Resumen Introducción: La presencia de infecciones secundarias en pacientes críticos y la resistencia a los antibióticos suelen ser factores determinantes en la evolución clínica de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Describir los patógenos aislados en cultivos de sangre y de secreciones traqueales en pacientes de la UCI con COVID-19 y evaluar la relación entre la presencia de infecciones secundarias y la mortalidad a 60 días. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte analítico retrospectivo realizado en 273 adultos ingresados a la UCI con COVID-19 de la Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud del Sur - Hospital El Tunal, Bogotá, Colombia entre abril y diciembre de 2020. Se obtuvieron los datos de los registros de cultivos en sangre y en secreciones de la tráquea. Se llevó a cabo un análisis bivariado mediante un modelo de riesgos proporcionales o regresión de Cox para evaluar la relación entre el desarrollo de infecciones secundarias y la mortalidad a 60 días. Resultados: Se reportó al menos un cultivo en sangre positivo en 96/511 (18.8%). De los 214 cultivos de sangre realizados dentro de las 48 horas siguientes al ingreso a la UCI, 7,7% resultaron positivos. Se aislaron en total 127 gérmenes en los cultivos en sangre, en su mayoría bacterias gramnegativas (61,4%) - seguido de hongos (25,2%). Adicionalmente, 39.5% fueron multirresistentes, siendo la resistencia los carbapenémicos el patrón de resistencia a los antibióticos más frecuente (33,3% de todos los aislados de bacterias gramnegativas). Finalmente, la presencia de infecciones secundarias en esta cohorte no se asoció con mortalidad a 60 días (HR: 1,012, IC 95%: 0,721-1,420; p= 0,946). Conclusiones: A pesar de que la prevalencia de super infecciones fue moderadamente alta, la prevalencia de coinfección fue baja. Las bacterias gramnegativas fueron las predominantes y casi un tercio de los gérmenes eran multirresistentes.

Abstract Introduction: The presence of secondary infections in critically ill patients and antibiotic resistance are often determining factors in the clinical evolution of these patients. Objective: To describe the pathogens isolated in blood cultures and tracheal secretion cultures in ICU patients with COVID-19 and to evaluate the association between the presence of secondary infections and 60-day mortality. Methods: Retrospective analytical cohort study conducted in 273 adults admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 at the Subred Integrada de Servicios de Salud del Sur - Hospital El Tunal, Bogotá, Colombia between April and December 2020. Data from records of blood or tracheal secretion cultures were collected. A bivariate analysis was performed using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model to assess the association between the development of secondary infections and 60-day mortality. Results: At least one positive blood culture was reported in 96/511 patients (18.8%). Of the 214 blood cultures performed within 48 hours after ICU admission, 7.7% were positive. A total of 127 germs were isolated from blood cultures - mostly gram-negative bacteria (61.4%) - followed by fungi (25.2%). Additionally, 39.5% were multidrug-resistant, and carbapenem resistance was the most common antibiotic resistance pattern (33.3% of all gram-negative bacteria isolates). Finally, in this cohort, the presence of secondary infections was not associated with 60-day mortality (HR: 1.012, 95%CI: 0.7211.420; p= 0.946). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of superinfection was moderately high, the prevalence of coinfection was low. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, and almost one third of the germs were multidrug-resistant.

RESUMEN. Objetivo: El propósito del siguiente estudio fue describir las características sociodemográ-ficas, clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con retinoblastoma (RB), el tumor intraocular más frecuente en niños, que reciben atención médica en una institución oftalmológica de la región Caribe de Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una serie de casos entre 2016 y 2021. Se incluyeron ojos de pacientes con RB, que recibían atención médica en una sola institución de salud y cumplían con el protocolo de seguimiento establecido. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de variables relevantes. Resultados: En este estudio se examinaron un total de 21 ojos de 16 pacientes. La edad media en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 17,7 meses y el 50% de los niños eran varones. Utilizando la Clasificación Internacional para el retinoblastoma intraocular, el 42,9% del total de los casos se clasificaron en el grupo D. De los 21 casos, el 71,4% entraron en remisión total sin necesidad de enucleación, y el tratamiento más habitual fue la quimioterapia con Melfalán® vía intraarterial o intravítrea. Conclusiones: Se identificaron hallazgos específicos de pacientes con RB en la costa caribe de Colombia. Estos hallazgos implican que, a pesar de los obstáculos en el acceso a la salud, un diagnóstico temprano y un plan de tratamiento con quimioterapia intraarterial pueden proporcionar un resultado clínico satisfactorio (remisión).

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of the following study was to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics of patients with retinoblastoma (RB), the most common intraocular tumor in children, receiving medical care in an eyecare institution in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Methods: A case series between 2016 and 2021 was carried out. Eyes of patients with RB, receiving medical care in a single health care institution, and in compliance with the established follow-up protocol, were included. Descriptive analyzes of relevant variables were performed. Results: In this study, a total of 21 eyes of 16 patients were examined. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 17.7 months, and 50% of children were male. Using the International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma, 42.9% of the total cases were classified as group D. Out of the 21 cases, 71.4% went into total remission without the necessity for enucleation, and the most common treatment was chemotherapy, using Melphalan® via intraarterial or intravitreal administration. Conclusion: Specific findings of patients with RB in the Caribbean Coast of Colombia were identified. These findings imply that, despite the obstacles to healthcare access, an early diagnosis and a treatment plan using intraarterial chemotherapy may provide a satisfactory clinical outcome (remission).

Abstract: During the winter of 2023, Chile faced a complex situation related to the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After experiencing a decline in RSV circulation during the years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a late outbreak was observed in the spring of 2022 and an early onset of the outbreak in 2023, with a significant increase in the number of serious cases. The ineffectiveness of strategic planning and risk communication contributed to the complexity of the situation. To avoid the above next winter, measures such as active surveillance, unification of definitions for acute respiratory infections, identification of RSV variants, public education about infections and advance preparation regarding hospital beds and health personnel are suggested. The importance of immunization and intersectoral collaboration to acquire new preventive alternatives is highlighted, as well as the need for early communication about the importance of immunization and identification of high-risk groups, improvement in training of medical personnel and strategic planning of the Ministry of Health. seeking a proactive and collaborative approach to address the complex RSV situation in future winters. The Chilean Immunization Advisory Committee has already carried out an analysis and recommendation on a new prevention alternative. This working group will support any decision of the Ministry of Health in public policies that attempt a change in the paradigm of control of this disease for the health of the children of our country.

Resumen: Durante el invierno de 2023, Chile enfrentó una compleja situación relacionada con al virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS). Después de experimentar una disminución en la circulación del VRS durante los años de la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, se observó un brote tardío en la primavera de 2022 y un inicio anticipado del brote en 2023, con un aumento significativo en el número de casos graves. La poca efectividad en la planificación estratégica y comunicación de riesgo contribuyeron a la complejidad de la situación. Para evitar lo anterior el próximo invierno, se sugieren medidas como vigilancia activa, unificación de definiciones para infecciones respiratorias agudas, identificación de variantes del VRS, educación pública sobre contagios y preparación anticipada respecto a camas hospitalarias y personal de salud. Se destaca la importancia de la inmunización y colaboración intersectorial para adquirir nuevas alternativas preventivas como también la necesidad de una comunicación temprana sobre la importancia de la inmunización e identificación de grupos de alto riesgo, mejora en capacitaciones del personal médico y planificación estratégica del Ministerio de Salud buscando un enfoque proactivo y colaborativo para abordar la compleja situación del VRS en futuros inviernos. El Comité Asesor en Vacunas y Estrategias de Inmunización de Chile ya realizó un análisis y recomendación sobre una nueva alternativa de prevención. Este grupo de trabajo apoyará cualquier decisión del Ministerio de Salud en políticas públicas que intenten un cambio en el paradigma del control de esta enfermedad por la salud de los niños/as de nuestro país.

RESUMO Uma alta prevalência de periodontite apical pós-tratamento associada a variáveis como qualidade do tratamento endodôntico e fracasso do tratamento é relatada na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do tratamento endodôntico e a frequência e fracasso do tratamento associados a dentes com periodontite apical (PA) por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) em uma subpopulação colombiana. Material e Método Este foi um estudo transversal que avaliou 318 tomografias computadorizadas de dentes tratados endodonticamente de indivíduos colombianos. Os exames foram realizados utilizando o tomógrafo J Morita X550, com tamanho de voxel de 0,125 a 0,20 mm. Todos os dentes tratados endodonticamente foram avaliados quanto à qualidade do tratamento, presença de canais não localizados e AP. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas por dois especialistas em endodontia e um especialista em radiologia. Foram calculados o teste qui-quadrado ou de Fisher e a razão de chances para identificar associação e relação de risco entre a presença de PA e as variáveis do estudo. Resultados Foram encontrados canais não localizados em 18,61% (86/462) e 95,3% estavam associados à PA. A frequência de AP foi de 62,34% (288/462) para todos os dentes avaliados. AP foi encontrada em 27,43% (79/288) dos dentes com tratamento endodôntico adequado, em contraste com 72,57% (209/288) dos dentes com tratamento inadequado (P<0,01). A frequência de canais não localizados foi maior nos molares superiores, com 55,23% (58/105), sendo que 96,55% apresentavam PA. O canal mésio-palatino (MB2) apresentou maior frequência de canal não localizado (88,52% - 54/61), com PA em 90,74% (49/54) dos casos. Conclusão Houve alta frequência de dentes com canais não localizados e com PA. Mais da metade dos dentes com canais não localizados eram molares superiores, sendo o MB2 é o canal com a maior frequência, comumente apresentando periodontite apical.

ABSTRACT A high prevalence of post-treatment apical periodontitis associated to variables such as endodontic treatment quality and missed canals has been reported. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of endodontic treatment and the frequency of missed canals associated with teeth with apical periodontitis (AP) through CBCT in a Colombian sub-population. Material and Method This was a crosssectional study assessing 318 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of endodontically treated teeth from Colombian individuals. The scans were taken using J Morita X550 (J Morita Corporation, Osaka, Japan), with voxel size 0.125 to 0.20 mm. All endodontically treated teeth were assessed for quality of treatment, presence of missed canals and AP. All samples were analyzed by two endodontics specialists and an radiology specialist. Chi-square or Fisher’s test and odds ratio were calculated to identify the association and risk relationship between the presence of AP and the study variables. Results Missed canals were found in 18.61% (86/462), and 95.3% were associated with AP. The frequency of AP was 62.34% (288/462) for all the evaluated teeth. AP was found in 27.43 % (79/288) of the teeth with adequate endodontic treatment, in contrast to 72.57% (209/288) of the teeth with inadequate treatment (P<0.01). The frequency of missed canals was highest in maxillary molars, with 55.23% (58/105), with 96.55% presenting AP. The second mesiobuccal canal was the most frequently missed canal, 88.52% (54/61), with AP in 90.74% (49/54) of the cases. Conclusion There was a high frequency of teeth with missed canals and PA. More than half of the teeth with missed canals were maxillary molars, with MB2 being the most common canal, commonly presenting apical periodontitis.

Resumen: Durante el invierno de 2023, Chile enfrentó una compleja situación relacionada con al virus respiratorio sincicial (VRS). Después de experimentar una disminución en la circulación del VRS durante los años de la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, se observó un brote tardío en la primavera de 2022 y un inicio anticipado del brote en 2023, con un aumento significativo en el número de casos graves. La poca efectividad en la planificación estratégica y comunicación de riesgo contribuyeron a la complejidad de la situación. Para evitar lo anterior el próximo invierno, se sugieren medidas como vigilancia activa, unificación de definiciones para infecciones respiratorias agudas, identificación de variantes del VRS, educación pública sobre contagios y preparación anticipada respecto a camas hospitalarias y personal de salud. Se destaca la importancia de la inmunización y colaboración intersectorial para adquirir nuevas alternativas preventivas como también la necesidad de una comunicación temprana sobre la importancia de la inmunización e identificación de grupos de alto riesgo, mejora en capacitaciones del personal médico y planificación estratégica del Ministerio de Salud buscando un enfoque proactivo y colaborativo para abordar la compleja situación del VRS en futuros inviernos. El Comité Asesor en Vacunas y Estrategias de Inmunización de Chile ya realizó un análisis y recomendación sobre una nueva alternativa de prevención. Este grupo de trabajo apoyará cualquier decisión del Ministerio de Salud en políticas públicas que intenten un cambio en el paradigma del control de esta enfermedad por la salud de los niños/as de nuestro país.

Abstract: During the winter of 2023, Chile faced a complex situation related to the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After experiencing a decline in RSV circulation during the years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a late outbreak was observed in the spring of 2022 and an early onset of the outbreak in 2023, with a significant increase in the number of serious cases. The ineffectiveness of strategic planning and risk communication contributed to the complexity of the situation. To avoid the above next winter, measures such as active surveillance, unification of definitions for acute respiratory infections, identification of RSV variants, public education about infections and advance preparation regarding hospital beds and health personnel are suggested. The importance of immunization and intersectoral collaboration to acquire new preventive alternatives is highlighted, as well as the need for early communication about the importance of immunization and identification of high-risk groups, improvement in training of medical personnel and strategic planning of the Ministry of Health. seeking a proactive and collaborative approach to address the complex RSV situation in future winters. The Chilean Immunization Advisory Committee has already carried out an analysis and recommendation on a new prevention alternative. This working group will support any decision of the Ministry of Health in public policies that attempt a change in the paradigm of control of this disease for the health of the children of our country.

Resumo Introdução A pandemia da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo na saúde e na educação; pais e filhos que vivem em áreas não urbanas foram gravemente afetados. Objetivo Projetar e implementar uma intervenção de terapia ocupacional baseada em telessaúde com o objetivo de melhorar o bem-estar de crianças com menos de nove anos de idade que vivem em condições de vulnerabilidade e confinamento na Colômbia, este último devido às restrições impostas pela pandemia, por meio do fornecimento de aconselhamento ocupacional baseado no contexto para seus pais/cuidadores. Método Estudo antes e depois realizado em famílias de áreas rurais e periurbanas que viviam em condições de vulnerabilidade e nas quais as crianças frequentavam a escola on-line. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e bivariadas das condições de linha de base da amostra, bem como comparações antes e depois dos objetivos alcançados e suas diferenças. Resultados 13 famílias concluíram os processos de avaliação e intervenção (12 sessões, 94% de comparecimento); a idade média das crianças era de 7,3 anos, e em 92,3% das famílias o chefe da família era uma mulher. A avaliação das metas antes e depois mostrou que houve ganhos em todas as metas propostas, com os maiores ganhos observados na categoria de participação social da família. Conclusão A terapia ocupacional via telessaúde e uma abordagem baseada no contexto proporcionam uma ampla gama de benefícios às famílias e às crianças que vivem em condições de vulnerabilidade e confinamento. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 educação afetados bemestar estar Colômbia paiscuidadores cuidadores pais/cuidadores online. online on line. line on-line amostra diferenças 1 12 (1 sessões 94 comparecimento comparecimento) 73 7 3 7, 923 92 92,3 mulher propostas COVID1 COVID- ( 9 92,

Resumen Introducción La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un impacto significativo en la salud y la educación, los padres y los niños que viven en zonas no urbanas se vieron gravemente afectados. Objetivo Diseñar e implementar una intervención de terapia ocupacional basada en telesalud dirigida a mejorar el bienestar de niños menores de nueve años que viven en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y confinamiento, esto último debido a las restricciones impuestas a causa de la pandemia, a través de la provisión de consejería ocupacional basada en el contexto a sus padres/cuidadores. Métodos Estudio antes y después realizado en familias de zonas rurales y periurbanas que vivían en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y en las que los niños asistían a la escuela en línea. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y bivariados de las condiciones basales de la muestra, así como comparaciones antes-después de los objetivos alcanzados y sus diferencias. Resultados 13 familias completaron los procesos de evaluación e intervención (12 sesiones, 94% de asistencia); la edad media de los niños fue de 7,3 años, y en el 92,3% de las familias el cabeza de familia era una mujer. La evaluación de los objetivos antes-después mostró que hubo ganancias en todos los objetivos propuestos, observándose las mayores ganancias en la categoría de participación social de la familia. Conclusiones La terapia ocupacional, la telesalud y un enfoque basado en el contexto proporcionan una amplia gama de beneficios a las familias y los niños que viven en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y confinamiento. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 educación afectados confinamiento padrescuidadores cuidadores padres/cuidadores línea muestra antesdespués diferencias 1 12 (1 sesiones 94 asistencia asistencia) 73 7 3 7, 923 92 92,3 mujer propuestos COVID1 COVID- ( 9 92,

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on health and education, parents and children living in non-urban areas were severely affected. Objective To design and implement a telehealth based occupational therapy intervention aimed at improving the well-being of children under nine years of age living in vulnerability and confinement conditions, the latter due to the restrictions imposed due to the pandemic, through the provision of context-based occupational counseling to their parent/caregivers. Methods Before-and-after study conducted in families from rural and peri-urban areas living in conditions of vulnerability and in which children were attending online school. Descriptive and a bivariate analysis of the baseline conditions of the sample were performed, as well as before-after comparisons of the objectives achieved and their differences. Results 13 families completed the assessment and intervention processes (12 sessions, 94% attendance); the average age of children was 7.3 years, and in 92.3% of the families the head of the household was a woman. The before-after goals evaluation showed there were gains in all proposed goals, with the highest gains observed in the family social participation category. Conclusions Occupational therapy, telehealth and a context-based approach provide a broad array of benefits to families and children living in vulnerability and confinement conditions. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 education nonurban non urban affected wellbeing being contextbased context parentcaregivers parent caregivers parent/caregivers Beforeandafter Before after periurban peri school performed beforeafter before differences 1 12 (1 sessions 94 attendance attendance) 73 7 3 7. 923 92 92.3 woman category COVID1 COVID- ( 9 92.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio bibliométrico consistió en analizar la producción científica acumulada sobre los factores de riesgo biopsicosocial conducentes al suicidio en la infancia y la adolescencia mediante la implementación de la teoría de grafos. Se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus (Elsevier) y Web of Science, y el análisis se efectuó en bibliometrix, Sci2 tool y Gephi. Se encontraron 2,058 registros. El análisis mostró una red de citaciones de 2,905 registros y cuatro clústeres principales. Los resultados arrojaron una estructura de red de la producción de conocimiento en cuatro tendencias de investigación: (1) factores de predicción de tipo psiquiátrico del comportamiento suicida en niños y adolescentes; (2) asociación entre conducta autolesiva no suicida y comportamiento suicida en adolescentes; (3) relación entre maltrato infantil y suicidio; (4) uso de antidepresivos en la niñez y adolescencia y comportamiento suicida. Finalmente, se plantean consideraciones para la prevención del suicidio en la población objeto de estudio.

Abstract: The aim of this bibliometric paper was to analyze the scientific production on biopsychosocial risk factors leading to suicide in childhood and adolescence using graph theory. The Scopus (Elsevier) and Web of Science databases were consulted and the analysis was performed using bibliometrix, Sci2 tool and Gephi. A total of 2,058 records were found. The analysis of the records revealed a citation network of 2,905 records and four main clusters. The results showed a network structure of knowledge production behavior in four research trends: (1) psychiatric predictors of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents; (2) association between non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and suicidal behavior in adolescents; (3) relationship between child abuse and suicidal behavior; (4) use of antidepressants in childhood and adolescence and suicidal behavior. Finally, considerations for suicide prevention in the study population are raised.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo bibliométrico foi analisar a produção científica sobre os fatores de risco biopsicossociais que levam ao suicídio na infância e adolescência utilizando a teoria dos grafos. Foram consultadas as bases de dados Scopus (Elsevier) e Web of Science e a análise foi realizada no bibliometrix, Sci2 e Gephi. Foram encontrados 2058 registos. A análise revelou uma rede de citações com 2905 registos e quatro clusters principais. Os resultados geraram uma estrutura de rede de produção de conhecimento em quatro tendências de pesquisa: (1) preditores de tipo psiquiátrico de comportamento suicida em crianças e adolescentes; (2) associação entre comportamento autolesivo não suicida e comportamento suicida adolescente; (3) relação entre maltrato infantil e suicidio; (4) uso de antidepressivos na infância e adolescência e comportamento suicida. Por fim, são propostas considerações para a prevenção do suicídio na população em estudo.

Resumen El uso de mezclas asfálticas en frío ha despertado el interés en los últimos años debido a que es una técnica que reduce el uso de combustibles y con ello, la huella de carbono en la construcción y mantenimiento de pavimentos, sin embargo, se ha limitado su uso en aplicaciones de bacheo y pavimentos de bajo tránsito, debido a que estas mezclas presentan baja resistencia a edad temprana y altas cantidades de vacíos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el desarrollo de una mezcla fría con sustitución del relleno mineral por rellenos cementantes ternarios que en conjunto forman productos de hidratación y brindan mayor resistencia en presencia de agua. Los rellenos cementantes ternarios están compuestos por escoria de alto horno granulada (EGAH), ceniza volante (CV) y un activador alcalino, ya sea cemento Portland (CP) o hidróxido de calcio (cal). A fin de comparar cuál de estos activadores brinda un mayor desempeño se prepararon distintas mezclas con sustitución parcial y total, para evaluar en tres condiciones de curado y observar el comportamiento de las mezclas en presencia de agua. Se comprobó que la sustitución con ambos tipos de rellenos cementantes reduce significativamente los efectos de la humedad a edad temprana. Para la condición de curado de 3 días a 25 °C, la muestra de referencia obtuvo una pérdida de estabilidad de 30,78 %, las muestras con CP de 7,61 y 7,56 %, y las de cal con 13,83 y 16,39 %, por lo que se observa que tienen una menor pérdida de estabilidad en todos los casos, este mismo patrón se mantiene en el tiempo.

Abstract The use of cold asphalt mixtures has aroused interest in recent years because it is a technique that reduces the use of fuels and thus the carbon footprint in the construction and maintenance of pavements, however its use has been limited in patching applications and low-traffic pavements, however, these mixtures have low resistance at an early age and high amounts of voids. The objective of this research was the development of a cold mixture with replacement of the mineral filler with ternary cementitious fillers that together form hydration products and provide greater resistance in the presence of water. The ternary cementitious fillers are composed of granulated blast furnace slag (EGAH), fly ash (CV) and an alkaline activator, Portland cement (CP) or calcium hydroxide (lime), in order to compare which of these activators provides greater performance different mixtures were prepared with partial and total substitution, to evaluate in three curing conditions and observe the behavior of the mixtures in the presence of water. It was proven that replacement with both types of cementitious fillers significantly reduces the effects of moisture at an early age. For the curing condition of 3 days at 25 °C, the reference sample obtained a loss of stability of 30,78 %, the samples with CP of 7,61 and 7,56 %, and those of lime with 13,83 and 16,39 %, have a lower loss of stability in all cases, this same pattern is maintained over time.

Abstract: In the market for functional products, identifying the tastes and preferences of consumers is crucial to defining marketing strategies due to its difficult to penetrate nature. This article presents a study using multivariate data by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect consumers’ neuronal response to functional products and predict their purchasing decisions. The usefulness of neuromarketing was examined to evaluate the preferences of 16 subjects aged 20 to 29 years, who evaluated a series of samples through the sense of taste. Due to PCA being associated with frontopolar 1 located in the prefrontal cortex, we used PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the data obtained from EEG, finding that the low beta and low gamma frequency bands, along with the percentages of attention and meditation of the panelists, are the main factors in decision making. In addition, we used some digital image processing tools to support the evidence that there is a difference in the brain activity of the panelists when they taste functional products that they like and dislike. This finding can improve our understanding of decision-making and can be used in the food sector to generate a commercial strategy.

ABSTRACT This article delves into the analysis of the criminal liability of the hospital legal representative in relation to the failure to apply the prioritized emergency code activation manual (EP) in the context of health services in Ecuador. It highlights the impact of overload in health services and its direct consequence on the timely provision of care to patients in emergency situations. The academic-educational approach of the article aims to provide an enriching understanding of this complex topic. It highlights the urgent need to clarify both the legal responsibility of the health personnel who refer patients in prioritized emergencies, as well as that of the hospital's legal representative, who is faced with the difficult task of receiving these patients without the appropriate resources to address their clinical conditions. Through an informed and contextual analysis, relevant constitutional and legal aspects are addressed, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the scope of this responsibility. In addition, practical experiences and court cases are incorporated to enrich the understanding of the guarantor role that the hospital legal representative assumes in these challenging circumstances.

RESUMEN Este artículo se adentra en el análisis de la responsabilidad penal del representante legal hospitalario en relación con la omisión de aplicar el manual de activación de código de emergencia priorizada (EP) en el contexto de los servicios de salud en Ecuador. Se resalta el impacto de la sobrecarga en los servicios de salud y su consecuencia directa en la prestación oportuna de atención a pacientes en situaciones de emergencia. El enfoque académico educativo del artículo se orienta a brindar un entendimiento enriquecedor sobre este complejo tema. Se subraya la urgente necesidad de esclarecer tanto la responsabilidad legal del personal de salud que remite a pacientes en emergencias priorizadas, como la del representante legal del hospital, quien se enfrenta a la difícil tarea de recibir a estos pacientes sin los recursos idóneos para abordar sus condiciones clínicas. A través de un análisis informado y contextual, se abordan aspectos constitucionales y legales pertinentes, lo que proporciona un marco integral para comprender el alcance de esta responsabilidad. Además, se incorporan experiencias prácticas y casos judiciales que enriquecen la comprensión del rol de garante que el representante legal hospitalario asume en estas circunstancias desafiantes.

Abstract The objective of the work was to know the perception that gender, from the local sphere, the construction of the Felipe Angeles International Airport located in the municipality of Zumpango de Ocampo, State of Mexico, through the inductive analysis of the responses obtained in an applied survey to 210 inhabitants aged eighteen years and over, with a deterministic research criterion in the months of November and December 2020. The results show the main urban problems associated with the construction of the aforementioned work and the possible urban impacts in housing construction in the region in the absence of a public policy to guide it. It was concluded by stating that there are public works such as the construction of the Felipe Ángeles airport that generate controversy in favor (56%) and against (44%) due to its antecedent and construction, since urban, social, economic and environmental effects were perceived in the local, regional and metropolitan level beyond their own comprehension.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la percepción que género, desde el ámbito de lo local, la construcción del aeropuerto Internacional Felipe Ángeles ubicado en el municipio de Zumpango de Ocampo, Estado de México, a través del análisis inductivo de las respuestas obtenidas en encuesta aplicada a 210 habitantes mayores de diez y ocho años de edad en adelante, con un criterio de investigación determinístico en los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2020. Los resultados muestran las principales problemáticas urbanas asociadas a la construcción de la citada obra y los posibles impactos urbanos en la construcción de viviendas en la región ante la ausencia de una política pública que la oriente. Se concluyó planteando que hay obras públicas como la construcción del aeropuerto Felipe Ángeles que generan polémica a favor (56%) y en contra (44%) por su antecedente y construcción, ya que se perciben efectos urbanos, sociales, económicos y ambientales en el ámbito local, regional y metropolitano más allá de su propia comprensión.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer a percepção de gênero, desde a esfera local, a construção do Aeroporto Internacional Felipe Ángeles localizado no município de Zumpango de Ocampo, Estado do México, através da análise indutiva das respostas obtidas em um a 210 habitantes com idade igual ou superior a dezoito anos, com critério de pesquisa determinístico nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2020. Os resultados mostram os principais problemas urbanos associados à construção da referida obra e os possíveis impactos urbanos na construção habitacional na região na ausência de uma política pública para orientá-la. Concluiu-se afirmando que existem obras públicas como a construção do aeroporto Felipe Ángeles que geram polêmicas a favor (56%) e contra (44%) devido ao seu histórico e construção, pois efeitos urbanísticos, sociais, econômicos e ambientais são percebidos em nível local, regional e metropolitano além de sua própria compreensão.

Abstract: Background: Lichen diversity in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes has historically been neglected. Lichen species in all vegetation types, except for the arid zones, remain underexplored. Hypotheses: Lichenized fungi richness reported for Aguascalientes will increase due to exploration and collecting activities in vegetation types other than xerophilous scrubs. This will allow finding species of interest for conservation purposes, including Mexican endemics and/or threatened taxa. Data description: Lichenized fungi, vegetation types, substrates. Study site and dates: Mexican state of Aguascalientes, 2018 to 2021. Methods: Revision and taxonomic identification of lichenized fungi specimens deposited at the HUAA herbarium. Once the endemic species were detected, the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and the Area of Occupancy (AOO) were calculated to assess their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. Results: 162 new records were found for Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen, and Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Mag., were new records for the country. The epiphytic substrate and the foliose growth form were dominant. Parmotrema acutatum had an EOO = 192,141 km2, while Phaeophyscia sonorae had a EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusions: The number of lichenized fungi species recorded for Aguascalientes increased to 218. We suggest publication of Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. as Least Concern (LC) and Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List.

Resumen Antecedentes: La diversidad liquénica en el estado de Aguascalientes ha sido históricamente desatendida. Excepto por las investigaciones efectuadas en sus zonas áridas, los demás tipos de vegetación permanecen inexplorados. Hipótesis: La riqueza de hongos liquenizados registrados para el estado de Aguascalientes aumentará con la exploración y colecta en los tipos de vegetación presentes en el estado. Con esto, se encontrarán especies de interés para la conservación de los ecosistemas, incluyendo especies endémicas de México y/o amenazadas. Descripción de datos: Hongos liquenizados, tipos de vegetación, sustratos. Sitio y años de estudio: Estado de Aguascalientes, 2018 a 2021. Métodos: Revisión e identificación taxonómica de la colección de hongos liquenizados del herbario HUAA. Una vez detectadas las especies endémicas, se calcularon la Extensión de Ocurrencia (EOO) y el Área de ocupación (AOO) para evaluar el estado de conservación según la Lista Roja de la UICN. Resultados: Se presentaron 162 registros nuevos para el estado de Aguascalientes. Chrysothrix insulizans R.C. Harris & Ladd, Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Kantvilas & Printzen y Sarcogyne novomexicana H. Magn., fueron registros nuevos para el país. Los líquenes epífitos y la forma de crecimiento foliosa fueron dominantes. Parmotrema acutatum ocupó un EOO = 192,141 km2, mientras Phaeophyscia sonorae resultó en EOO = 18,285 km2. Conclusiones: El número de especies de hongos liquenizados para el estado de Aguascalientes asciende a 218. Se sugiere la publicación en la Lista Roja de la UICN para Parmotrema acutatum Kurok. en la categoría de Menor Preocupación (LC) y Phaeophyscia sonorae Essl. como Vulnerable (VU).

Abstract: One of the fundamental components of smart cities is the smart grid characterized by various information and operational technologies that guarantee reliable and clean energy supply. For this reason, they are a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainability in the world in which we live. Despite the enormous advantages of the smart grid, it has quite a few challenges; one that has been fundamental in recent years is cybersecurity. The traditional approach to address cybersecurity issues generally does not consider the human factor as the main component. Recently, the concept of cyber hygiene has emerged, where the social and human aspect is fundamental since in the same similarity with traditional hygiene, the fact of carrying out personal care practices can contribute to improving people’s health, in this sense, having better personal cybersecurity practices will allow for better cybersecurity performance of systems. This work shows the implementation of cyber hygiene in the context of smart grid, showing a methodology to carry it out and applying it in the context of smart metering systems. The results show that the proposed method can successfully be used in the smart grid and can be applied to other contexts.

Resumen El trabajo colaborativo representa una base de mejora para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas en el nivel educativo superior y las Comunidades Profesionales de Aprendizaje (CPA) constituyen una herramienta útil para tal propósito. En esta investigación se tuvo como objetivo aplicar los postulados de la Metodología de Sistemas Suaves (MSS) y CPA a fin de establecer las bases para la construcción de una metodología sistémica que promueva cambios en la práctica docente. Se efectuó un taller dirigido a profesores en donde se analizaron técnicas de colaboración entre pares y el desarrollo de materiales didácticos digitales para mejorar su práctica docente. Las entrevistas y observaciones se interpretaron mediante tres esquemas de codificación: 1) para comprender las respuestas de los participantes a lo largo del taller, 2) para examinar las propuestas de enseñanza que implementan con sus estudiantes y 3) para capturar oportunidades de aprendizaje en las CPA. Con base en el planteamiento teórico adoptado y los resultados obtenidos, se identificaron varios elementos de la MSS y CPA que abonan al mejoramiento de la práctica docente y a la calidad del aprendizaje de las matemáticas de nivel superior: desde aceptar la existencia del problema e interpretarlo en una forma ordenada hasta describir las definiciones raíz del sistema, así como sus interrelaciones.

Abstract Collaborative work represents a basis for improvement in the teaching-learning process of mathematics at the higher educational level and Professional Learning Communities (PLC) constitute a useful tool for this purpose. The purpose of this research was to apply the postulates of the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and PLC were applied to establish the bases for the construction of a systemic methodology that promotes changes in teaching practice. A workshop was held for teachers where peer collaboration techniques and the development of digital teaching materials were analyzed to improve their teaching practice. The interviews and observations were interpreted using three coding schemes: 1) to understand the answers of the participants throughout the workshop, 2) to examine the teaching proposals that they implement with their students and 3) to capture learning opportunities in the PLC interviews. Based on the theoretical approach adopted and the results obtained, several elements of the SSM and PLC were identified that contribute to the improvement of teaching practice and the quality of higher-level mathematics learning: from accepting the existence of the problem and interpreting it in an orderly manner to describing the root definitions of the system, as well as its interrelationships.

Resumo O trabalho colaborativo representa uma base de melhoria para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da matemática no ensino superior e as Comunidades de Aprendizagem Profissional (CAP) constituem uma ferramenta útil para esse fim. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi aplicar os postulados da Metodologia Soft Systems (MSS) e CAP a fim de estabelecer as bases para a construção de uma metodologia sistêmica que promova mudanças na prática docente. Realizou-se um workshop para professores onde foram analisadas técnicas de colaboração entre pares e o desenvolvimento de materiais pedagógicos digitais para melhorar a sua prática pedagógica. As entrevistas e observações foram interpretadas usando três esquemas de codificação: 1) para entender as respostas dos participantes ao longo da oficina, 2) para examinar as propostas de ensino que implementam com seus alunos e 3) para capturar oportunidades de aprendizagem no CAP Com base na abordagem teórica adotada e nos resultados obtidos, foram identificados vários elementos do MSS e do CAP que contribuem para a melhoria da prática pedagógica e para a qualidade da aprendizagem da matemática de nível superior: desde aceitar a existência do problema e interpretá-lo de forma ordenada maneira de descrever as definições de raiz do sistema, bem como suas inter-relações.

Resumen Introducción: La prevalencia de periodontitis apical en dientes con tratamiento endodóntico oscila entre el 35 y el 60%, se ha encontrado una fuerte asociación con respecto al grado de inflamación sistémica generada por la periodontitis apical, como por ejemplo altos niveles de citoquinas proinflamatorias, proteína C reactiva e interleuquina 6; estudios refieren que un tratamiento endodóntico adecuado puede reducir los niveles de proteína C reactiva en individuos sanos y con periodontitis apical. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de periodontitis apical en una población adulta colombiana seleccionada y su correlación con la calidad del tratamiento endodóntico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, se determinó la frecuencia de periodontitis apical en 318 CBCT (Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico), de pacientes de una subpoblación de Bucaramanga y Medellín y evaluó la asociación de la calidad del tratamiento endodóntico con el estado periapical. Resultados: Sólo el 37,66% de los dientes evaluados fueron considerados sanos; el 44,81% se clasificaron como tratamiento endodóntico adecuado. La calidad del tratamiento endodóntico influyó significativamente en la condición del periodonto apical. Conclusiones: Los tratamientos evaluados presentaron alta frecuencia de periodontitis apical, la cual se asoció en buena parte a la alta frecuencia de tratamientos endodónticos inadecuados.

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of apical periodontitis in teeth with endodontic treatment ranges between 35% and 60%, and a strong association has been found with respect to high levels of systemic inflammation markers (pro-inflammatory cytokines, protein C-reactive and interleukin 6) caused by apical periodontitis. Studies have shown that an adequate endodontic treatment can reduce C-reactive protein levels in healthy individuals and those with apical periodontitis. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of apical periodontitis in a selected Colombian adult population and its correlation with the quality of endodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study. The frequency of apical periodontitis was determined in 318 CBCTs of patients from Bucaramanga and Medellin, and the association between quality of endodontic treatment and periapical status was analyzed. Results: Only 37.66% of the observed teeth were considered healthy, whereas 44.81% were classified as teeth with appropriate endodontic treatment. Quality of endodontic treatment significantly affected the condition of the apical periodontium. Conclusions: The analyzed treatments had a high apical periodontitis frequency, which was associated with a high frequency of inadequate endodontic treatments.

Resumo Introdução: A prevalência de periodontite apical em dentes com tratamento endodôntico varia entre 35 e 60 %, uma forte associação foi encontrada com relação ao grau de inflamação sistêmica gerada pela periodontite apical, como altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, proteína C reativa e interleucina 6; estudos relatam que o tratamento endodôntico adequado pode reduzir os níveis de proteína C-reativa em indivíduos saudáveis e naqueles com periodontite apical. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência da periodontite apical em uma população adulta colombiana selecionada e sua correlação com a qualidade do tratamento endodôntico. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal analítico observacional; a frequência de periodontite apical foi determinada em 318 CBCT de pacientes de uma subpopulação de Bucaramanga e Medellín, foi avaliada a associação da qualidade do tratamento endodôntico com o estado periapical. Resultados: Apenas 37,66% dos dentes avaliados foram considerados saudáveis, 44,81% dos dentes foram classificados como tratamento endodôntico adequado. A qualidade do tratamento endodôntico influenciou significativamente a condição do periodonto apical. Conclusões: Os tratamentos avaliados apresentaram alta frequência de periodontite apical, que foi amplamente associada à alta frequência de tratamentos endodônticos inadequados.