Abstract: Penetrating gunshot injuries are very common in big cities, lots of them causing death of patients and some more that require early surgical management. Some others may have uncommon injuries or uncommon path of the bullet. Introducing the case report of a 27 year old women, arriving the emergency department at Mexican Red Cross Hospital, Mexico City, with penetrating neck injury by gunshot on left shoulder with no exit hole, X rays were realized (lateral cervical Rx and AP thorax Rx) with no evidence of bullet neither neck or thorax, with evidence in abdominal Rx, CT is realized and paravertebral air is evidenced at C7 level, surgical exploration it’s done in which a cervical esophagus injury is observed, which is treated with primary closure, trauma exploratory laparotomy is performed and the bullet is found in stomach. Esophageal injuries by gunshot are uncommon and may need a high level of suspicion for early diagnosis and management.

Resumen: En las grandes ciudades las lesiones por arma de fuego en la actualidad son comunes, muchas de ellas causan la muerte de los pacientes y otras dejan lesiones que ameritan manejo quirúrgico temprano. Algunas otras pueden tener lesiones o trayectos poco comunes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 27 años que ingresó al Servicio de Urgencias de la Cruz Roja Mexicana por herida por arma de fuego en hombro izquierdo sin salida. Al realizar estudios radiológicos simples (lateral de cervicales y AP de tórax) no se observó proyectil en cuello y tórax, observándose en abdomen. Se realizó tomografía donde lo único que se observa es aire prevertebral a nivel de C-7, en la exploración quirúrgica se apreció lesión en esófago cervical, la cual se cierra de manera primaria. Se realiza laparotomía encontrando proyectil en estómago. Las lesiones esofágicas por arma de fuego son poco comunes, por lo cual hay que tener un alto índice de sospecha para poder diagnosticarlas y darles manejo adecuado.

The effect of plant density on commercial and protein qualities of kernels and tortillas from three maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) was studied. Hybrids were two quality protein hybrids (QPM) developed for the Highlands of México ('H-143C' and 'H-149C') and one non-QPM ('Promesa'). All hybrids were grown at 67 000 and 80 000 plants ha-1. Planting density, as well as genotype interaction affected commercial quality and chemical composition of QPM hybrids. Crop management with 67 000 plants ha-1 allowed production of QPM hybrids with quality for the "masa" (maize dough) and tortilla industries. 'H-143C' hybrid showed similar quality at both planting densities, while 'H-149C' hybrid produced softer kernels containing low protein (8.6 %) and tryptophan (0.73 %) when grown at 80 000 plants ha-1. QPM hybrids had better protein quality compared to 'Promesa', the non-QPM hybrid control. Freshly prepared tortillas with QPM hybrids grown at low densities were whiter and softer than the tortillas from the control. The two QPM hybrids grown at density of 67 000 plants ha-1 are an excellent choice for the "masa" and tortilla industries because their tortillas have improved commercial and protein qualities compared to non-QPM control 'Promesa'.

Aquí se estudió el efecto de la densidad de población en la calidad comercial y proteínica del grano y las tortillas de tres híbridos de maíz (Zea mays L.), dos de alta calidad proteínica (ACP) desarrollados para los Valles Altos de México ('H-143C' y 'H-149C'), y un testigo no ACP ('Promesa'), cultivados a densidades de 67 000 y 80 000 plantas ha-1. La calidad comercial y la composición química de los híbridos ACP fueron afectadas por la densidad de plantación y su interacción con el genotipo. El manejo del cultivo con 67 000 plantas ha-1 permitió la producción de maíces ACP con calidad para las industrias de la masa y la tortilla. El híbrido 'H-143C' mostró una calidad semejante en las dos densidades de población estudiadas, mientras que el 'H-149C' sembrado a 80 000 plantas ha-1 produjo granos de endospermo suaves, con bajo contenido de proteína (8.6 %) y triptófano (0.73 %). Los maíces ACP presentaron una mejor calidad proteínica en comparación con el testigo no ACP. Con los híbridos ACP cultivados a bajas densidades se elaboraron las tortillas recién hechas más blancas y más suaves que el testigo. Los dos híbridos ACP cultivados con 67 000 planta ha-1 son una excelente alternativa para los industriales de la masa-tortilla, ya que se elaboran tortillas con mejor calidad comercial y proteínica que las del maíz testigo no ACP 'Promesa'.

Currently, the low productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in the central highlands of México is due to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, higher than usual temperatures and early frosts. To increase productivity, it is necessary to develop stable maize varieties with high yield which can meet the quality characteristics of grain, nixtamal and tortilla demanded by the processing industry. In this study, we determined the effect of the genotype x environment interaction on grain yield and on the physical traits of grain, nixtamal and tortilla of 20 pre-commercial and commercial maize hybrids, grown during the 2009 harvest season in six locations in the highlands of Tlaxcala, México. Grain yield, test weight, 100-grains weight (HGW), flotation index (FI), color of grain and flour, and nixtamal and tortilla quality were evaluated. The results for grain yield and grain physical traits were statistically analyzed using the model of additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI), while data of nixtamal and tortilla quality were analyzed under a completely randomized design. The AMMI model provided a good description of the genotype x environment interaction and stability of the 20 hybrids. Both planting conditions and environment induced changes on the physical characteristics of hybrids, especially the grain size and hardness. Tlatempa and Huamantla were the best localities for yield (9.8 y 8.3 t ha-1), grain size (HGW > 33 g), hardness (FI < 40 %) and tortilla quality. Nicolás Bravo, Emiliano Zapata and San Bartolomé Cuahuixmatlac were the most adversely affected sites in terms of yield (3.8, 4.3, 2.6 t ha-1), grain size and hardness (HGW < 33 g, FI > 60 %). Fifteen hybrids met the specifications for masa and tortilla industry but none met the specifications for nixtamalized flour industry.

Actualmente la baja productividad del maíz (Zea mays L.) en los Valles Altos del Centro de México se debe a condiciones ambientales adversas de sequía, temperatura más alta que la usual y heladas tempranas. Para aumentar la productividad es necesario desarrollar variedades estables con rendimiento alto y que cumplan con las características físicas de grano, nixtamal y tortilla que demandan las industrias procesadoras. En este trabajo se determinó el efecto de la interacción genotipo x ambiente sobre el rendimiento, las características físicas del grano y la calidad de nixtamal y tortillade 20 híbridos pre-comerciales y comerciales de maíz cultivados durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2009 en seis localidades de los Valles Altos de Tlaxcala, México. Se evaluó el rendimiento de grano, peso hectolítrico, peso de 100 granos (PCG), índice de flotación (IF), color de grano y harina, y la calidad de nixtamal y tortilla. Los resultados para rendimiento y características físicas del grano fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante el modelo de efectos principales aditivos e interacción multiplicativa (AMMI), y los de calidad de nixtamal y tortilla bajo un diseño completamente al azar. El modelo AMMI proporcionó buena descripción de la interacción genotipo x ambiente, y de la estabilidad de los 20 híbridos. Las condiciones de siembra y las ambientales modificaron las características físicas de los híbridos, especialmente el tamaño del grano y la dureza. Huamantla y Tlatempa fueron las mejores localidades en rendimiento (9.8 y 8.3 t ha-1), tamaño (PCG > 33 g), dureza (IF < 40 %) y calidad de tortilla. Nicolás Bravo, Emiliano Zapata y San Bartolomé Cuahuixmatlac fueron las localidades que más afectaron adversamente al rendimiento (3.8, 4.3, 2.6 t ha-1) y al tamaño y dureza del grano (PCG < 33 g, IF > 60 %). De los híbridos evaluados 15 cumplieron con las especificaciones de la industria de la masa y tortilla, pero ninguno cumplió las especificaciones de la industria de harina nixtamalizada.

Objective: to determine the coverage rate for unfunded childhood vaccines, and whether they were administered correctly, in children seen recently at an urban healthcare center in a middle socioeconomic area. Materials and methods: we performed a cross-sectional descriptive study, analyzing the pneumococcus, rotavirus, and varicella vaccination records in the computerized clinical histories of every child, seen by either of two pediatricians, who could have been given all the doses recommended for these vaccines. Results: the study included 162 children of immunization age for pneumococcal disease, 112 for rotavirus, and 160 for varicella. The coverage rates for complete immunization as specified in the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines were 64.81%, 66%, and 58.1%, respectively. 11.73% of those who started pneumococcal vaccination and 2.68% of those who started rotavirus vaccination did not complete the recommended number of doses. There were no significant differences in vaccination rates between the two pediatricians. Conclusions: we found evidence of mid-range vaccine coverage rates and incomplete vaccination courses. The financial resources of the families and the educational efforts of the Nursing and Pediatrics staff account for these vaccination rates. We do not know the epidemiological effect of these vaccination rates on the diseases that they are meant to prevent. We need to promote equity in healthcare services when it comes to immunizations.

Objetivo: determinar la tasa de cobertura de las vacunas infantiles no financiadas y si son administradas correctamente, en los niños atendidos recientemente en un centro de salud urbano de nivel socioeconómico medio. Material y métodos: se realiza un estudio transversal, descriptivo, analizando el registro de vacunas frente al neumococo, rotavirus y varicela de la historia informatizada de los niños atendidos por dos pediatras, que hayan podido recibir todas las dosis recomendadas. Resultados: se han incluido 162 niños susceptibles de vacunación frente a neumococo, 112 para el rotavirus y 160 para varicela. Las tasas de cobertura para la vacunación completa según recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas han sido el 64,81, el 66 y el 58,1%, respectivamente. El 11,73% de los que inician la vacunación frente al neumococo y el 2,68% del rotavirus no completan el número de dosis recomendadas. No hubo diferencias de vacunación significativas entre ambos pediatras. Conclusiones: nos encontramos con unos niveles de cobertura vacunal medios y con pautas incompletas. Los recursos económicos de las familias y la labor educativa del personal de Enfermería y Pediatría son los responsables de estas tasas vacunales. Desconocemos el efecto epidemiológico sobre las enfermedades que se quieren prevenir, de estas tasas vacunales. Es necesario fomentar la equidad en las prestaciones sanitarias relacionadas con las vacunas.

A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de caracterizar geneticamente a variabilidade existente nos germoplasmas oriundos destas procedências. A técnica utilizada foi a de marcadores moleculares para amplificar o DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível diferenciar geneticamente as procedências entre si. Em função da distância genética, foi formado um grupo com quatro materiais ou germoplasmas e outro com os demais. Os diferentes materiais das duas procedências estudadas apresentaram similaridade superior a 80% entre eles.

The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extension Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named as Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. This study had the objective of characterizing genetically the existing variability in the two mentioned materials. A molecular marker technique was used to amplify the DNA, RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorfic DNA). The results showed no genetic difference between the two materials. Also, due to the genetic distance between them, the different materials from both studied origins showed genetic similarity of up to 80%.

A Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina S.A) possui uma das maiores coleções brasileiras de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). A partir de ensaios agronômicos preliminares, apresentaram destaque as procedências Barão de Cotegipe e Água Doce. Dentre essas, verificaram-se diferentes sabores (mais amargo e menos amargo), aparentemente, em função do tipo de folha (CL - curta e larga; LE - longa e estreita). O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de tentar associar os padrões obtidos mediante marcadores moleculares, com as procedências ou acessos e características fenotípicas desejáveis - altura de planta, diâmetro de copa, densidade folhar, sobrevivência das plantas e comportamento de rebrota -, dentro do caráter sabor em erva-mate. Para isto, utilizaram-se marcadores moleculares que amplificam DNA, do tipo RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Os resultados indicaram não ser possível, com o número de iniciadores utlizados como marcadores moleculares, definir geneticamente o caráter sabor, ainda que os mesmos tenham indicado tendência para tal.

The Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Extensios Organization - Epagri SA, owns one of the largest Brazilian colletions or erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.). Preliminary agronomic trials identified two promissing erva-mate materials named Barão de Cotegipe and Água Doce. Different tastes within each material were also identified, i.e. tastes with different grades of bitterness, apparently associated with the shape of leaves (CL - short and wide; LE - long and narrow). This study aimed to associate this plant patterns using molecular markers with plant origins and desirable fenotipic characteristics such as plant height, crown diameter, leaf density, plant survival, regrowth behaviour, within each taste group. For this molecular markers which amplify DNA of RAPD type (Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA) was used. The results did not allow, with the number of starters used as molecular markers, the genetic definition of the caracter taste, even though the results suggested so.