Chagas disease is a tropical neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide, still demanding a more effective and safer therapy, especially in its chronic phase which lacks a treatment that promotes substantial parasitological cure. The technical note of Romanha and collaborators published in 2010 aimed establish a guideline with the set of minimum criteria and decision gates for the development of new agents against Trypanosoma cruzi with the focus on developing new antichagasic drugs. In this sense, the present review aims to update this technical note, bringing the state of the art and new advances on this topic in recent years. worldwide therapy cure 201 drugs sense years 20 2

Resumo: Em resposta ao Questionário de Percepção da Prova relativo ao Enade aplicado em 2017, concluintes do curso de Licenciatura em Filosofia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes), oferecido na modalidade a distância, entre os anos de 2014 e 2019, indicaram a “forma diferente de abordagem do conteúdo” como principal fator de suas dificuldades na prova. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o sentido dessa expressão, procurando determinar a que ela se refere e quais aspectos do ensino e da formação em Filosofia ela mobiliza. A identificação desses elementos repercute no interesse de contribuir com os estudos filosóficos no âmbito da graduação, visando remediar eventuais carências de conteúdo programático, afloradas pelos resultados do Enade. Esta análise se pauta em fonte documental relativa à apreciação do Questionário de Percepção de 143 estudantes, divulgada pelo Relatório de Curso do Inep. As informações são examinadas em conjunto com os dados coletados pelo Colegiado de Curso, que, por meio de pesquisa realizada com a ferramenta Formulários Google, angariou as respostas enviadas por 66 concluintes. O teste de hipóteses dedutivas, em parceria com a análise estatística de itens, sugere que a “forma diferente de abordagem” está relacionada com o campo filosófico de Lógica/Linguagem e com a competência para interpretar. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento de metodologias para o estudo da Lógica e ações didático-pedagógicas para o incremento do ensino de Hermenêutica.

Abstract: In response to the Test Perception Questionnaire about Enade applied in 2017, near-graduating students of the Licentiate Degree in Philosophy at the Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), offered as distance education, from 2014 to 2019, indicated the “different form of approaching the content” as the main factor of their difficulties in the test. This study aims to understand the meaning of such expression, to determine to what it refers and what aspects of teaching and training in Philosophy it mobilizes. The identification of these elements reflects the interest in contributing to the undergration philosophical studies, aiming to remedy any shortcomings of program content, brought out by the results of Enade. This analysis is based on a documentary source related to the assessment of 143 students in the Perception Questionnaire, divulged by INEP’s Course Report. The information is examined together with the data collected by the Collegiate Course, that, through a survey with Google forms tool, gathered the answers sent by 66 graduates. The deductive hypotheses test, along with statistical item analysis, suggests that the “different form of approach” is related to the philosophical field of Logic/Language and the competence to interpret. A proposition is made for a reflection on the development of methodologies for the study of Logic and didactic-pedagogical actions to increase the teaching of Hermeneutics.

Resumen: En respuesta al Cuestionario de Percepción del Enade aplicado en 2017, concluyentes de la Licenciatura en Filosofía de la Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Ufes), curso ofertado en la modalidad a distancia entre los años de 2014 a 2019, señalaron la “forma diferente de abordar el contenido” como factor principal en sus dificultades en la prueba. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender el significado de esta expresión, tratando de determinar a qué se refiere y qué aspectos de la enseñanza y de la formación en Filosofía ella moviliza. La identificación de estos elementos refleja el interés por contribuir a los estudios filosóficos en el nivel universitário, con el objetivo de subsanar cualquier ausencia de contenido programático, suscitada por los resultados del Enade. Este análisis se basa en una fuente documental relacionada con la evaluación del Cuestionario de Percepción de 143 estudiantes, dado a conocer por el Informe de Curso del INEP. Se ha examinado las informaciones junto con los datos recogidos por el colegiado, que, por médio de una encuesta realizada con la herramienta Google Forms, se recogió las respuestas enviadas por 66 concluyentes. La prueba de hipótesis deductivas, en asociación con el análisis estadístico de ítems, sugiere que la “forma diferente de enfoque” se relaciona con el campo filosófico de la Lógica/Lenguaje y con la competencia para interpretar. Se propone una reflexión sobre el desarrollo de metodologías para el estudio de la Lógica y acciones didáctico-pedagógicas para incrementar la enseñanza de la Hermenéutica.

Selecting a polymer depends on its characteristics, the properties of the drug and of the remaining ingredients in the formulation. The drug, when incorporated into a polymeric matrix, can show several advantages when compared with its conventional form. In this context, this work describes the preparation and characterization of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and its derivative particles loaded with benznidazole, as well as evaluates their trypanocidal activity. In this work, reactions to modify the PEG 4000 polymer and the subsequent incorporation of the benznidazole were made. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed the efficiency in modifying the PEG chains. The morphology of polymeric films was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and showed considerable changes on the film organization. The acetylation of PEG favored the stability of the system and an increase in the zeta potential from ?14.83 to ?25.54 mV was observed. Although encapsulation efficiency values between 30.14 and 39.48% were found, the enhanced benznidazole dissolution profile by microparticles enables the use of lower drug concentrations. This fact can be proven by the increased trypanocidal effect of benznidazole when encapsulated in BP3 microparticles. Finally, the high selectivity of the formulations for trypanocidal action guarantees their safety as an alternative for the treatment of the Chagas disease.

Chagas disease is included in the neglected tropical diseases list and is endemic to 21 Latin American countries. The two drugs currently available for treating Chagas disease are nifurtimox and benznidazole and both result in many significant side effects. The study describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles. Isoxazoles were obtained by reaction of flavones and hydroxylamine and either alkylated at the free hydroxyl group and/or nitrated at the isoxazole ring. These compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite in T. cruzi-infected cell lineages. Benznidazole was used as a reference compound for the in vitro assay and mammalian L929 cells were employed to evaluate cytotoxicity. A majority of the compounds tested were very active and the most active isoxazole against amastigote and trypomastigotes of T. cruzi was slightly more potent than the current medicine benznidazole.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver 27 frases-optotipo para a versão em português das tabelas de leitura de Radner. Métodos: Trinta e quatro frases em português foram elaboradas de acordo com o conceito das tabelas de leitura de Radner, de forma a obter frases-optotipo, altamente comparáveis em termos dificuldade lexical, complexidade sintática, tamanho das palavras, número de sílabas e posição das palavras. Foi também avaliado um texto longo (106 palavras) ao nível do 5o ano de escolaridade para determinar a validade dos resultados obtidos com as frases curtas. As frases curtas e o texto longo foram testados em 50 voluntários de nível acadêmico semelhante e média de idades de 30,98 anos ± 6,99 (intervalo de 19-47 anos). A velociade de leitura foi medida com cronômetro, de forma a obter o número de palavras por minuto (wpm). O intervalo válido para tempo de leitura das frases curtas foi definido como a média ± 0,40 x desvio padrão (SD). As frases mais semellhantes foram estatisticamente selecionadas para a construção das tabelas de leitura Radner-Coimbra. Resultados: A velocidade média de leitura obtida com as frases curtas foi 235,43 ± 36,39 wpm. As frases com velocidade média entre 220,8 e 250,0 palavras por minuto (média ± 0,40 x SD) foram selecionadas. Vinte e sete frases cumpriram este critério. A velocidade média de leitura do texto longo foi 212,42 ± 26,20 wpm. A correlação entre as frases curtas selecionadas e o texto longo foi alta (r=0,86). A análise de fiabilidade originou um coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,97. Conclusões: As 27 frases em português são altamente semelhantes em termos de estrutura sintática, número, posição e comprimento das palavras, dificuldade lexical e duração da leitura. Este teste permite ultrapassar as limitações dos testes existentes em termos de homogeneidade e comparabilidade, reduzindo a subjetividade na avaliação dos resultados de terapêuticas médicas e cirúrgicas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To develop 27 short sentence optotypes for the Portuguese version of the Radner Reading Charts. Methods: Thirty-four Portuguese sentences were constructed following the concept of the Radner Reading Charts to obtain highly comparable sentences in terms of lexical difficulty, syntactical complexity, word length, number of syllables, and position of words. A long text (106 words) at the 5th grade reading level was also tested to assess the validity of the reading speeds obtained with the short sentences. The short sentences and long text were tested in 50 volunteers with similar educational backgrounds (mean age 30.98 years ± 6.99 years, range 19-47 years). Reading speeds were measured with a stop-watch and reported as words per minute (wpm). The reading time for each of the short sentences to be selected for the chart was defined as falling within the range of the mean ± 0.40 × standard deviation (SD). Results: The overall mean reading speed for each of the short sentences was 235.43 ± 36.39 wpm. The 27 sentences with a mean between 220.8 and 250.0 wpm (overall mean ± 0.40 × SD) were selected for construction of the reading charts. The mean reading speed for the long text was 212.42 ± 26.20 wpm. Correlation between the selected short sentences and long text was high (r =0.86). Reliability analysis yielded an overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97. Conclusions: The 27 short Portuguese sentences were highly comparable in terms of syntactical structure, number, position and length of words, lexical difficulty, and reading length. This reading test can overcome the limitations of the current tests for homogeneity and comparability, reducing subjectivity in the evaluation of the functional outcomes of medical and surgical ophthalmologic treatments.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of lipids in the diets of dairy cows on the intake and digestibility of nutritional fractions, and milk production and composition. The experiment was conducted in a 42-hectare area divided into eight paddocks covered with Brachiaria brizantha. Twelve crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows were distributed into three simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments consisted of different sources of lipids, as follows: diet with no extra source of lipids; diet with cottonseed as the source of lipids; diet with soy oil; and diet with used frying soy oil. The intakes of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, total carbohydrates, and non-fibrous carbohydrates were similar for all diets. The use of lipid sources caused a decrease in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and crude protein. The levels of protein, lactose, and defatted dry matter were reduced with the use of lipid sources but did not affect milk production. The use of cottonseed, soy oil, and used frying soy oil as sources of lipids in diets for lactating cows at pasture do not improve milk production, and their use is therefore optional.

Objetivo Comparar a acurácia diagnóstica dos critérios citológicos clássicos de Meisels com a dos critérios secundários de Schneider em relação a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV. Métodos Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo realizado em hospital público universitário. Quarenta e uma pacientes com diagnóstico citológico de infecção pelo HPV e 40 pacientes HPV-negativas foram selecionadas para avaliação dos esfregaços cervicaisvaginais em busca dos critérios clássicos e secundários. Um único patologista reviu as lâminas. Os critérios citológicos clássicos e secundários foram comparados com a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV. O teste de Bartleti foi aplicado para a análise das idades e o teste exato de Fisher para comparar proporções. Os testes foram considerados significativos quando a probabilidade de rejeitar a hipótese de nulidade foi menor que 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados Os critérios deMeisels forammenos sensíveis (34,0%) que os secundários de Schneider (57,5%) quando comparados com a captura híbrida (p < 0,0001), embora a especificidade dos critérios de Meisels não tenha sido significativamente superior (91,2% e 67,7%, respectivamente). Em casos de inflamação moderada ou intensa, a sensibilidade e especificidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider foram diminuídas, 33,3% e 50,0%, respectivamente (p = 0,0115). Conclusões Comparado a captura híbrida para o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HPV, a sensibilidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider foi maior que a dos critérios clássicos de Meisels. Inflamação moderada ou intensa reduziu a sensibilidade e especificidade dos critérios secundários de Schneider para o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HPV utilizando a captura híbrida como padrão-ouro.

Objective To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the classic Meisels cytologic criteria and the Schneider secondary criteria relative to the hybrid capture method for diagnosing HPV infection. Methods This was a retrospective study performed at a public university hospital. A total of 41 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of HPV infection and 40 HPV-negative patients were selected for review of the cervical-vaginal smears seeking to classical and secondary criteria. A single pathologist reviewed the slides in search of the criteria. The classical and secondary cytologic criteria were compared with the hybrid capture for diagnosing HPV infection. Bartleti test was applied for the age analysis, and Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions. The tests were considered significant when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis was less than 5% (p < 0.05). Results The Meisels criteria were less sensitive (34.0%) than the secondary Schneider criteria (57.5%) when compared with the hybrid capture (p < 0.0001), although the specificity of the former criteria was non-significantly higher (91.2% and 67.7%, respectively). In cases of moderate or intense inflammation, the sensitivity and specificity of the Schneider criteria were decreased, 33.3% and 50.0% respectively (p = 0.0115). Conclusions Compared with hybrid capture for diagnosis of HPV infection, the sensitivity of the secondary Schneider criteria was higher than the classical Meisels criteria.Moderate or intense inflammation reduces the sensitivity and specificity of the secondary Schneider criteria for diagnosing HPV infection using the hybrid capture as the gold standard.

O objetivo central deste texto é identificar quais grupos minoritários de migrantes estão em maior desvantagem no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, quando comparados ao grupo “majoritário”. Os resultados mostram que, ante este grupo, as desvantagens dos brasileiros negros em relação aos brasileiros brancos são menores do que as desvantagens encontradas para bolivianos, paraguaios, peruanos e uruguaios. Porém, quando se faz uma análise regional, o impacto negativo de cor/raça é mais forte em São Paulo e no Amazonas. O contrário ocorre para os estados do Paraná e do Rio Grande do Sul, onde o efeito negativo é maior para os grupos étnicos/nacionais de paraguaios e uruguaios, respectivamente.

The main goal of this text is to identify which migrant minority groups are in a less advantageous situation in the Brazilian labor market when compared to the “majoritarian” group. The results show that the disadvantages of the Black Brazilians in relation to the White Brazilians are lesser than those affecting Bolivians, Paraguayans, Peruvians and Uruguayans. However, when one proceeds to an analysis by region, the negative impact of color/race is stronger in Sao Paulo and in the Amazon. On the contrary, in the states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, the negative effect is respectively greater for the ethnic-national groups of Paraguayans and Uruguayans.

L’objectif central de ce texte est d’identifier, parmi les groupes minoritaires de migrants, ceux qui sont les plus désavantagés sur le marché du travail brésilien, par rapport au groupe « majoritaire ». Les résultats indiquent que, par rapport à ce dernier, les inconvénients des Brésiliens noirs par rapport aux blancs sont inférieurs aux inconvénients auxquels font face les Boliviens, les Paraguayens, les Péruviens et les Uruguayens. Néanmoins, face à une analyse régionale, l’impact négatif de la couleur/race est plus forte dans les États de São Paulo et de l’Amazone. Le contraire se produit pour les États du Paraná et du Rio Grande do Sul, où l’impact négatif est supérieur pour les groupes ethniques et nationaux des paraguayens et des uruguayens, respectivement.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: O câncer do colo uterino é importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Existem controvérsias sobre fatores que podem estar associados à infecção por papilomavírus humano (HPV) e favorecer ou proteger contra a evolução de lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau até lesão intraepitelial de alto grau ou neoplasia invasiva. O objetivo aqui foi de avaliar a evolução de lesões intraepiteliais de baixo grau e de significado indeterminado, escamosas ou glandulares, os fatores associados e as correlações citohistológicas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em hospital universitário público terciário. MÉTODOS: As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão de prontuários e/ou fichas de colposcopia. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão logística, calculando-se o odds ratio e aplicando-se o teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Das 3.390 pacientes, 409 evoluíram para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau, das quais 354 tinham diagnóstico inicial de infecção por HPV, 27 de atipias escamosas de significado indeterminado, 22 de lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau com ou sem diagnóstico citológico de infecção por HPV associado e 6 de atipias em células glandulares de significado indeterminado. CONCLUSÕES: Lactobacillus sp e vaginose bacteriana nos esfregaços, tabagismo e imunodepressão foram fatores associados com a evolução. Único parceiro, uso de contraceptivo hormonal, baixa paridade, idade e diagnóstico citológico de vaginose citolítica, T. vaginalis, Candida sp ou cocos foram fatores associados a proteção. Com relação à correlação citohistológica, encontramos concordância de 74,08% nas pacientes com lesão de alto grau e biópsia no mesmo período.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. There is some controversy about the factors that may be associated with infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) that may favor or protect against evolution from a low-grade intraepithelial lesion to a high-grade intraepithelial lesion or invasive neoplasia. The objective here was to evaluate the evolution of low-grade intraepithelial lesions and squamous or glandular lesions of undetermined significance, the associated factors and cytohistological correlations. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study conducted in a public tertiary-level university hospital. METHODS: Information was obtained by reviewing patient records and/or colposcopy reports. A statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression, calculating the odds ratio and applying chi-square tests. RESULTS: Of the 3390 patients, 409 evolved to high-grade intraepithelial lesions, of which 354 had an initial diagnosis of HPV infection, 27 of squamous atypia of undetermined significance, 22 of low-grade intraepithelial lesions with or without cytological diagnosis of infection by associated HPV and six of glandular cell atypia of undetermined significance. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus sp and bacterial vaginosis on the smears, smoking and immunodepression were factors associated with evolution. A single partner, use of hormonal contraceptives, lower parity, age and a cytological diagnosis of cytolytic vaginosis, T. vaginalis, Candida sp or cocci were factors associated with protection. With regard to cytohistological correlation, there was a 74.08% agreement among patients with high-grade lesions and a biopsy obtained during the same period.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o desempenho do PCR para detecção de HPV 16/18 versus PCR sonda única para a detecção de HPV de alto risco, avaliar estes métodos na detecção de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) no seguimento de ASCUS, e comparar os custos de citologia, métodos de PCR, colposcopia e biópsia no Sistema Único de Saúde. Das 81 pacientes com ASCUS, 41 (50,6%) foram positivas para o HPV 16/18 PCR, e 47 (58,02%) foram positivas para PCR sonda única para HPV de alto risco. O valor preditivo negativo foi de 93,75% para HPV 16/18 PCR e 100% para PCR sonda única em casos que evoluíram para NIC de alto grau. Os custos anuais encaminhando todas as pacientes com ASCUS para a colposcopia, encaminhando à colposcopia as pacientes com ASCUS e PCR positivo para HPV 16/18 e encaminhando à colposcopia aquelas pacientes com ASCUS e PCR sonda única para HPV de alto risco positivo foram de R$2.144,52, R$6.307,44 e R$3.691,80, respectivamente. Considerando eventual redução dos custos para utilização em grandes quantidades, este método poderia ser realizado em ASCUS.

This study aimed to assess the performance of PCR as a means of detecting HPV 16/18 compared to the single probe-based PCR for detecting high-risk HPV, and evaluate these methods for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in follow-ups for ASCUS testing. It also compares the costs of cytology, PCR methods, colposcopy and biopsy in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Of the 81 patients with ASCUS, 41 (50.6%) tested positive for HPV 16/18 in PCR testing and 47 (58.02%) tested positive for high-risk HPV with single probe-based PCR testing. The negative predictive value was 93.75% for HPV 16/18 PCR and 100% for single probe-based PCR in cases that progressed to high-grade CIN. The annual costs of patient referral were the following: R$2,144.52 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology for colposcopy; R$6,307.44 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology and PCR positive for HPV 16/18 or colposcopy; R$3,691.80 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology with single probe-based PCR positive for high-risk HPV. Therefore, cost per user can be reduced by performing single probe-based PCR for high-risk HPV on patients with ASCUS.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o desempenho do PCR para detecção de HPV 16/18 versus PCR sonda única para a detecção de HPV de alto risco, avaliar estes métodos na detecção de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) no seguimento de ASCUS, e comparar os custos de citologia, métodos de PCR, colposcopia e biópsia no Sistema Único de Saúde. Das 81 pacientes com ASCUS, 41 (50,6%) foram positivas para o HPV 16/18 PCR, e 47 (58,02%) foram positivas para PCR sonda única para HPV de alto risco. O valor preditivo negativo foi de 93,75% para HPV 16/18 PCR e 100% para PCR sonda única em casos que evoluíram para NIC de alto grau. Os custos anuais encaminhando todas as pacientes com ASCUS para a colposcopia, encaminhando à colposcopia as pacientes com ASCUS e PCR positivo para HPV 16/18 e encaminhando à colposcopia aquelas pacientes com ASCUS e PCR sonda única para HPV de alto risco positivo foram de R$2.144,52, R$6.307,44 e R$3.691,80, respectivamente. Considerando eventual redução dos custos para utilização em grandes quantidades, este método poderia ser realizado em ASCUS.

This study aimed to assess the performance of PCR as a means of detecting HPV 16/18 compared to the single probe-based PCR for detecting high-risk HPV, and evaluate these methods for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in follow-ups for ASCUS testing. It also compares the costs of cytology, PCR methods, colposcopy and biopsy in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Of the 81 patients with ASCUS, 41 (50.6%) tested positive for HPV 16/18 in PCR testing and 47 (58.02%) tested positive for high-risk HPV with single probe-based PCR testing. The negative predictive value was 93.75% for HPV 16/18 PCR and 100% for single probe-based PCR in cases that progressed to high-grade CIN. The annual costs of patient referral were the following: R$2,144.52 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology for colposcopy; R$6,307.44 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology and PCR positive for HPV 16/18 or colposcopy; R$3,691.80 for referral of patients with ASCUS cytology with single probe-based PCR positive for high-risk HPV. Therefore, cost per user can be reduced by performing single probe-based PCR for high-risk HPV on patients with ASCUS.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the extent to which screening procedures (with and without evidence of effectiveness) are practiced among health care workers at a tertiary-care hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: From February 2001 to September 2003, a cross-sectional study involving physicians, nurses and nursing assistants (aged 40 to 69 years) was carried out at a tertiary-care hospital in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire that addresses 17 procedures with grades of recommendation of A, B, C, D or E, in accordance with the 1996 United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for routine screening. RESULTS: Of the 333 health care workers included, 228 (68.5%) were female. The mean age was 48.8 (SD 6.6 years). Most subjects had undergone screening for hypertension (blood pressure measurement) and lipid abnormalities (cholesterol testing). Screening for breast and cervical cancer was common among females. Resting electrocardiography, serum glucose testing, urine tests, chest X-rays and serum prostate-specific antigen testing were also quite common. However, only 6 (1.8%) of the subjects had undergone screening for colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test or sigmoidoscopy). CONCLUSIONS: A sizeable proportion of health care workers underwent screening procedures that are not recommended or for which there was insufficient evidence of a benefit. Conversely, certain recommended procedures were performed on a small proportion of such workers. These results indicate that the Brazilian National Ministry of Health must develop nationwide evidence-based screening recommendations and disseminate such recommendations among health care professionals in Brazil.

Investigamos a condição do amor como ponto de inflexão entre a filosofia e a psicanálise. A referência escolhida no campo de possibilidades de relação entre a filosofia e a psicanálise baseia-se no pensamento de Lacan. A possibilidade de relação entre dois discursos distintos é abordada, no pensamento lacaniano, a partir de seu aforismo maior, segundo o qual "não há relação sexual". Mesmo para a relação que não existe, Lacan propõe uma suplência - o amor, o qual surge como uma das suplências possíveis para a "relação sexual impossível" que pode se apresentar como um campo possível para a relação entre a filosofia e a psicanálise.

We investigate the condition of love as a point of inflection between philosophy and psychoanalysis. Taken in the field of possibilities of relation between philosophy and psychoanalysis, this reference is based on Lacan's thought. The possibility of relation between two distinct ways of thinking is focused on Lacan's thought from his main aphorism "there is not sexual relation". Lacan proposes a supplementing for this relation that does not exist - love. So love appears as one possible supplementing for an "impossible sexual relation" and as a possible field of relation between philosophy and psychoanalysis.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response commonly caused by bacterial infection. We demonstrated that the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) correlates with the severity of the neutrophil migration failure towards infectious focus. Failure appears to be due to a decrease in the rolling and adhesion of neutrophil to endothelium cells. It seems that neutrophil migration impairment is mediated by the circulating inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-8, which induce the nitric oxide (NO) production systemically. It is supported by the fact that intravenous administration of these cytokines reduces the neutrophil migration induced by different inflammatory stimuli, and in severe sepsis the circulating concentrations of the cytokines and chemokines are significantly increased. Moreover, the neutrophil migration failure and the reduction in the rolling/adhesion were not observed in iNOS-/- mice and, aminoguanidine prevented this event. We also demonstrated that the failure of neutrophil migration is a Toll-4 receptor (TLR4) dependent mechanism, since it was not observed in TLR4 deficient mice. Furthermore, it was also observed that circulating neutrophils obtained from septic patients present failure of neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP, IL-8, and LTB4 and an increased in sera concentrations of NO3 and cytokines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that, in sepsis, failure of neutrophil migration is critical for the outcome and that NO is involved in the process.

Foi realizado estudo clínico-epidemiológico da esquistossomose mansoni na população do povoado da Ponte do Pasmado, município de Itinga, Minas Gerais (Brasil). Foram feitos exame parasitológico de fezes pelo método de Kato-Katz e exame clínico em, respectivamente, 93,8% e 82,8% da população local. Foi realizado levantamento sócio-econômico e pesquisados os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes, assim como seus contatos com águas naturais. O índice de infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni foi de 50,3%; o pico da infecção ocorreu na segunda década de vida; predominaram as baixas contagens de ovos nas fezes (85,89% dos pacientes positivos eliminaram menos de 500 ovos por grama de fezes); o índice de esplenomegalia foi de 1,23%. Foram estudados os fatores de risco para a infecção por S. mansoni; riscos significativos foram encontrados para buscar água e lavar vasilhas, tomar banho e atravessar córregos.

A clinical-epidemiologic study of schistosomiasis mansoni was conducted in the population of Ponte do Pasmado, a village in the municipality of Itinga, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Faecal Parasitology by the Kato-Katz method and clinical examination were performed in 93.8% and 82.8% of the local population, respectively. A socioeconomic survey was also made and the signs and symptoms presented by the patients were recorded, as well as their contacts with natural waters. The rate of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 50.3%; the peak of infection occurred during the second decade of life; there was a predominance of low egg counts in faeces (85.89% of positive patients eliminated less than 500 eggs per gram of faeces); the splenomegaly rate was 1.23%. When the risk factors for S. mansoni infection were studied, significant risks were detected in activities such as fetching water, washing dishes, bathing, and crossing streams.