Abstract Introduction: Dengue is one of the most clinically and epidemiologically important arboviruses worldwide. In Guatemala, the highest number of cases in the last 10 years was recorded in 2023 and an increase of 135% in the number of cases compared to 2022. Objective: Clinical characterization of dengue with warning signs and severe dengue. Methodology: Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, included records of 206 patients with warning signs of dengue who attended the Adult Emergency of the Roosevelt Hospital in Guatemala, from September 26 to November 26, 2023. Results: The female sex predominated in 54,4% and the age group of 12-22 years in 51,0%. The main warning sign was bleeding in 63,6%. The major complications were liver disease in 9,2%, shock in 5,8% and neurological alterations in 2,9%. Regarding hematological parameters, thrombocytopenia predominated in 93,2%, leukopenia in 53,9% and lymphocytosis in 71,4%. The transaminases AST and ALT were elevated in 97,0% (96/99) and 91,0% (142/156), respectively. Coagulation times were prolonged in 55,9% (104/186) for TPT and in 22,6% (42/186) for TP. There was 78,7% positivity (148/188) for dengue. The 8,3% (17/206) of patients were referred to the critical area for classification of severe dengue. Conclusion: These data provide an improvement in the recognition and adequate clinical management of cases with warning signs and severe dengue, which can contribute to reducing the burden of morbidity and mortality from this disease in the country.

Resumo Introdução: A dengue é uma das arboviroses de maior importância clínica e epidemiológica em todo o mundo. Na Guatemala, durante 2023 foi registrado o maior número de casos dos últimos 10 anos e um aumento de 135% no número de casos em relação a 2022. Objetivo: Caracterização clínica da dengue com sinais de alerta e dengue grave. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu registros de 206 pacientes com sinais de alerta de dengue atendidos na Emergência Adulto do Hospital Roosevelt, na Guatemala, no período de 26 de setembro a 26 de novembro de 2023. Resultados: O sexo feminino predominou em 54,4% e na faixa etária de 12 a 22 anos em 51,0%. O principal sinal de alerta foi sangramento em 63,6%. As principais complicações foram doença hepática em 9,2%, choque em 5,8% e alteração neurológica em 2,9%. Em relação aos parâmetros hematológicos, houve predomínio de trombocitopenia em 93,2%, leucopenia em 53,9% e linfocitose em 71,4%. As transaminases AST e ALT foram elevadas em 97,0% (96/99) e 91,0% (142/156), respectivamente. Os tempos de coagulação foram prolongados em 55,9% (104/186) para TPT e em 22,6% (42/186) para TP. Houve 78,7% de positividade (148/188) para dengue. 8,3% (17/206) dos pacientes foram encaminhados para a área crítica devido à classificação de dengue grave. Conclusão: Esses dados proporcionam uma melhoria no reconhecimento e manejo clínico adequado dos casos com sinais de alerta e dengue grave, o que pode contribuir para a redução da carga de morbidade e mortalidade dessa doença no país.

Resumen Introducción: El dengue es uno de los arbovirus de mayor importancia clínica y epidemiológica a nivel mundial. En Guatemala, durante el 2023 se registró el número más alto de casos en los últimos 10 años y un incremento de 135% en el número de casos comparado con el 2022. Objetivo: Caracterización clínica de dengue con signos de alarma y dengue grave. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo, incluyó registros de 206 pacientes con signos de alarma de dengue que acudieron a la Emergencia de Adultos del Hospital Roosevelt de Guatemala, del 26 de septiembre al 26 de noviembre del 2023. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino en 54,4% y el grupo etario de 12-22 años en 51,0%. El principal signo de alarma fue el sangrado en 63,6%. Las mayores complicaciones fueron hepatopatía en 9,2%, choque en 5,8% y alteración neurológica en 2,9%. Respecto a los parámetros hematológicos, predominaron la trombocitopenia en 93,2%, leucopenia en 53,9% y linfocitosis en 71,4%. Las transaminasas AST y ALT presentaron elevación en 97,0% (96/99) y 91,0% (142/156), respectivamente. Los tiempos de coagulación se mostraron prolongados en 55,9% (104/186) para TPT y en 22,6% (42/186) para TP. Hubo 78,7% de positividad (148/188) para dengue. El 8,3% (17/206) de los pacientes fue referido al área crítica por clasificación de dengue grave. Conclusión: Estos datos aportan una mejora en el reconocimiento y el manejo clínico adecuado de casos con signos de alarma y dengue grave, que pueden contribuir para disminuir la carga de morbimortalidad de esta enfermedad en el país.

RESUMEN Introducción: Alrededor del 10% de los pacientes con dengue presentan alteraciones neurológicas durante o después de la infección. La infección por el virus del dengue se puede presentar con tres cuadros neurológicos: 1) síntomas neurológicos agudos no específicos, 2) encefalitis aguda o síntomas neurológicos focales y 3) complicaciones neurológicas post infecciosas. El presente estudio es un reporte de una serie de cinco casos de dengue neurológico confirmados por pruebas de laboratorio. El objetivo es reportar una serie de casos de manifestaciones neurológicas asociadas a la infección por el virus de dengue y sus características clínicas. Metodología: Se trata de la presentación de una serie de cinco casos de dengue neurológico confirmados por pruebas de laboratorio. Resultados: De la serie de casos, dos pacientes cursaron con debilidad de miembros inferiores, dos tuvieron alteración de conciencia y otro paciente presentó debilidad en hemicuerpo derecho asociado a disartria. Todos ellos con el diagnóstico serológico positivo, a través de anticuerpos anti-virus, del dengue. Una paciente desarrolló Síndrome neurológico mediado por inmunidad, otro paciente sufrió disfunción muscular y tres pacientes desarrollaron encefalitis. Conclusión: Los trastornos neurológicos asociadas al DENV deben ser motivo de sospecha en todo paciente que presente síntomas neurológicos agudos no específicos, encefalitis aguda, síntomas neurológicos focales con evidencia de positividad para DENV, o que presente complicaciones neurológicas durante la fase de convalecencia por este virus.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Approximately 10% of patients with dengue present with neurological disorders during or after infection. Dengue virus infection can present with three neurologic presentations: 1) acute non-specific neurologic symptoms, 2) acute encephalitis or focal neurologic symptoms, and 3) post-infectious neurologic complications. The present study is a report of a series of five laboratory-confirmed cases of neurologic dengue. The aim is to report a series of cases of neurological manifestations associated with dengue virus infection and their clinical features. Methodology: This is a presentation of a series of five cases of neurologic dengue confirmed by laboratory tests. Results: Of the series of cases, two patients presented with lower limb weakness, two had altered consciousness and another patient had right hemibody weakness associated with dysarthria. All had a positive serologic diagnosis of dengue fever by antiviral antibodies. One patient developed an immune-mediated neurological syndrome, another patient had muscle dysfunction, and three patients developed encephalitis. Conclusion: Neurological disorders associated with DENV should be suspected in any patient presenting with acute non-specific neurological symptoms, acute encephalitis, focal neurological symptoms with evidence of positivity for DENV, or presenting with neurological complications during the convalescent phase due to this virus.

RESUMO Introdução: Lesão renal aguda (LRA) ocorre frequentemente em pacientes com COVID-19 e associa-se a maior morbidade e mortalidade. Conhecer riscos da LRA permite a identificação, prevenção e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco associados à LRA em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal e de componente analítico de pacientes adultos hospitalizados com COVID-19 de 1º de março a 31 de dezembro, 2020. Definiu-se a LRA pelos critérios de creatinina das diretrizes KDIGO-LRA. Informações sobre fatores de risco foram obtidas de prontuários eletrônicos. Resultados: Dos 934 pacientes, 42,93% desenvolveram LRA, 60,59% KDIGO-1 e 9,9% necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva. Pacientes com LRA apresentaram maior tempo de internação, maior mortalidade e necessitaram de mais internações em UTIs, ventilação mecânica e suporte vasopressor. A análise multivariada mostrou que idade (OR 1,03; IC 95% 1,02–1,04), sexo masculino (OR 2,13; IC 95% 1,49–3,04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1,55; IC 95% 1,04–2,32), doença renal crônica (DRC) (OR 2,07; IC 95% 1,06–4,04), proteína C reativa (PCR) (OR 1,02; IC 95% 1,00–1,03), admissão em UTI (OR 1,81; IC 95% 1,04–3,16) e suporte vasopressor (OR 7,46; IC 95% 3,34–16,64) foram fatores de risco para LRA, e que bicarbonato (OR 0,89; IC 95% 0,84–0,94) e índice de pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial/fração inspirada de oxigênio (OR 0,99; IC 95% 0,98–0,99) poderiam ser fatores de proteção. Conclusões: Documentou-se alta frequência de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19, com diversos preditores: idade, sexo masculino, DM, DRC, PCR, admissão em UTI e suporte vasopressor. LRA ocorreu mais frequentemente em pacientes com maior gravidade da doença e associou-se a maior mortalidade e piores desfechos. Introdução (LRA COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 associase associa se identificação oportuno Métodos Realizouse Realizou descritivo retrospectivo º 3 dezembro 2020 Definiuse Definiu KDIGOLRA. KDIGOLRA KDIGO LRA. KDIGO-LRA eletrônicos Resultados 93 4293 42 42,93 6059 60 59 60,59 KDIGO1 1 KDIGO- 99 9 9,9 substitutiva internação UTIs OR 1,03 103 03 95 1,02–1,04, 102104 1,02–1,04 , 02 04 1,02–1,04) 2,13 213 2 13 1,49–3,04, 149304 1,49–3,04 49 1,49–3,04) DM (DM 1,55 155 55 1,04–2,32, 104232 1,04–2,32 32 1,04–2,32) DRC (DRC 2,07 207 07 1,06–4,04, 106404 1,06–4,04 06 4 1,06–4,04) PCR (PCR 1,02 102 1,00–1,03, 100103 1,00–1,03 00 1,00–1,03) 1,81 181 81 1,04–3,16 104316 16 7,46 746 7 46 3,34–16,64 3341664 34 64 0,89 089 0 89 0,84–0,94 084094 84 94 arterialfração arterial fração 0,99 099 0,98–0,99 098099 98 proteção Conclusões Documentouse Documentou COVID19, 19, preditores associouse associou desfechos COVID1 COVID- 202 429 42,9 605 6 5 60,5 9, 1,0 10 10210 1,02–1,0 2,1 21 14930 1,49–3,0 1,5 15 10423 1,04–2,3 2,0 20 10640 1,06–4,0 10010 1,00–1,0 1,8 18 8 1,04–3,1 10431 7,4 74 3,34–16,6 334166 0,8 08 0,84–0,9 08409 0,9 09 0,98–0,9 09809 42, 60, 1, 1021 1,02–1, 2, 1493 1,49–3, 1042 1,04–2, 1064 1,06–4, 1001 1,00–1, 1,04–3, 1043 7, 3,34–16, 33416 0, 0,84–0, 0840 0,98–0, 0980 1,02–1 149 1,49–3 104 1,04–2 106 1,06–4 100 1,00–1 1,04–3 3,34–16 3341 0,84–0 084 0,98–0 098 1,02– 14 1,49– 1,04– 1,06– 1,00– 3,34–1 334 0,84– 0,98– 1,49 1,04 1,06 1,00 3,34– 33 0,84 0,98 1,4 3,34 3,3 3,

Abstract Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Knowing the risks of AKI allows for identification, prevention, and timely treatment. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with AKI in hospitalized patients. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, and analytical component study of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1 to December 31, 2020 was carried out. AKI was defined by the creatinine criteria of the KDIGO-AKI guidelines. Information, regarding risk factors, was obtained from electronic medical records. Results: Out of the 934 patients, 42.93% developed AKI, 60.59% KDIGO-1, and 9.9% required renal replacement therapy. Patients with AKI had longer hospital stay, higher mortality, and required more intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02–1.04), male sex (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.49–3.04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.04–2.32), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.06–4.04), C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03), ICU admission (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.04–3.16), and vasopressor support (OR 7.46; 95% CI 3.34–16.64) were risk factors for AKI, and that bicarbonate (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.84–0.94) and partial pressure arterial oxygen/inspired oxygen fraction index (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.99) could be protective factors. Conclusions: A high frequency of AKI was documented in COVID-19 patients, with several predictors: age, male sex, DM, CKD, CRP, ICU admission, and vasopressor support. AKI occurred more frequently in patients with higher disease severity and was associated with higher mortality and worse outcomes. Introduction (AKI COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 identification prevention treatment Methods descriptive retrospective crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional 31 202 out KDIGOAKI KDIGO guidelines Information records Results 93 4293 42 42.93 6059 60 59 60.59 KDIGO1, KDIGO1 1, KDIGO-1 99 9 9.9 therapy stay (ICU ventilation OR 1.03 103 03 95 1.02–1.04, 102104 1.02–1.04 , 02 04 1.02–1.04) 2.13 213 2 13 1.49–3.04, 149304 1.49–3.04 49 3 1.49–3.04) DM (DM 1.55 155 55 1.04–2.32, 104232 1.04–2.32 32 1.04–2.32) CKD (CKD 2.07 207 07 1.06–4.04, 106404 1.06–4.04 06 4 1.06–4.04) Creactive C reactive CRP (CRP 1.02 102 1.00–1.03, 100103 1.00–1.03 00 1.00–1.03) 1.81 181 81 1.04–3.16, 104316 1.04–3.16 16 1.04–3.16) 7.46 746 7 46 3.34–16.64 3341664 34 64 0.89 089 0 89 0.84–0.94 084094 84 94 oxygeninspired inspired 0.99 099 0.98–0.99 098099 98 Conclusions predictors outcomes COVID1 COVID- 20 429 42.9 605 6 5 60.5 KDIGO- 9. 1.0 10 10210 1.02–1.0 2.1 21 14930 1.49–3.0 1.5 15 10423 1.04–2.3 2.0 10640 1.06–4.0 10010 1.00–1.0 1.8 18 8 10431 1.04–3.1 7.4 74 3.34–16.6 334166 0.8 08 0.84–0.9 08409 0.9 09 0.98–0.9 09809 42. 60. 1. 1021 1.02–1. 2. 1493 1.49–3. 1042 1.04–2. 1064 1.06–4. 1001 1.00–1. 1043 1.04–3. 7. 3.34–16. 33416 0. 0.84–0. 0840 0.98–0. 0980 1.02–1 149 1.49–3 104 1.04–2 106 1.06–4 100 1.00–1 1.04–3 3.34–16 3341 0.84–0 084 0.98–0 098 1.02– 14 1.49– 1.04– 1.06– 1.00– 3.34–1 334 0.84– 0.98– 1.49 1.04 1.06 1.00 3.34– 33 0.84 0.98 1.4 3.34 3.3 3.

RESUMO O presente artigo busca, a partir de uma crescente produção de obras em que as narrativas literárias operam as linguagens verbais e visuais em diálogo, aproximar dois formatos amplamente encontrados em livrarias, bibliotecas e na mão de leitores: as histórias em quadrinhos e os livros ilustrados. Pensaremos em suas similaridades e diferenças, buscando compreender como as obras literárias multimodais transitam entre os recursos desses formatos sem perder a qualidade estética e a continuidade, ou seja, evidenciando a fluidez entre eles. Para isso, iremos analisar o que dizem as referências teóricas (McCloud, 2005; Nikolajeva e Scott, 2011; Linden, 2011) e o que é possível constatar em duas narrativas que fogem dos parâmetros tradicionais desses formatos: Na cozinha noturna (2014), de Maurice Sendak, e Are We There Yet? (2016), de Dan Santat. Refletiremos, assim, sobre esse esfacelamento de fronteiras que revela uma necessidade de compreensão mais ampla do literário. busca diálogo livrarias leitores ilustrados diferenças continuidade seja eles isso McCloud, McCloud (McCloud 2005 Scott 2011 Linden 2014, 2014 , (2014) Sendak Yet 2016, 2016 (2016) Santat Refletiremos assim literário 200 201 (2014 (2016 20 (201 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT This article seeks, from a growing production of works in which literary narratives operate as verbal and visual languages in dialogue, to approach the formats widely found in bookstores, libraries, and in the hands of readers: comics and picturebooks. Thinking about the similarities and differences between them, we can understand how multimodal literature transits between the resources of these formats, without losing aesthetic quality and continuity, that is, highlighting the fluidity between them. To this end, we analyzed theoretical references (McCloud, 2005; Nikolajeva and Scott, 2011; Linden, 2011) and observed two narratives that do not reflect the traditional parameters of these formats: In the Night Kitchen (1970), by Maurice Sendak and Are We There Yet? (2016) by Dan Santat. We reflect, therefore, on this confrontation of borders that reveals a need for a broader understanding of literature. seeks dialogue bookstores libraries readers picturebooks them continuity is end McCloud, McCloud (McCloud 2005 Scott 2011 Linden 1970, 1970 , (1970) Yet 2016 (2016 Santat therefore 200 201 197 (1970 (201 20 19 (197 (20 2 1 (19 (2 (1 (

Resumo Diferentes são os recursos explorados pelas narrativas contemporâneas endereçadas aos jovens. Nesta esfera está a narrativa gráfica A arte de Charlie Chan Hock Chye, corpuscom relevância histórica, social e artística do presente estudo. Objetiva-se, a partir de uma perspectiva da metaficção nas linguagens verbal, imagética e gráfica, compreender de que forma a obra multimodal de Liew incita o leitor a conhecer os bastidores da criação artística desta e de outras obras, promovendo um esmaecimento entre o real e o ficcional. Além disso, buscamos destacar como o autor aborda, simultaneamente, a história de Singapura e a biografia de um cartunista ficcional renomado, rendendo uma homenagem às histórias em quadrinhos. Para isso nos utilizaremos das teorias de metaficção (Hutcheon, 1984; Waugh, 1988), da intertextualidade (Genette, 2006) e da linguagem dos quadrinhos (Postema, 2021). jovens Chye histórica estudo Objetivase, Objetivase Objetiva se, se Objetiva-se verbal obras disso aborda simultaneamente renomado Hutcheon, Hutcheon (Hutcheon 1984 Waugh 1988, 1988 , 1988) Genette, Genette (Genette 2006 Postema, Postema (Postema 2021. 2021 . 2021) 198 200 202 19 20 1 2

Abstract There are different resources explored by contemporary narratives addressed to young people. In this sphere is the graphic narrative The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye, a work with historical, social, and artistic relevance which constitutes the corpus of this study. The objective is, from a metafictional perspective of the verbal, imagetic, and graphic, to understand how Liew’s multimodal work encourages the reader to know the backstage of this and other books, promoting the fading of the boundaries between the real and the fictional. Besides that, we will highlight how the author approaches, simultaneously, the history of Singapore and the fictional biography of a reputed cartoonist, paying homage to the art of comics. For this, we start from the theories of metafiction (Hutcheon, 1984; Waugh, 1988), intertextuality (Genette, 2006), and the language of comics (Postema, 2021). people Chye historical social study verbal imagetic Liews Liew s books that approaches simultaneously cartoonist Hutcheon, Hutcheon (Hutcheon 1984 Waugh 1988, 1988 , 1988) Genette, Genette (Genette 2006, 2006 2006) Postema, Postema (Postema 2021. 2021 . 2021) 198 200 202 19 20 1 2

Resumen: Este estudio presenta una mirada sobre los efectos de las modalidades de educación remota o virtual, implementadas durante la pandemia por COVID-19, en las relaciones familia y escuela, los impactos en los espacios y tiempos educativos, así como las consecuencias en la socialización y la escolarización. Para ello, se recuperaron 104 testimonios de padres y madres, estudiantes y docentes en educación obligatoria para entender sus experiencias durante los periodos de confinamiento estricto y cierre de las instituciones escolares. La metodología apeló a la experiencia inmediata desde una perspectiva socioanalítica; un recurso que, en medio de un momento ensombrecido, permitió sacar a flote aquellas vivencias normalizadas de la familia y la escuela en tanto certezas del día a día, para avizorar las continuidades y discontinuidades provocadas por el confinamiento obligatorio. El análisis revela estrategias para mantener las formas escolares en casa, pero con una sensible sobrecarga para la familia, una percepción desfavorable sobre la calidad de lo aprendido y de la pérdida de la autoridad pedagógica de la escuela o de la obligación de esta de ceder parte de sus funciones a la familia.

Abstract: This study presents a view of how family/school relationships were affected by the remote or virtual education implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic; it also looks at the impact on educational space and time, and the consequences for socialization and schooling. To understand the respondents' experiences during the strict lockdown and school closures, 104 narratives were compiled from parents, students, and teachers at the compulsory educational level. The methodology employed immediate experience from a socio-analytical perspective: a resource that exposed, in a dark moment, the normalized daily experiences of families and schools, and the continuities and discontinuities of the lockdown. The analysis reveals strategies for home schooling that led to an overload for families, an unfavorable perception of the quality of learning, and the loss of the school's pedagogical authority or the school's obligation to cede part of its functions to the family.

RESUMO O artigo1 relata uma experiência inacabada de pesquisa aplicada à docência, envolvendo articulação de diferentes disciplinas e contextos curriculares dentro de um programa de pós-graduação em literatura e crítica literária. Por meio do uso de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem e tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação, buscamos pôr alguns dilemas constitutivos dos estudos literários em diálogo com noções e práticas da ciência aberta. Ao longo desse processo, formulamos as bases para construir uma plataforma digital que reunisse a produção das atividades de pesquisa desenvolvidas no contexto das disciplinas e a tornasse acessível para públicos e territórios socioculturais com os quais elas conversam. Promovendo o impacto social das pesquisas do programa, essa iniciativa suscita, enfim, um questionamento acerca dos modos de articulação entre contextos acadêmicos e sociais heterogêneos, tanto no interior da sala de aula conectada a outros ambientes quanto nas produções científicas abertas, acessíveis para diferentes públicos. artigo docência pósgraduação pós graduação literária ensinoaprendizagem ensino aprendizagem comunicação aberta processo conversam suscita enfim heterogêneos abertas

ABSTRACT This article1 reports an ongoing experience involving the application of research to teaching that articulates various disciplines and curricular contexts within a Post-graduate Program in Literature and Literary Criticism. Through the use of active teaching-learning methodologies and digital information and communication technologies, we seek to put some core dilemmas of literary studies into dialogue with notions and practices of open science. Throughout this process, we laid the groundwork for a digital platform that would bring together the results of research developed in the context of these various disciplines and make them readily available to their respective audiences and sociocultural territories. By raising awareness concerning the social impact of the program’s research, this report should prompt reflection on how to foster articulation between heterogeneous academic and social contexts, both within the classroom connected to other environments and in open scientific productions, accessible to different audiences. article Postgraduate Post graduate Criticism teachinglearning learning technologies science process territories programs program s productions

ABSTRACT Seagrass meadows have stood out for being very effective fixing atmospheric carbon, among others, due to their ability to produce plant biomass. Therefore, the values of shoot density (m2), biomass (cores) and carbon present in 12 locations with Thalassia testudinum at the Colombian Caribbean (La Guajira and San Andrés Island) were quantified. The biological samples were processed in laboratory until obtaining the values of aerial, underground and total dry weight, and the estimation of the carbon was stablishing from a ratio of 35 % of the dry biomass. Statistical tests were carried out to determine significant differences between the sites, highlighting the aerial biomass in La Guajira and the underground biomass in San Andrés. It was calculated that the total carbon in the seagrasses’ biomass from La Guajira were 197 484 Mg C and in San Andrés 1835.4 Mg C. The difference between locations were due to particular geomorphological and intrinsic factors. It is highlighted that, although the carbon retained in the biomass (aerial and underground) is comparatively lower than in sediments, it constitutes the pillar of conservation of both carbon sink as well as for the sustainability of the ecosystem.

RESUMEN Los pastos marinos se han destacado por ser muy efectivos en la fijación de carbono atmosférico, entre otros, debido a su capacidad de producir biomasa vegetal. Por lo anterior, se cuantificaron los valores de densidad de vástagos (m2), biomasa (corazonadores) y el carbono presente en 12 localidades con Thalassia testudinum del Caribe colombiano (La Guajira y San Andrés isla). Las muestras biológicas se procesaron en laboratorio hasta obtener los valores de peso seco aéreo, subterráneo y total, y la estimación del carbono se realizó a partir de la relación del 35 % de la biomasa seca. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas para determinar diferencias significativas entre las estaciones, resaltando la biomasa aérea en La Guajira y la biomasa subterránea en San Andrés. Se calculó que el carbono total en la biomasa viva de las praderas de La Guajira fue de 197 484 Mg C y en San Andrés 1835,4 Mg C. La diferencia entre áreas se debió a factores geomorfológicos e intrínsecos particulares. Se destaca que, aunque el carbono retenido en la biomasa (aérea y subterránea) es comparativamente menor al que se encuentra en los sedimentos, constituye el pilar de conservación tanto del sumidero de carbono como para la sostenibilidad del ecosistema.

ABSTRACT Objective : To characterize cesarean sections according to the Robson classification system in a private high complexity HPSI, in the period between January 1 December 31, 2017. Methods : Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted in a private HPSI in the city of Cali. The study included pregnant women admitted for delivery care in 2017. A database was constructed in Microsoft Excel 2010, with the variables defined in Robson's classification. The rate of cesarean sections, the relative size of each group and the relative contribution of each group to the overall rate of cesarean sections were calculated, as well as the causes of cesarean sections were analyzed. The results are presented in tables. Results : The overall cesarean section rate was 35.4 %. The groups with the highest contribution to the total percentage of cesarean sections were groups 2, 1 and 10 with 20.4 %, 3.9 % and 3.3 %, respectively. History of previous cesarean section was the main cause. Conclusions: Using Robson's classification, it can be concluded that it is possible to reduce the rate of cesarean section rate by 14 % by intervening in the history of previous cesarean section.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar las cesáreas según el sistema de clasificación de Robson en una IPS privada de alta complejidad, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal realizado en una IPS privada de la ciudad de Cali. Se incluyó en el estudio gestantes ingresadas para atención del parto en el 2017. Se construyó una base de datos en Microsoft Excel 2010, con las variables definidas en la clasificación de Robson y se calculó la tasa de cesáreas, el tamaño relativo de cada grupo y la contribución relativa de cada grupo a la tasa general de cesáreas, así como se analizó las causas de las cesáreas. Se presentan los resultados en tablas. Resultados : La tasa de cesáreas general fue del 35,4 %. Los grupos de mayor contribución al porcentaje total de cesáreas fueron los grupos 2, 1 y 10, con 20,4%, 3,9 % y 3,3 %, respectivamente. El antecedente de cesárea previa fue la causa principal. Conclusiones. Utilizando la clasificación de Robson se logra concluir que es posible reducir la tasa de cesáreas en un 14 % interviniendo el antecedente de cesárea previa.

Resumen Objetivo. Evaluar las tasas mensuales de hospitalizaciones por diarrea infantil en las macrorregiones de Araçatuba, Marília y Presidente Prudente, SP, entre entre Junio 2009 -Junio 2019. Métodos. Las tasas medias y sus desviaciones estándar de ingreso de diarrea en la población diana se obtuvieron de DATASUS y se estandarizaron para casos x 100.000 habitantes. Se establecieron límites de confianza, las ocurrencias por encima de los límites de confianza se consideraron eventos epidémicos. La normalidad de los datos y la autocorrelación en serie se probaron utilizando el método de Shapiro-Wilk y Durbin-Watson. Resultados. Todos los métodos detectaron ocurrencias epidémicas en las tres regiones. Araçatuba y Marília, los picos se concentraron en la primera mitad de la década y Presidente Prudente, cerca de la mitad. El método CUSUM fue más sensible para detectar períodos epidémicos, sin embargo, los datos de normalidad y los supuestos han sido violados por la autocorrelación en serie en unos pocos meses. El método EWMA se consideró el más apropiado. Conclusiones. Los gráficos de control de procesos estadísticos se pueden utilizar para monitorear y comparar la incidencia de enfermedades entre diferentes regiones.

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the monthly rates of hospitalizations for childhood diarrhea in macro-regions of Araçatuba, Marília and Presidente Prudente, SP, between 2019 -June Between June 2009. Methods. The average rates and their standard deviations for admission of diarrhea in the target population were obtained from DATASUS and standardized for cases x 100,000 inhabitants. Confidence limits were established, occurrences above confidence limits were considered epidemic events. The normality of the data and serial autocorrelation were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk and Durbin-Watson method. Results. All methods detected epidemic occurrences in the three regions. Araçatuba and Marília, the peaks were concentrated in the first half of the decade and Presidente Prudente, close to the middle. The CUSUM method was more sensitive to detect epidemic periods, however the normality data and assumptions have been violated by serial autocorrelation in a few months. The EWMA method was considered the most appropriate. Conclusions. Statistical process control charts can be used to monitor and compare disease incidence between different regions.

Resumen Objetivo: Validar el cuestionario de calidad de vida `` Minnesota Living with Heart Failure'' en pacientes con falla cardíaca para su uso en población colombiana. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de validación de una escala, prospectivo en tres momentos: en el primero se hizo la traducción, la retrotraducción y la adaptación cultural; en el segundo se hizo la evaluación de la validez de contenido, constructo, criterio convergente y divergente con el SF36, WHODASII y DASI, y se evaluó la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad intra e interobservador, y en el tercero, longitudinal, se evaluó la sensibilidad al cambio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 134 pacientes, con clase funcional I-IV de la NYHA, fracción de eyección ≤ 50%. El análisis confirmatorio se ajustó a las tres dimensiones de la escala original. Hubo mejor calidad de vida en quienes tuvieron mejor capacidad física de acuerdo con los MET alcanzados. La validez de criterio convergente fue superior a 0,6 y la divergente menor a 0,4 con el SF36, WHODAS II y DASI. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el inicio, el primero, el tercero y el sexto mes. El mínimo cambio detectable (MCD) fue para la dimensión física de 6,0, para la dimensión emocional de 4,8 y para el total de 12,6. Conclusiones: La escala de “Minnesota Living with Heart Failure” (MLHFQ) es válida, confiable y tiene una buena sensibilidad al cambio para ser utilizada en las personas con falla cardiaca en Colombia.

Abstract Objective: To validate the “Minnesota Living with Heart Failure” quality of life questionnaire in patients with heart failure, for its use in a Colombian population. Materials and methods: An observational, prospective study with validation of a scale at three points was conducted. First of all, a translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation were performed. This was followed by the evaluation of the content validity, construct, convergent and divergent criteria with the SF36, WHODAS II and DAS I questionnaires, as well as the assessment of internal consistency and the within- and between-observer reliability. Finally, a longitudinal study was carried out to evaluate the sensitivity to change. Results: The study included a total of 134 patients, with NYHA functional class I-IV, and an ejection fraction ≤ 50%. The confirmatory analysis was adjusted to the three dimensions of the original scale. There was a better quality of life in those that had a better physical capacity according to the MET achieved. The validity of the convergent criteria was greater than 0.6, with the divergent being less than 0.4 with the SF36, WHODAS II and DASI. Statistically significant differences were found between the beginning and the first, third, and sixth month. The minimum detectable change was for the physical dimension, 0.6, for the emotional dimension, 4.8, and for the total, 12.6. Conclusions: The “Minnesota Living with Heart Failure” scale is valid and reliable, and has a good sensitivity to change, in order to be used in the populations with heart failure in Colombia.

Resumen Introducción. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo del carcinoma hepatocelular es el consumo crónico de alcohol. En estudios en diferentes poblaciones, se sugiere que las variantes genéticas de las enzimas que participan en el metabolismo del alcohol, como la alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH) y la citocromo P450 (CYP2E1), estarían asociadas con riesgo de enfermedades hepáticas terminales. Objetivo. Identificar y caracterizar las variantes alélicas de los genes ADH1B, ADH1C y CYP2E1 en pacientes colombianos con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron muestras de pacientes atendidos entre el 2005 y el 2007, y entre el 2014 y el 2016, en la unidad de hepatología de un hospital de Medellín. La genotipificación de las muestras se hizo mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) con análisis de los polimorfismos en la longitud de los fragmentos de restricción (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP). Los resultados se compararon con los de dos grupos de control y con lo reportado en la base de datos del 1000 Genomes Project. Resultados. Se recolectaron 97 muestras de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Los dos factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron el consumo crónico de alcohol (18,6 %) y las colangiopatías (17,5 %). Los genotipos más frecuentes en la población de estudio fueron el ADH1B*1/1 (82 %), el ADH1C*1/1 (59 %) y el CYP2E1*C/C (84 %). Conclusiones. En este primer estudio de los polimorfismos en pacientes colombianos con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular, los genotipos más frecuentes fueron el ADH1B*1/1, el ADH1C*1/1 y el CYP2E1*C/C. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la frecuencia de los genotipos entre los casos y los controles. Se requieren estudios adicionales en población colombiana para evaluar el riesgo de la enfermedad hepática terminal por consumo crónico de alcohol y la asociación con los polimorfismos.

Abstract Introduction: One of the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is alcohol consumption: Studies in different populations suggest that the risk of liver disease could be associated with genetic variants of the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 CYP2E1. Objective: To identify and characterize the allelic variants of ADH1B, ADH1C and CYP2E1 genes in Colombian patients with cirrhosis and/or HCC. Materials and methods: We included samples from patients attending the hepatology unit between 2005-2007 and 2014-2016 of a hospital in Medellin. Samples were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. We compared the results with two control groups and the 1000 Genomes Project database. Results: We collected 97 samples from patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis and/or HCC. The two main risk factors were chronic alcohol consumption (18.6%) and cholangiopathies (17.5%). The most frequent genotypes in the study population were ADH1B*1/1 (82%), ADH1C*1/1 (59%), and CYP2E1*C/C (84%). Conclusions: This first study of polymorphisms in Colombian patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and/or HCC showed genotypes ADH1B*1/1, ADH1C*1/1 and CYP2E1*C/C as the most frequent. We found no significant differences in the genotype frequency between cases and controls. Further studies are necessary to explore the association between polymorphisms and the risk of end-stage liver disease from alcohol consumption.

Resumen Objetivos: Hacer la validación para Colombia del cuestionario “Índice de estado actividad de Duke en pacientes con falla cardíaca”. Métodos: Se hizo la traducción y adaptación cultural del Índice de estado actividad de Duke (DASI) al español. Se incluyeron 135 pacientes, con quienes se hizo la validación de contenido con un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se evaluó la validez de constructo convergente y divergente y la validez de criterio comparando grupos de la New York Heart Asociation (NYHA) y con las correlaciones con el cuestionario de calidad de vida “Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire”, la escala genérica de calidad de vida SF-36 y un cuestionario de evaluación de la discapacidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHO-DAS II). Se evaluó la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad interobservador e intraobservador, así como la sensibilidad al cambio al mes, tres y seis meses. Resultados: En la validez de contenido la escala se ajusta a dos dominios; en la validez convergente y divergente se verificó con correlaciones significativas del DASI con las escalas con las que se comparó. La validez de criterio del DASI con la clasificación NYHA mostró relación adecuada, aunque no es estadísticamente significativa. En la consistencia interna el coeficiente de alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,69 y los coeficientes de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad interevaluador e intraevaluador fueron 0,81 y 0,90 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Esta versión en Español del Índice de estado actividad de Duke es válida y confiable para pacientes con falla cardíaca en Colombia.

Abstract Objectives: To validate the Duke Activity Status Index questionnaire in patients with heart failure in Colombia. Methods: A translation to Spanish and a cultural adaptation was performed on the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) questionnaire. A total 135 patients were included to carry out the content validity, with a confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent and divergent construct validity, and the criteria validity was evaluated, comparing New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification groups, and the correlations with the “Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire” quality of life questionnaire, the SF-36 quality of life generic scale, and a questionnaire on the evaluation of disability by the World Health Organisation (WHO-DAS II). Internal consistency and inter-observer reliability was evaluated, as well as the sensitivity to change at one, three, and six months. Results: The scale is adjusted to two domains in the content validity. The convergent and divergent validity was verified, with significant correlations of the DASI with the scales that it was compared against. The criteria validity of the DASI with the NYHA classification showed some relationship, but it was not statistically significant. The Cronbach alpha was 0.69 in the internal consistency, and the inter-class correlation coefficients for inter-observer and within-observer reliability were 0.81 and 0.90, respectively. Conclusions: This version of the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) in Spanish is valid and reliable for patients with heart failure in Colombia.