than persons enrolled with subsidized contributions in primary and outpatient secondary care and more than persons without insurance in any healthcare level. In Brazil, the low-income population and those without private insurance more frequently used the UHS at any level. In both countries, the use of primary care was increased when persons knew the healthcare center to which they were assigned and if they had a regular source of care. Knowledge of the referral hospital increased the use of outpatient secondary care and emergency care. Conclusions: In both countries, the influence of the determinants of use differed according to the level of care used, emphasizing the need to analyze healthcare use by disaggregating it by level of care.

Objetivo: Analizar comparativamente la utilización de servicios de los distintos niveles asistenciales y sus determinantes, de dos sistemas de salud diferentes, Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) y Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), en municipios de Colombia y Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal basado en encuesta poblacional en dos municipios de Colombia (n = 2163) y dos de Brasil (n = 2155). Variables resultado: utilización de los servicios de atención primaria, especializada y urgencias en los últimos 3 meses. Variables explicativas: necesidad, factores capacitantes y predisponentes. Análisis bivariado y regresiones logísticas multivariadas por nivel asistencial y país. Resultados: Los determinantes de la utilización varían según el nivel asistencial y el país. Padecer una enfermedad crónica se asocia a un mayor uso de atención primaria y especializada en Colombia, y además a las urgencias en Brasil. En Colombia, los afiliados al régimen contributivo utilizan más los servicios del SGSSS que los del subsidiado en atención primaria y especializada, o que los no asegurados en cualquier nivel; en Brasil, la población de baja renta y sin seguro privado hace un mayor uso del SUS en cualquier nivel de atención. En ambos países, conocer el centro de salud asignado y tener una fuente regular de atención incrementa el uso de la atención primaria y el conocimiento del hospital de referencia, el de especializada y urgencias. Conclusiones: La influencia de los determinantes del uso difiere según el nivel de atención utilizado en ambos países, por lo que se subraya la necesidad de analizarlo desagregando por nivel asistencial.

Background: Molecular epidemiology is a new scientific discipline which allows to integrate information on the genetic variation of infectious pathogens with their diffusion in a population and its subgroups including, for instance, resistance mutations to antibiotics and antiretrovirals. We present the results of an analysis of scientific publications that analyze the health status of the immigrant population in Spain from a molecular epidemiology perspective. Methods: We reviewed original articles published in 1998-2014 with the keywords "molecular epidemiology", "molecular typing", "sequencing", "immigrant", and "Spain". Results: From a total of 267 articles identified initially, only 50 passed through the established filters. Most of them (36) analyzed infections by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3) and HIV (3), followed at a large distance by Staphylococcus aureus and hepatitis B virus. The main goal of these works was the typing of the pathogen and to determine the frequency of resistance mutations. Conclusion: Is difficult to generalize the conclusions from the analyzed articles because most of them have a purely descriptive and quite restricted scope, considering the type and size of the samples studied. Several studies are focused on the most likely origin for the strains or variants of the pathogen but others also reveal transmissions from the local to the immigrant populations.

Fundamentos: La epidemiología molecular es una nueva disciplina que permite la integración de la información sobre la variabilidad genética de patógenos infecciosos con su difusión en la población y subgrupos de la misma incluyendo, por ejemplo, las mutaciones de resistencia a antibióticos y antivirales. El objetivo es conocer qué posibles diferencias existe en las características genéticas de los agentes infecciosos que afectan a las poblaciones inmigrante y autóctoctona en España. Métodos: Se revisaron artículos originales publicados entre 1998-2013, con las palabras clave "epidemiología molecular", "tipado molecular", "secuenciación", "inmigrante", "España". Resultados: De un total de 267 artículos identificados inicialmente, 50 pasaron los diferentes filtros establecidos. De ellos, 36 analizan las infecciones por Mycobacterium tuberculosis y VIH, seguidos de los que analizan infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus (3) y el Virus de la Hepatitis B (3). Conclusiones: Los objetivos principales de estos trabajos fueron el tipado del patógeno y la determinación de la frecuencia de mutaciones de resistencia. Los estudios más frecuentes correspondieron a cohortes retrospectivas, seguidos por los estudios ecológicos y los ensayos clínicos. En general los estudios son descriptivos y su ámbito por el tipo y tamaño de muestra es bastante restringido. En varios se determina que las cepas o variantes del patógeno encontradas en inmigrantes tienen su origen más probable en sus países de origen, si bien otros también ponen de manifiesto la transmisión desde la población autóctona a la inmigrante.