ABSTRACT: The ingestion of aqueous extracts from medicinal plants is frequently used in Mexico to treat various diseases. Retama sphaerocarpa (R. sphaerocarpa) is a medicinal plant. However, there needs to be more information about its toxic potential. For this reason, the present study evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and cytostatic effects of the aqueous extract of R. sphaerocarpa using meristematic cells of Allium sativum (A. Sativum). Root primordia from A. sativum bulblets were exposed for 72 h to 5 g/L or 10 g/L of R. sphaerocarpa aqueous extract. Root length, presence of chromosomal aberrations and mitotic division rate were determined. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of R. sphaerocarpa (5 g/L or 10 g/L) induces cytotoxic, genotoxic, and cytostatic damage predicting its possible toxicity and evidence of possible health risks associated with its consumption.

RESUMEN: En México la ingesta de extractos acuosos obtenidos a partir de plantas medicinales es un elemento frecuentemente utilizado para tratar diversas enfermedades. Existe poca o nula información sobre la evaluación del potencial tóxico de las plantas medicinales. Retama sphaerocarpa (R. sphaerocarpa) es una planta utilizada como una planta medicinal, sin embargo, existe poca información sobre su potencial tóxico. Por tal motivo, en el presente estudio se ha evaluado los efectos citotóxicos, genotóxicos y citostáticos del extracto acuoso de R. sphaerocarpa utilizando las células meristemáticas de Allium sativum (A. sativum). Los primordios radiculares de los bulbillos de A. sativum se expusieron por 72 h a 5 g/L o 10 g/L del extracto acuoso de R. sphaerocarpa, la longitud de raíz, la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas y el índice de división mitótica fueron determinados. Los resultados indican que el extracto acuso de R. sphaerocarpa (5 g/L o 10 g/L) induce daño citotóxico, genotóxico y citostático indicando su posible toxicidad y evidencia el posible riesgo a la salud asociado a su consumo.

ABSTRACT Objetive: To provide a comprehensive analysis of mortality trends from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico from 2000 through 2021. Methods: The governmental records of deaths from acute pesticide poisoning were used. The age-standardized years of life lost and aged-standardized mortality rates were estimated. Significant changes in trends of annual percentage change were identified using Joinpoint regression. Results: Between 2000 and 2021, mortality was primarily observed in individuals aged 15 to 19 years. Males were the most affected. Self-inflicted pesticide poisoning was the primary registered reason for death. The age-standardized mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning was reduced from 2012 to 2021 (APC: -4.4; p=0.003). Conclusion: This report is the first study about the mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico. The results provided evidence to consider in developing laws to prevent acute pesticide poisoning.

RESUMO Objetivo: Fornecer uma análise abrangente das tendências de mortalidade por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas no México de 2000 a 2021. Métodos: Foram usados os registros governamentais de mortes por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas. Foram estimados os anos de vida perdidos estandardizados por idade e as taxas de mortalidade estandardizados por idade. Modificações significativas nas tendências de variação percentual anual foram identificadas usando a regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: Entre 2000 e 2021, a mortalidade foi observada principalmente em indivíduos na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos. Os homens foram os mais afetados. O envenenamento por pesticida autoinfligido foi o principal motivo de morte registrado. A taxa de mortalidade estandardizada por idade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas foi reduzida de 2012 a 2021 (Annual Percent Change — APC: -4,4; p=0,003). Conclusão: Este relatório é o primeiro estudo sobre a taxa de mortalidade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas no México. Os resultados forneceram evidências a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento de leis para prevenir o envenenamento agudo por pesticidas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Fornecer uma análise abrangente das tendências de mortalidade por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas no México de 2000 a 2021. Métodos: Foram usados os registros governamentais de mortes por envenenamento agudo por pesticidas. Foram estimados os anos de vida perdidos estandardizados por idade e as taxas de mortalidade estandardizados por idade. Modificações significativas nas tendências de variação percentual anual foram identificadas usando a regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: Entre 2000 e 2021, a mortalidade foi observada principalmente em indivíduos na faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos. Os homens foram os mais afetados. O envenenamento por pesticida autoinfligido foi o principal motivo de morte registrado. A taxa de mortalidade estandardizada por idade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas foi reduzida de 2012 a 2021 (Annual Percent Change — APC: -4,4; p=0,003). Conclusão: Este relatório é o primeiro estudo sobre a taxa de mortalidade por intoxicação aguda por pesticidas no México. Os resultados forneceram evidências a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento de leis para prevenir o envenenamento agudo por pesticidas. Objetivo 200 Métodos Joinpoint Resultados 1 afetados registrado 201 202 Annual APC 4,4 44 4 -4,4 p=0,003. p0003 p p=0,003 . 0 003 p=0,003) Conclusão 20 4, -4, p000 p=0,00 00 2 -4 p00 p=0,0 - p0 p=0, p=0 p=

ABSTRACT Objetive: To provide a comprehensive analysis of mortality trends from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico from 2000 through 2021. Methods: The governmental records of deaths from acute pesticide poisoning were used. The age-standardized years of life lost and aged-standardized mortality rates were estimated. Significant changes in trends of annual percentage change were identified using Joinpoint regression. Results: Between 2000 and 2021, mortality was primarily observed in individuals aged 15 to 19 years. Males were the most affected. Self-inflicted pesticide poisoning was the primary registered reason for death. The age-standardized mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning was reduced from 2012 to 2021 (APC: -4.4; p=0.003). Conclusion: This report is the first study about the mortality rate from acute pesticide poisoning in Mexico. The results provided evidence to consider in developing laws to prevent acute pesticide poisoning. Objetive 200 Methods used agestandardized age standardized agedstandardized estimated regression Results 1 affected Selfinflicted Self inflicted death 201 202 APC (APC 4.4 44 4 -4.4 p=0.003. p0003 p p=0.003 . 0 003 p=0.003) Conclusion 20 4. -4. p000 p=0.00 00 2 -4 p00 p=0.0 - p0 p=0. p=0 p=

Abstract. Phytopathogenic fungi can cause economic losses. The application of natural products from species of the genus Agave is an alternative for controlling these organisms. The present study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile of Agave angustifolia and A. cupreata extracts and to evaluate their antifungal activity against several species of phytopathogenic fungi. The aqueous extract from A. angustifolia and the acetonic extract from A. cupreata were studied. The phytochemical profile was determined by thin-layer chromatography. Mycelial growth inhibition and spore production were evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenes. The acetonic extract of A. cupreata inhibited 76, 60, and 59% of the mycelial growth of Lasiodiplodia viticola, Colletotrichum sp., and Epicoccum sorghinum, respectively, at 8 and 16 mg mL-1 (p≤0.05), while spore production decreased by 92 and 86 % (p≤0.001) for Fusarium subglutinans and Colletotrichum sp., respectively. The aqueous extract of A. angustifolia inhibited 40% of the mycelial growth of E. sorghinum at 16 mg mL-1 (p≤0.05) and reduced the spore production of L. viticola by 35% (p≤0.001). The results indicate that the extracts under study can be an alternative source of antifungal compounds.

Resumen. Los hongos fitopatógenos pueden causar pérdidas económicas. La aplicación de productos naturales de especies del género Agave constituye una alternativa para el control de estos organismos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el perfil fitoquímico de extractos de Agave angustifolia y A. cupreata, así como evaluar su actividad antifúngica contra varias especies de hongos fitopatógenos. Se obtuvo el extracto acuoso de las hojas de A. angustifolia y acetónico de A. cupreata. El perfil fitoquímico se determinó por cromatografía en capa fina y se evaluó la inhibición del crecimiento micelial y producción de esporas. El tamizaje reveló la presencia de alcaloides, flavonoides, saponinas y triterpenos. El extracto acetónico de A. cupreata inhibió el 76, 60 y 59% del crecimiento micelial de Lasiodiplodia viticola, Colletotrichum sp., y Epicoccum sorghinum respectivamente a 8 y 16 mg mL-1 (p≤0.05), mientras que el porcentaje de producción de esporas disminuyó 92 y 86 % (p≤0.001) para Fusarium subglutinans y Colletotrichum sp., respectivamente. El extracto acuoso de A. angustifolia inhibió 40% del crecimiento micelial de E. sorghinum a 16 mg mL-1 (p≤0.05) y disminuyó en 35% (p≤0.001) la producción de esporas de L. viticola. Los resultados indicaron que los extractos representan una alternativa para obtención de compuestos antifúngicos.

ABSTRACT Organophosphate pesticides (OP) are widely used for the control of pests and vector-borne diseases by state and national governments. However, these compounds can cause acute and chronic intoxication, and diverse factors play a relevant role in their toxicity. One such factor is paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a protein that hydrolyzes OP and protects the body from toxicity. The objective of this study was to assess the serum concentration of PON1 and its relationship with risk factors in a population of fumigators from the state of Guerrero, in Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 67 fumigators and a control group of 46 non-fumigators. A survey instrument was applied to capture the labor practices and pesticides used, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements were determined. Serum concentration of PON1 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The results show that most of the fumigators use carbamates (38 %) and OP (32 %) pesticides. The PON1 concentrations were 21.2 ng/mL in the fumigators vs. 18.7 ng/ml in the control group. We also found that body mass index, diabetes history, time in years that the worker reports carrying out the pesticide fumigation, the number of pesticides used, and the consumption of alcohol, vitamins and food supplements were risk factors associated with PON1 concentration shifts. It is necessary to consider the intrinsic and extrinsic factors of individuals when evaluating PON1 levels in populations exposed to pesticides.

RESUMEN Los plaguicidas organofosforados (OF) son ampliamente utilizados para el control de plagas y vectores transmisores de enfermedades por gobiernos estatales y nacionales. Sin embargo, se sabe que estos compuestos pueden causar intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas, y que diversos factores desempeñan un papel relevante en su toxicidad. Uno de ellos es la paraoxonasa 1 (PON1), una proteína que hidroliza los plaguicidas OF y protege al organismo de su toxicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la concentración sérica de PON1 y su relación con factores de riesgo que pueden modificar la concentración de la enzima en una población de fumigadores guerrerenses. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 67 fumigadores y 46 en el grupo testigo. Se aplicó un instrumento para conocer sus prácticas laborales, plaguicidas utilizados y medidas antropométricas. Las concentraciones séricas de PON1 fueron cuantificadas por enzimoinmunoanálisis de adsorción (ELISA, por su sigla en inglés). Los resultados mostraron que los fumigadores utilizan principalmente carbamatos (38 %) y OF (32 %). Las concentraciones de PON1 fueron de 21.2 ng/mL en los fumigadores vs. 18.7 ng/ml en el grupo testigo. Encontramos que el índice de masa corporal, los antecedentes de diabetes, la antigüedad en la labor de fumigación, el número de plaguicidas utilizados y el consumo de alcohol, vitaminas y suplementos alimenticios son factores de riesgo asociados a los cambios en la concentración de PON1. Es necesario considerar los factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos de los individuos cuando se evalúan los niveles de PON1.