Abstract Objective In this systematic review (SR), the authors aimed to identify the possible impact of the social restriction imposed by the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic on children/adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Data sources This SR was registered on PROSPERO CRD42021255569. Eligible articles were selected from PubMed, Embase, and LILACS, according to the following characteristics: ADHD patients < 18 years old, exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the outcomes, medications, relationships, sleep, media use, remote learning, and comorbidities such as depression/sadness, inattention, anxiety, and irritability/aggressiveness. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies was used to assess methodological quality and the risk of bias. Summary of findings Of the 222 articles identified, 27 were included, with information on 7,235 patients. Most studies (n = 22) were cross-sectional and received a mean NOS 4.63/10 followed by longitudinal (n = 4) with 3.75/8 points and case-control (n = 1), with 3/9 points. The pandemic affected patients’ access to treatment, behavior, and sleep. Difficulties in remote learning and increased use of social media were described, as well as significant and positive changes in relationships with family and peers. Conclusion Although the studies were heterogeneous, they indicated that the pandemic-related issues experienced by patients with ADHD were mostly manifested affecting their behavior and sleep patterns. SR, , (SR) Disease19 Disease 19 Disease-1 COVID19 COVID (COVID-19 childrenadolescents children adolescents ADHD. . (ADHD) CRD42021255569 CRD PubMed Embase LILACS characteristics 1 old COVID-1 outcomes medications depressionsadness depression sadness depression/sadness inattention anxiety irritabilityaggressiveness irritability aggressiveness irritability/aggressiveness NewcastleOttawa Newcastle Ottawa (NOS cohort crosssectional cross sectional casecontrol case control bias 22 identified 2 included 7235 7 235 7,23 n 46310 4 63 10 4.63/1 3758 3 75 8 3.75/ 1, 1) 39 9 3/ treatment described peers heterogeneous pandemicrelated related patterns (SR Disease1 Disease- COVID1 (COVID-1 (ADHD CRD4202125556 COVID- 723 23 7,2 4631 6 4.63/ 375 3.75 (COVID- CRD420212555 72 7, 463 4.63 37 3.7 (COVID CRD42021255 46 4.6 3. CRD4202125 4. CRD420212 CRD42021 CRD4202 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Resumo Antecedentes Dados sobre desfechos de recém-nascidos prematuros em países da América do Sul são escassos. Dado o grande efeito do baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) e/ou da prematuridade no neurodesenvolvimento das crianças, é extremamente necessária a realização de estudos que investiguem esses fenômenos com maior profundidade em populações mais heterogêneas. Métodos Realizou-se uma busca da literatura em bases de dados, incluindo PubMed, Cochrane Library e Web of Science, por artigos publicados em português e inglês até março de 2021 envolvendo crianças nascidas e avaliadas no Brasil. A análise de risco de viés foi adaptada da declaração de Fortalecimento do Relato de Estudos Observacionais em Epidemiologia (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology, STROBE), que foi utilizada para avaliar a metodologia dos estudos. Resultados Dos estudos elegíveis, 25 artigos foram selecionados para síntese qualitativa, e 5 desses 25, para síntese quantitativa (metanálise). As metanálises mostraram que crianças nascidas com BPN apresentaram pontuação menor em desenvolvimento motor quando comparadas aos controles (diferença média padronizada, –1,15; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: –1,56-–0,73]; I2: 80%) e pontuação também menor em termos de desenvolvimento cognitivo (diferença média padronizada, –0,71; IC95%: –0,992–0,44; I2: 67%). Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo reforçam que o comprometimento das funções motoras e cognitivas pode ser um desfecho significativo de longo prazo do BPN. Quanto menor a idade gestacional no momento do parto, maior o risco de prejuízo nesses domínios. O protocolo do estudo foi registrado no banco de dados International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) sob o número CRD42019112403. recémnascidos recém nascidos escassos (BPN eou ou heterogêneas Realizouse Realizou se PubMed Science 202 Brasil Strengthening Epidemiology STROBE, STROBE , STROBE) elegíveis 2 qualitativa metanálise. metanálise . (metanálise) diferença padronizada –1,15 115 1 15 95 IC95% IC95 IC [IC95%] –1,56–0,73 156073 –1,56 –0,73 56 0 73 –1,56-–0,73] I2 I 80% 80 –0,71 071 71 –0,992–0,44 0992044 992 44 67%. 67 67% 67%) parto domínios PROSPERO (PROSPERO CRD42019112403 CRD 20 (metanálise –1,1 11 9 IC9 [IC95% –1,56–0,7 15607 156 –1,5 073 –0,7 7 –1,56-–0,73 8 07 –0,992–0,4 099204 99 4 6 CRD4201911240 –1, [IC95 –1,56–0, 1560 –0, –1,56-–0,7 –0,992–0, 09920 CRD420191124 –1 [IC9 –1,56–0 –0 –1,56-–0, –0,992–0 0992 CRD42019112 – [IC –1,56– –1,56-–0 –0,992– 099 CRD4201911 –1,56-– –0,992 09 CRD420191 –1,56- –0,99 CRD42019 –0,9 CRD4201 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Abstract Background Data on the outcomes of preterm newborns in South American countries are scarce. Given the great effect of low birth weight (LBW) and/or prematurity on children’s neurodevelopment, it is extremely necessary to conduct studies on these phenomena in greater depth in more heterogeneous populations such as those ones from countries with limited resources. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature search on databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for articles published in Portuguese and English up to March 2021 involving children born and evaluated in Brazil. The analysis of the risk of bias was adapted from the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and used to evaluate the methodology of the included studies. Results From the eligible trials, 25 articles were selected for qualitative synthesis, and 5 of those, for quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). The meta-analyses showed that children born with LBW presented lower scores on motor development when compared with controls (standardized mean difference: –1.15; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: –1.56-–0.73]; I2: 80%) and also scored lower in terms of cognitive development (standardized mean difference: –0.71; 95% CI: –0.99––0.44; I2: 67%). Conclusion The results of the present study reinforce that impaired motor and cognitive functions can be a significant long-term outcome of LBW. The lower the gestational age at delivery, the higher the risk of impairment in those domains. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database under number CRD42019112403. scarce (LBW andor or childrens s neurodevelopment resources PubMed Library 202 Brazil STROBE (STROBE trials 2 metaanalysis. metaanalysis meta . (meta-analysis) metaanalyses analyses standardized difference –1.15 115 1 15 95 95%CI 95CI CI [95%CI] –1.56–0.73 156073 –1.56 –0.73 56 0 73 –1.56-–0.73] I2 I 80% 80 –0.71 071 71 –0.99––0.44 099044 99 44 67%. 67 67% 67%) longterm long term delivery domains PROSPERO (PROSPERO CRD42019112403 CRD 20 (meta-analysis –1.1 11 9 [95%CI –1.56–0.7 15607 156 –1.5 073 –0.7 7 –1.56-–0.73 8 07 –0.99––0.4 09904 4 6 CRD4201911240 –1. –1.56–0. 1560 –0. –1.56-–0.7 –0.99––0. 0990 CRD420191124 –1 –1.56–0 –0 –1.56-–0. –0.99––0 099 CRD42019112 – –1.56– –1.56-–0 –0.99–– 09 CRD4201911 –1.56-– –0.99– CRD420191 –1.56- –0.99 CRD42019 –0.9 CRD4201 CRD420 CRD42 CRD4

Abstract Objective: To evaluate sleep characteristics of parents and their children during the COVID-19 pandemic and predictors for sleep disturbances. Methods: Cross-sectional web-based study using an online survey made available for dyads of parents and their children during the 7th week of quarantine in southern Brazil. Parents' and adolescents’ sleep were characterized using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. For children aged 0-3 years parents completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, for those aged 4-12 years the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Parents also informed, subjectively, their perception about sleep habits during social distancing. Multiple regression was run to predict sleep disturbances in adults using independent variables: sex, income, education, children age, and children with sleep disturbances. Results: Data from 577 dyads showed sleep alterations in 69,8% of adults, in 58,6% of children aged 0-3 years, 33,9% in the 4-12 years range (with a predominance of disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep), and 56,6% in adolescents. Sex (female) and children with sleep disturbances were significant predictors of a sleep problem in parents (p < 0.005). Subjective perception revealed complaints related to emotional concerns such as anxiety and fear in adults and due to alterations in routine in children and adolescents. Conclusion: The present study’s data showed an increased rate of sleep problems among families during quarantine both measured by validated instruments and also based on personal perception.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to review the literature, summarizing the existing evidence on the effects of the pandemic on children, adolescents and parents, with an emphasis on the psychological, emotional, and sleep quality consequences. Source of data: Empirical studies identified in the following databases: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Knowledge/Web of Science, and preprint servers. Synthesis of data: The findings point to a wide range of consequences for children and adolescents resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, which mainly includes an increase in depressive mood symptoms. There is also an increase in anxiety symptoms, suicidal ideation, as well as potential delays in language and motor development resulting from deprivation of social interaction and the closing of schools. These effects are more severe due to previous neuropsychiatric conditions. For parents, there is an increase in anxiety, depressive and post-traumatic symptoms, which are more accentuated in those who suffered socioeconomic damage due to the pandemic. There was an important increase in situations of violence towards children by parents and caregivers during the pandemic. Also, changes in routine and fear of the pandemic have negatively impacted sleep quality, globally. Conclusions: It is noteworthy that most studies published to date used a cross-sectional design and applied online screening questionnaires. The few studies with a longitudinal design suggest that these changes may have been transitory and more prevalent at the beginning of the pandemic.

Abstract Objective: To verify the relationship between sleep characteristics and motor development in low-birth-weight preterm infants during infancy and preschool years. Method: Forty-one healthy preterm infants (<37 weeks’ gestation) with low birth weight (≤1500 g) were assessed longitudinally at three different time points: at 6 months of corrected age, at 12 months of corrected age, and at 4-5 years of chronological age. At 6 and 12 months, motor development was assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test II and Alberta Infant Motor Scale, while sleep-related habits and disturbances were assessed using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. At 4-5 years, motor development was reassessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and sleep was reassessed using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. Correlations were performed using sleep quality as the predictor variable and motor development as the outcome variable. Results: Most infants had suspected delay/atypical development at 6 and 12 months, with no difference between the scales (p = 1.000). Suspected delay/atypical development were associated with lateral sleep position (p = 0.004), greater number of nighttime awakenings (p = 0.008), and longer awake periods (p = 0.014) only at 6 months. At 4-5 years, the suspected delay/atypical development observed at 6 and 12 months disappeared. Conclusions: Sleep quality correlated with delayed/atypical motor development in healthy preterm infants with low birth weight only at 6 months of corrected age, which did not appear to affect later development of motor skills.

Resumo Objetivos: O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a associac¸ão entre a durac¸ão de sono e o desenvolvimento pondero-estatural entre crianc¸as e adolescentes. Fontes de dados: Foi realizada uma busca não-sistemática na base de dados MEDLINE utilizando os termos antropometria, composic¸ão corporal, sobrepeso, obesidade, índice de massa corporal, crescimento, comprimento, baixa estatura, sono, crianc¸as, lactentes e adolescentes, limitadas aos últimos cinco anos. As referências citadas nos artigos revisados também foram, conforme relevância, revisados. Síntese dos dados: Distúrbios do sono são prevalentes na população pediátrica. Dentre eles, a insônia, que cursa com redução do tempo total de sono, é a mais prevalente. Evidências presentes na literatura atual permitem apontar que a redução do tempo de sono tem um papel na pandemia atual de sobrepeso e obesidade. Os estudos que associam a privação de sono com déficit no crescimento estatural ainda são insuficientes. Conclusões: A associação entre menor duração de sono e risco para sobrepeso e obesidade está bem estabelecida para todas as faixas etárias da pediatria. Entretanto, maiores evidências são necessárias para que se possa estabelecer uma associação entre duração insuficiente de sono e déficit no crescimento estatural. O médico pediatra deve incluir nas suas orientações de rotina o estímulo a hábitos de sono saudáveis como coadjuvante na prevenção e manejo do excesso de peso.

Abstract Objectives: To describe the association between sleep duration and weight-height development in children and adolescents. Source of data: A non-systematic search in the MEDLINE database was performed using the terms anthropometry, body composition, overweight, obesity, body mass index, growth, length, short stature, sleep, children, and infants and adolescents, limited to the last 5 years. The references cited in the revised articles were also reviewed, when relevant. Synthesis of data: Sleep disorders are prevalent in the pediatric population. Among them, insomnia, which leads to a reduction in total sleep time, is the most prevalent disorder. Evidence found in the current literature allows the conclusion that sleep time reduction has a role in the current pandemic of overweight and obesity. Studies associating sleep deprivation and deficit in height growth are still insufficient. Conclusions: The association between shorter sleep duration and risk of overweight and obesity is well established for all pediatric age groups. However, more evidence is needed to establish an association between insufficient sleep duration and height growth deficit. Pediatricians should include the encouragement of healthy sleep habits in their routine guidelines as an adjuvant in the prevention and management of excess weight.

Resumo Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre o surto de vírus Zika no Brasil e sua possível associação com casos de microcefalia. Fonte de dados: Especialistas em áreas afins do Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul realizaram uma revisão crítica (não sistemática) da literatura sobre o vírus Zika, suas formas de transmissão, a epidemia no Brasil, critérios diagnósticos e a possível associação com os casos crescentes de microcefalia. O uso da palavra chave “Zika virus” na base de dados do PubMed em fevereiro de 2016, retorna 151 publicações. Estes textos foram revisados assim como todas as publicações e recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, Organização Mundial da Saúde e Centro de Controle de Doenças (CDC – USA). Síntese dos dados: Os dados epidemiológicos sugerem uma relação temporal entre aumento da notificação de casos de microcefalia e o surto de vírus Zika, principalmente no Nordeste do Brasil. Agentes virais comprovadamente podem ser causadores de microcefalia congênita adquirida. Não existe um consenso sobre a melhor curva de perímetro cefálico a ser utilizada, principalmente nos prematuros. Assim como também existem divergências sobre a definição de microcefalia (abaixo de 2 ou 3 desvios padrões) a ser padronizada nas notificações. Conclusão: Deve-se priorizar o desenvolvimento de técnicas diagnósticas que confirmem uma relação causa–efeito e estudos sobre mecanismos da patogênese da infecção pelo Zika no sistema nervoso central. Também é necessário definir e universalizar os critérios diagnósticos para a identificação dos casos de microcefalia que devem ser submetidos à investigação etiológica.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to critically review the literature available regarding the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil and its possible association with microcephaly cases. Sources: Experts from Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul performed a critical (nonsystematic) literature review regarding different aspects of the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, such as transmission, epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and its possible association with the increase of microcephaly reports. The PubMed search using the key word “Zika virus” in February 2016 yielded 151 articles. The manuscripts were reviewed, as well as all publications/guidelines from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC – United States). Summary of findings: Epidemiological data suggest a temporal association between the increased number of microcephaly notifications in Brazil and outbreak of Zika virus, primarily in the Brazil's Northeast. It has been previously documented that many different viruses might cause congenital acquired microcephaly. Still there is no consensus on the best curve to measure cephalic circumference, specifically in preterm neonates. Conflicting opinions regarding the diagnosis of microcephaly (below 2 or 3 standard deviations) that should be used for the notifications were also found in the literature. Conclusion: The development of diagnostic techniques that confirm a cause–effect association and studies regarding the physiopathology of the central nervous system impairment should be prioritized. It is also necessary to strictly define the criteria for the diagnosis of microcephaly to identify cases that should undergo an etiological investigation.

Resumo Objetivos: Revisar as características clínicas, as comorbidades e o manejo da insônia na infância e adolescência. Fonte dos dados: Revisão não sistemática da literatura feita na base dados PubMed, na qual foram selecionados artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, com o uso da palavra-chave insônia e o filtro faixa etária pediátrica. Adicionalmente foram incluídos artigos e livros-texto clássicos da literatura sobre o tema. Síntese dos dados: Na infância existe predomínio da insônia comportamental na forma de distúrbio de início do sono por associações inadequadas e/ou distúrbio pela falta de estabelecimento de limites. Na adolescência a insônia está mais associada a problemas de higiene do sono e atraso de fase. Transtornos psiquiátricos (ansiedade, depressão) ou do neurodesenvolvimento (transtorno do déficit de atenção, autismo, epilepsias) ocorrem com frequência em associação ou como comorbidade do quadro de insônia. Conclusões: A queixa de insônia nas crianças e nos adolescentes deve ser valorizada e adequadamente investigada pelo pediatra, que levará em consideração a associação com diversas comorbidades, que também devem ser diagnosticas. As causas principais de insônia e fatores desencadeantes variam de acordo com a idade e o nível de desenvolvimento. A abordagem terapêutica deve incluir medidas de higiene do sono e técnicas comportamentais e em casos individualizados tratamento farmacológico.

Abstract Objectives: To review the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and management of insomnia in childhood and adolescence. Sources: This was a non-systematic literature review carried out in the PubMed database, from where articles published in the last five years were selected, using the key word “insomnia” and the pediatric age group filter. Additionally, the study also included articles and classic textbooks of the literature on the subject. Data synthesis: During childhood, there is a predominance of behavioral insomnia as a form of sleep-onset association disorder (SOAD) and/or limit-setting sleep disorder. Adolescent insomnia is more associated with sleep hygiene problems and delayed sleep phase. Psychiatric (anxiety, depression) or neurodevelopmental disorders (attention deficit disorder, autism, epilepsy) frequently occur in association with or as a comorbidity of insomnia. Conclusions: Insomnia complaints in children and adolescents should be taken into account and appropriately investigated by the pediatrician, considering the association with several comorbidities, which must also be diagnosed. The main causes of insomnia and triggering factors vary according to age and development level. The therapeutic approach must include sleep hygiene and behavioral techniques and, in individual cases, pharmacological treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive and behavioral development of preterm and low birth weight newborns living in a disadvantageous socioeconomic environment at school age. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included children aged 6-7 from a historical birth cohort of preterm (gestational age <37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2,500 g) infants. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III (WISC-III) was administered by a psychologist while the parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist. The results were compared to the test's reference. The perinatal information and follow-up data were collected from the hospital files. The demographic data were collected from the parents. The current performance was compared with the results from the Denver II and Bayley II tests, which were administered during the first years of life. RESULTS: The total intelligence quotient varied from 70 to 140 (mean 98.7±15.8). The borderline intelligence quotient was observed in 9.3% of the children. The Child Behavior Checklist indicated a predominance of social competence problems (27.8%, CI 19.2 to 37.9) compared with behavioral problems (15.5%, CI 8.9 to 24.2). Both the Child Behavior Checklist domains, such as schooling, social and attention problems, and the cognitive scores were significantly associated with maternal education and family income. The results of the Denver and Bayley tests were associated with the cognitive performance (p<0.001) and the Child Behavior Checklist social profile, including aggressive and externalizing behavior (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that even low-risk preterm newborns are at risk for developing disturbances in early school age, such as mild cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders. This risk might increase under unfavorable socioeconomic conditions.

Introducción: el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) es un retrovirus linfotrópico y neurotrópico. Esta característica genera alteraciones inmunológicas y neurológicas particularmente en niños. Durante el período neonatal la maduración del sistema nervioso central ocurre rápidamente, y su alteración puede perturbar diferentes aspectos del desarrollo tales como el ciclo sueño-vigilia. Objetivo: evaluar la organización del sueño y el patrón electroencefalográfico y respiratorio en recién nacidos VIH-1 negativos hijos de madres VIH-1 positivas. Métodos: se les hizo polisomnografía a 22 infantes. Se calculó la maduración electroencefalográfica usando el número de ondas delta en sueño REM y NREM, la duración del intervalo interespigas y la sincronía interhemisferica. Se analizó la arquitectura del sueño con base en el porcentaje de sueño REM, NREM y sueño transicional con relación al tiempo total de sueño. Resultados: la diferencia entre la edad electroencefalográfica y la edad concepcional calculada fue menor de dos semanas. El rango del porcentaje de sueño REM y NREM fue 39-64 y 30-58 y la media fue de 52,5 y 36,5, respectivamente. La concordancia en los recién nacidos con alto porcentaje de sueño transicional fue menor comparada con la de los neonatos con menor porcentaje de sueño transicional (p<0,05). Discusión: a pesar de la exposición intrauterina al VIH- 1 y a los antirretrovirales, no se evidenciaron cambios significativos en la maduración electroencefalográfica. La disminución de la concordancia en neonatos con alto porcentaje de sueño transicional podría sugerir una alteración en el proceso de maduración, pero este aspecto en particular no es suficiente para considerar que la exposición intrauterina al VIH-1 y a los antirretrovirales afecta toda la arquitectura del sueño. Estudios posteriores deberían aclarar si la disminución entre la concordancia, el comportamiento y el porcentaje de sueño NREM es duplicable.

Introduction: Type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a lymphotropic and neurotropic retrovirus. Thus, it causes immunological and neurological alterations particularly in children. In the neonatal period the maturational changes of the central nervous system occur rapidly, and their alteration can be reflected in processes such as the sleep-awake pattern. Objective: To evaluate sleep organization, EEG and respiratory pattern in newborns to HIV-1 positive mothers. Methods: 22 infants underwent polysomnography. Delta brushes number in REM and NREM sleep, duration of interburst interval and interhemispheric synchrony were used to calculate EEG maturation. Analysis of the sleep architecture was based on polysomnographic sleep percentage of REM, NREM and transitional sleep to total sleep time. Results: The difference between electroencephalographically calculated and clinically calculated conceptional age was less than two weeks. Percentages of REM and NREM sleep ranged from 39-64 and 30-58 with a median of 52.5 and 36.5 respectively. Concordance was lower in newborns who had high transitional sleep percentages, compared to that in newborns who did not have high such characteristic (p<0.05). Discussion: Despite intrauterine exposure to HIV-1 and to antiretroviral drugs we did not observe a significant effect on EEG maturation. The decreased concordance in newborns with high transitional sleep percentages would suggest an alteration in the maturation process, but this aspect itself is not sufficient to consider that intrauterine exposure to HIV-1 and antiretrovirals affect the entire sleep architecture. Future studies should clarify whether the decreased concordance between behavior and NREM sleep is replicable.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico, os fatores de risco e as melhores estratégias para diagnosticar a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) em um país em desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle populacional com crianças nascidas entre 01/01/2001 e 31/12/2003 em Porto Alegre (RS), divididas em três grupos: casos de SMSL (33) e controles - óbitos esclarecidos (192) e crianças vivas (192) -, que foram pareados por idade e sexo aos casos. As famílias com casos de lactentes menores de 1 ano que faleceram em casa foram identificadas, e as informações das certidões de óbito e autópsias foram comparadas para confirmar a SMSL. Os óbitos esclarecidos foram os ocorridos em hospitais, e os controles vivos foram selecionados na vizinhança dos casos de SMSL. Os pais foram entrevistados para obter informações sobre a saúde e os hábitos de sono da criança. Realizou-se uma análise multivariada para identificar fatores de risco na população estudada. RESULTADOS: A incidência da SMSL na população avaliada foi de 0,55/1.000 nascidos vivos. A análise revelou os seguintes fatores de risco: etnia (autorreferida como negra), prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, mãe adolescente, tabagismo na gravidez e renda familiar abaixo de um salário mínimo. Além disso, 94% dos casos de SMSL foram mal-diagnosticados na certidão de óbito. CONCLUSÕES: Embora a SMSL tenha sido mal-diagnosticada, seu perfil epidemiológico é semelhante ao da literatura, assim como os fatores de risco, que poderiam ser reduzidos com campanhas preventivas. Investigar a SMSL em países em desenvolvimento requer estratégias especiais para evitar erros de diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile, risk factors and best strategies for diagnosing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in a developing country. METHODS: Population-based, case-control study with children born between January 1st, 2001, and December 31st, 2003, in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, who were allocated into three groups: SIDS cases (33), explained death controls (192), and living controls (192). Children in the latter two groups were age- and sex-paired with SIDS cases. Families in which an infant had died at home within the first year of life were identified, and the information available on death certificates and autopsy reports was compared to confirm the diagnosis of SIDS. Explained death controls consisted of infants who had died at city hospitals, and living controls were selected in the same neighborhood as SIDS cases. All parents were interviewed to obtain information on children’s health and sleep habits. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors in the study population. RESULTS: The incidence of SIDS in the population assessed was 0.55/1,000 live births. The analysis revealed the following risk factors: ethnicity (characterized by self-reported black skin color), prematurity, low birth weight, adolescent mother, smoking during pregnancy, and family income of less than one minimum wage. Ninety-four percent of SIDS cases were misdiagnosed in the death certificate. CONCLUSIONS: Although SIDS was misdiagnosed in official death certificates, the epidemiological profile is similar to the literature, as well as risk factors, which could be reduced with preventive campaigns. Investigating SIDS in developing countries requires special strategies to avoid misdiagnosis.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a incidência e prevalência de epilepsia e distúrbios convulsivos na infância e sua relação com os determinantes sociais escolhidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte de nascimento de base populacional, com crianças nascidas entre 1/01 e 31/12/2003 na cidade de Passo Fundo (RS). Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente em duas etapas. Na primeira, foi aplicado o Questionário de Rastreamento Neurológico para Epilepsia (QRN-E) durante uma visita à casa das crianças, juntamente com a avaliação dos determinantes sociais da saúde. Foram analisados construtos de posição social (classe econômica, escolaridade, estado civil e ocupação da mãe), fatores biológicos e comportamentais (consumo de álcool, tabaco e medicamentos na gravidez, e consultas pré-natais) e fatores psicológicos (participação em cerimônias religiosas). Na segunda etapa, as crianças cujos QRN-E apresentaram resultado positivo foram submetidas a avaliação neuroclínica para confirmação do diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 11 casos de epilepsia, 27 de convulsões febris, 10 de convulsões neonatais, 8 de crise única, além de 26 pacientes com eventos paroxísticos não epilépticos. A incidência de epilepsia foi de 7/100.000 crianças, e a prevalência de 65,2/10.000 crianças. Nove crianças apresentaram epilepsia ativa, resultando em uma prevalência pontual de 53,3/10.000 crianças. Após análise multivariada, nenhum determinante social esteve significativamente relacionado à epilepsia. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, foi relatada uma baixa incidência de epilepsia, em contraste com a incidência de convulsões febris e eventos paroxísticos não epilépticos, que foi quase duas vezes maior. Além disso, a realização de um diagnóstico preciso de epilepsia ainda é um desafio nos países em desenvolvimento, a fim de se evitarem diagnósticos incorretos.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy and seizure disorders during childhood, and their relationship to selected social determinants. METHODS: Population-based birth cohort study, with children born between January 1st and December 31st, 2003 in the city of Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil. Data was prospectively collected in two stages. In the first one, the Questionnaire of Neurologic Tracking for Epilepsy (QNT-E) was applied at the children’s homes, together with the assessment of social determinants of health. Constructs of social position (economical class, mother’s educational level, marital status and occupation), biological and behavioral factors (alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy, number of prenatal appointments, and use of medicines during pregnancy), and psychosocial factors (religious meetings attendance) were analyzed. In the second stage, children with a positive QNT-E were submitted to neuroclinical assessment for diagnostic confirmation. RESULTS: Eleven cases of epilepsy, 27 of febrile seizures, 10 of neonatal seizures, 8 of single seizures, besides 26 patients with non-epileptic paroxysmal events, were identified. The incidence rate of epilepsy was 7/100,000 children and the prevalence 65.2/10,000 children. Nine children had active epilepsy, giving a point prevalence of 53.3/10,000 children. After multivariate analysis, no social determinants could be significantly related to epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a low incidence rate of epilepsy was reported in contrast to almost a double incidence of febrile seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal events. Moreover, the achievement of an accurate diagnosis of epilepsy in developing countries is still a challenge, in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a incidência e características de morte súbita em pacientes com epilepsia refratária (SUDEP) e sua relação com cirurgia prévia e localização da lesão. MÉTODO: Estudo de Coorte realizado com 550 pacientes com epilepsia refratária seguidos no Programa de Epilepsia do Hospital Universitário da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brasil, entre Janeiro, 1992 e Julho, 2002. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (operados e não operados). Tipo de epilepsia, distribuição das descargas interictais e achados em RNM foram correlacionados com SUDEP. RESULTADOS: A incidência estimada de SUDEP foi 29:1000 indivíduos. A incidência de provável SUDEP nos 166 pacientes do grupo de não operados foi 1,2% e nos 384 pacientes no grupo operado 3,7% (OR=3,02, 95% IC 0,69-13,16) (p=0,11). Comparando os pacientes que morreram com os sobreviventes do grupo operado houve diferença significativa nas seguintes variáveis: pacientes com SUDEP apresentam uma predominância de crises epilépticas generalizadas (p=0,002), lesões extratemporais na RNM (p<0,001) e atividade epileptiforme na região extratemporal (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A localização da lesão e as descargas extratemporais em pacientes tratados cirurgicamente com epilepsia refratária correlacionaram-se significativamente com SUDEP. Então, é possível que nestes pacientes uma doença sobrejacente possa estar envolvida na patogênese da SUDEP.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify incidence and characteristics of sudden unexpected death in patients (SUDEP) with refractory epilepsy and its relation to previous surgery and lesion localization. METHOD: A cross sectional study was carried out in a cohort of 550 patients with refractory epilepsy followed up by the Epilepsy Surgery Program of the University Hospital of PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil, between January, 1992 and July, 2002. Patients were allocated in two groups (operated and non operated). Seizure type, distribution of interictal spikes and MRI findings were correlated with the SUDEP outcome. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of probable SUDEP amounted to 29:1000 individuals. Probable SUDEP occurred in 1.2% of the 166 patients of the non operated group and in 3.7% of the 384 patients who were operated (OR=3.02, 95% CI 0.69-13.16) (p=0.11). Comparing patients who died to patients alive in the operated group a significant difference was observed concerning the following variables: SUDEP patients had a predominance of generalized seizures (p=0.002), extratemporal lesion on MRI (p<0.001) and epileptiform activity over extratemporal regions (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: In surgically treated patients with refractory epilepsy, an extratemporal location of the lesion and of the epileptiform discharges significantly correlated to SUDEP. Thus it is possible that in those patients; the underlying disease may play a role in the pathogenesis of SUDEP.