Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es indagar sobre la gestión de Roberto Pettinato de las cárceles bonaerenses, entre junio y agosto de 1973, en un contexto de transformaciones y radicalización política. En primer lugar, reconstruimos los años de exilio de Pettinato (Director General de Institutos Penales durante el peronismo), desde su refugio en la Embajada de Ecuador en septiembre de 1955 hasta su estadía en distintos países de la región. En segundo lugar, analizaremos la gestión de Pettinato al frente de la Dirección General de Establecimientos Penales de la provincia de Buenos Aires en el período junio-agosto de 1973. Su gestión estuvo atravesada por numerosas situaciones complejas que provocaron su rápida salida.

Abstract The objective of this article is to investigate Roberto Pettinato's management of the prisons of Roberto Pettinato's management of the Buenos Aires prisons, between June and August of 1973, in a context of transformations and political radicalization. In the first place, we reconstruct the years of exile of Pettinato (Gerenal Director of Penal Institutes during Peronist govrenmet) from his refuge in the Ecuadorian Embassy in September 1955 to his stay in different countries of the region. Secondly, we analyse Pettinato's management of the General Directorate of Penal Establishments of the province of Buenos Aires in the period June-August 1973. His administration was marked by a number of complex situations that led to his rapid departure.

Resumen Desde inicios del siglo XX, el derecho a tener visitas íntimas por parte de las personas privadas de libertad tuvo avances muy dispares en el ámbito internacional, destacándose experiencias puntuales pero escasas reformas de fondo. En este marco, Argentina no fue la excepción. En los años 1930, la referencia al «problema sexual» en la prisión fue teniendo interés en ámbitos académicos, pero no logró impactar en las prácticas penitenciarias ni en el plano normativo hasta la llegada del peronismo. En 1947, bajo la gestión de Roberto Pettinato —Director General de Institutos Penales— se reglamentó el derecho a las visitas íntimas por parte de los internos casados de las cárceles federales. Esta innovación se dio en el marco de un proceso de notables mejoras tanto para los internos como para el personal penitenciario. Pettinato conoció de primera mano, leyó y fue influenciado a la hora de implementar las visitas íntimas por las obras de dos destacados penitenciaristas: el brasileño José Gabriel de Lemos Brito y el peruano Julio Altmann Smythe. En viajes de estudio trabó relación con ambos y al regresar a la Argentina rápidamente abordó la cuestión sexual en los establecimientos e implementó las visitas íntimas en las cárceles federales.

Abstract Since the beginning of the 20th century, the right to intimate visits by persons deprived of their liberty has had very uneven progress at the international level, with specific experiences but few substantive reforms. In this context, Argentina was no exception. In the 1930s, reference to the sexual problem in prison was of interest in academic circles, but did not have an impact on penitentiary practices or regulations until the arrival of Peronism. In 1947, under the administration of Roberto Pettinato —General Director of Penal Institutes— the right to intimate visits by married inmates in federal prisons was regulated. This innovation took place within the framework of a process of significant improvements for both inmates and prison staff. Pettinato learned first-hand, read and was influenced in the implementation of intimate visits by the works of two outstanding penitentiary researchers: the Brazilian José Gabriel de Lemos Brito and the Peruvian Julio Altmann Smythe. During study trips he established a relationship with both of them and when he returned to Argentina he quickly addressed the sexual issue in the establishments and implemented intimate visits in federal prisons.

By the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, Argentina experienced important social and political changes in which a positivist speech took place and influenced local government as well as the academic and scientific field, specifically in criminology. In this context, criminal statistics became an instrument to legitimize knowledge and practices under the imperative of studying crime through a scientific angle. Even when the existing data was limited and not all consistent, it was useful to display a perspective of what was understood as "criminal problem". This article deals with the scope the positivist ideas had in the origins of the criminal statistics office and the analysis of the first referents of local criminology.

Para el fin del s. XIX y principios del s. XX, en Argentina se vivieron profundos cambios sociopolíticos que propiciaron la instalación de un discurso positivista con influencias en el gobierno local y el campo científico-académico, particularmente en el campo criminológico. En este marco, la estadística criminal se transformó en una herramienta de legitimación de saberes y prácticas bajo el imperativo de estudiar científicamente la delincuencia. Si bien los datos eran limitados y tenían problemas de consistencia, su confección e interpretación respondían a una visión de lo que se entendía como problema criminal. Este artículo aborda los alcances de las ideas positivistas en las primeras producciones de estadísticas oficiales en materia penal y en los análisis de los principales referentes de la criminología local como también los antecedentes en la conformación del primer organismo rector en la materia.

A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.

Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on firearm-related victimization were also used. An index of violent incidents was developed by police station. There were 1,304 deaths from violence, of which 23.7% were caused by a firearm. The police filed 171 proceedings on the charge of homicides with criminal intent, of which 60% had been committed with a firearm. Of the 2,108 interviewed individuals, 6.7% were victims of a crime committed with a firearm. In 9.6% of surveyed households there was a firearm. Seized firearms added up to 1,887. The index of violent incidents was higher in police stations in the southwestern area of the city that has worse living conditions. The impact of violence and its relation to firearms features as a major issue in the public agenda.

A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.

Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on firearm-related victimization were also used. An index of violent incidents was developed by police station. There were 1,304 deaths from violence, of which 23.7% were caused by a firearm. The police filed 171 proceedings on the charge of homicides with criminal intent, of which 60% had been committed with a firearm. Of the 2,108 interviewed individuals, 6.7% were victims of a crime committed with a firearm. In 9.6% of surveyed households there was a firearm. Seized firearms added up to 1,887. The index of violent incidents was higher in police stations in the southwestern area of the city that has worse living conditions. The impact of violence and its relation to firearms features as a major issue in the public agenda.

Resumo A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerado o principal responsável por esse fato. O objetivo do presente trabalhoé descobrir, a partir de dados do setor de saúde, justiça e polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires, em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal, e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal Argentina.Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior, realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período, ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, das quais 23,7% foram provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de crimes cometidos com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constituemse em um tema relevante da agenda pública.

Abstract Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on firearmrelated victimization were also used. An index of violent incidents was developed by police station. There were 1,304 deaths from violence, of which 23.7% were caused by a firearm. The police filed 171 proceedings on the charge of homicides with criminal intent, of which 60% had been committed with a firearm. Of the 2,108 interviewed individuals, 6.7% were victims of a crime committed with a firearm. In 9.6% of surveyed households there was a firearm. Seized firearms added up to 1,887. The index of violent incidents was higher in police stations in the southwestern area of the city that has worse living conditions. The impact of violence and its relation to firearms features as a major issue in the public agenda.

Resumo A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerado o principal responsável por esse fato. O objetivo do presente trabalhoé descobrir, a partir de dados do setor de saúde, justiça e polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires, em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal, e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal Argentina.Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior, realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período, ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, das quais 23,7% foram provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de crimes cometidos com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constituemse em um tema relevante da agenda pública.

Abstract Violence is one of the most serious challenges in Latin American societies. Possession and use of small arms and light weapons are considered to be among the main factors behind it. The aim of this paper is to describe deaths and crimes involving the use of a firearm in the City of Buenos Aires in 2002, focusing the health, justice and police sectors. Data on mortality and crimes were obtained from the National Systems for vital statistics and criminal information; data on firearm seizures were supplied by the Argentine Federal Police. Household interviews conducted for a previous research on firearmrelated victimization were also used. An index of violent incidents was developed by police station. There were 1,304 deaths from violence, of which 23.7% were caused by a firearm. The police filed 171 proceedings on the charge of homicides with criminal intent, of which 60% had been committed with a firearm. Of the 2,108 interviewed individuals, 6.7% were victims of a crime committed with a firearm. In 9.6% of surveyed households there was a firearm. Seized firearms added up to 1,887. The index of violent incidents was higher in police stations in the southwestern area of the city that has worse living conditions. The impact of violence and its relation to firearms features as a major issue in the public agenda.