RESUMO A fenda palatina é a comunicação entre a cavidade oral e a nasal através de um orifício no palato. Tem diversas etiologias, podendo ser congênita, traumática, por deficiência mineral ou por fatores hormonais. O diagnóstico é realizado por meio de exame físico da cavidade oral, e a correção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha. Em animais adultos, pode ser corrigida com o auxílio de retalho mucoperiosteal, apresentando bons resultados. Já em filhotes, a correção cirúrgica é mais complicada, com prognóstico menos favorável. Este trabalho relata o caso de um canino, fêmea, sem raça definida, adulta, com histórico de fenda palatina secundária, de origem traumática, no palato mole por ingestão de osso. Para a correção cirúrgica, primeiramente foi utilizada membrana biológica de pericárdio bovino, mas não se obteve êxito. O segundo procedimento foi realizado com retalho mucoperiosteal simples autólogo e, dois meses após o procedimento, já havia cicatrização completa. A técnica de retalho mucoperiosteal simples autólogo se mostrou eficaz no tratamento da fenda palatina, aliada aos cuidados adequados no pós-operatório.

ABSTRACT The cleft palate is the communication between the oral and nasal cavity through an aperture in the palate, it’s causes include an infinitude of factors: congenital, traumatic, mineral deficiency or hormonal. Examination of the oral cavity determines if the diagnosis and treatment is surgical. Correction in adult animals is performed with mucoperiosteal flap showing good results. However, surgical correction in puppies is more complicated with less favorable prognosis. This current work reports a case of an adult, female dog of undefined breed, with a history of secondary clef palate of traumatic origin in the soft palate due to bone ingestion. For correction, a biological membrane of bovine pericardium was used, but it was not successful, requiring a second surgical procedure performed with autologous simple mucoperiosteal flap. The last technique combined with adequate postoperative care was effective.

Resumo Objetivo: A mucopolissacaridose é uma doença genética rara, caracterizada por depósito intralisossômico de glicosaminoglicanos. O comprometimento cardiovascular é frequente. Sinais e sintomas cardíacos são subestimados pelo envolvimento da doença em outros órgãos. A terapia de reposição enzimática pode ser usada em mucopolissacaridose I, II, IV e VI. Assim, o conhecimento da aplicação de novas ferramentas de ecocardiografia é relevante para melhorar a assistência dessa população. Este estudo visou descrever a função do ventrículo esquerdo pelo ecocardiograma convencional e pela análise do strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo e comparar as alterações em pacientes que fazem uso da terapia de reposição enzimática e que tiveram idades distintas de início da terapia. Método: Estudo descritivo de base ambulatorial. Os pacientes foram submetidos à ecocardiografia convencional e medida do strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. Resultados: Foram avaliados 16 pacientes; mediana de 14,2 anos (desvio: 5,2 anos). Hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo foi encontrada em nove pacientes (56,2%). Todos os pacientes tiveram função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo preservada (Simpson e Teichholz). Nove (56,2%) pacientes apresentaram alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. O estudo mostrou associação positiva entre hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo e início tardio da terapia de reposição enzimática e alteração no strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo. Conclusão: Alterações ecocardiográficas em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose foram frequentes, especialmente alterações na geometria e disfunção subclínica do ventrículo esquerdo. Pacientes que iniciaram tardiamente a terapia de reposição enzimática apresentaram associação com piores valores de strain global longitudinal do ventrículo esquerdo, o que reforça a necessidade do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. O uso de novas ferramentas de ecocardiografia pode melhorar o acompanhamento desses pacientes.

Abstract Objective: Mucopolysaccharidosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by the intralysosomal deposition of glycosaminoglycans. Cardiovascular impairment is a common feature. Cardiac signs and symptoms are underestimated due to the disease involvement in other organs. Enzyme replacement therapy can be used in mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, IV, and VI. Thus, the knowledge about the use of new echocardiography tools is relevant to improve the care of this population. This study aimed to describe left ventricular function assessment by conventional echocardiography and left ventricular global longitudinal strain analysis and compare the alterations in patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy and who had different ages at the start of therapy. Method: Outpatient-based descriptive study. The patients were submitted to conventional echocardiography and left ventricular global longitudinal strain measurement. Results: Sixteen patients were evaluated; median age of 14.2 years (SD = 5.2 years). Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in nine patients (56.2%). All patients had preserved left ventricular systolic function (Simpson and Teichholz). Nine (56.2%) patients showed alterations in left ventricular global longitudinal strain. The study showed a positive association between left ventricular hypertrophy and alteration in the left ventricular global longitudinal strain, and late start of enzyme replacement therapy and alteration in the left ventricular global longitudinal strain. Conclusion: Echocardiographic alterations in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis were frequently observed, especially alterations in the left ventricular geometry and subclinical dysfunction. Patients who had a late enzyme replacement therapy start showed an association with worse left ventricular global longitudinal strain values, reinforcing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. The use of new echocardiographic tools may improve the follow-up of these patients.

We collected a series of 136 lung/bronchial and 56 matched lung parenchyma tissue samples from patients who underwent lung/bronchial biopsies and presented invasive carcinoma after lung surgery. The lung/bronchial samples included basal cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, moderate dysplasia, adenomatous hyperplasia, severe dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Matched lung parenchyma tissue samples included 25 squamous cell carcinomas and 31 adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze for the distribution of hyaluronidase (Hyal)-1 and −3, and hyaluronan synthases (HAS)-1, −2, and −3. Hyal-1 showed significantly higher expression in basal cell hyperplasia than in moderate dysplasia (P=0.01), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (P=0.0001), or severe dysplasia (P=0.03). Lower expression of Hyal-3 was found in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia than in basal cell hyperplasia (P=0.01) or moderate dysplasia (P=0.02). HAS-2 was significantly higher in severe dysplasia (P=0.002) and in squamous metaplasia (P=0.04) compared with basal cell hyperplasia. HAS-3 was significantly expressed in basal cell hyperplasia compared with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (P=0.05) and severe dysplasia (P=0.02). Lower expression of HAS-3 was found in severe dysplasia compared with squamous metaplasia (P=0.01) and moderate dysplasia (P=0.01). Epithelial Hyal-1 and −3 and HAS-1, −2, and −3 expressions were significantly higher in pre-neoplastic lesions than in neoplastic lesions. Comparative Cox multivariate analysis controlled by N stage and histologic tumor type showed that patients with high HAS-3 expression in pre-neoplastic cells obtained by lung/bronchial biopsy presented a significantly higher risk of death (HR=1.19; P=0.04). We concluded that localization of Hyal and HAS in lung/bronchial pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions was inversely related to malignancy, which implied that visualizing these factors could be a useful diagnostic procedure for suspected lung cancer. Finalizing this conclusion will require a wider study in a randomized and prospective trial.

Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e econômico de três grupos genéticos de bovinos em sistema com recria a pasto e terminação em confinamento, com ciclo de produção de um ano. Foram utilizados 36 bovinos não castrados, com média de 270±50 dias de idade e peso médio inicial de 241,3±34kg, sendo 12 Guzolandos (1/2 Guzerá x 1/2 Holandês), 12 Guzonel (1/2 Guzerá x 1/2 Nelore) e 12 Tricross (1/2 Simental x 1/2 Guzonel). O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente ao acaso. Os animais permaneceram em pastejo rotacionado de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, com suplementação comercial; na terminação, receberam dieta composta por silagem de sorgo e concentrado (50:50) durante 61 dias. Os índices de desempenho avaliados foram o ganho médio de peso diário (GMD), ganho médio de peso no período, peso corporal final e, como indicadores econômicos, a receita total, custo operacional total por arroba (COT/@), margem bruta e margem líquida. O GMD na recria foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os grupos que apresentaram média de 746 e 456 gramas, respectivamente, para os períodos águas/transição águas-seca e seca. O COT/@ da recria do grupo Tricross (R$69,44) foi superior aos dos grupos Guzonel (R$66,75) e Guzolando (R$ 64,86). No período de terminação, o GMD foi semelhante entre os grupamentos, apresentanto o valor médio de 1,55kg. O COT/@ da terminação em confinamento foi R$ 91,48, R$114,15 e R$122,78, para Tricross, Guzonel e Guzolando, respectivamente. Considerando-se o sistema de ciclo curto completo, obteve-se COT/@ menor para o grupamento Tricross (R$77,92), seguido pelo grupamento Guzonel (R$ 74,89) e Guzolando (R$ 78,43). Nas condições de produção avaliadas, o grupo Tricross foi o mais eficiente economicamente.

The productive and economic performance of different beef genetic groups in a pasture-based growing system and feedlot finishing with one year cycle was evaluated. Thirty-six bulls from three groups F1Guzerat x Nellore F1 (GN); F1 Guzerá x Hosltein (GH) and F1 1/2 Simmental + 1/4 Guzerá + 1/4 Nellore (SG), with average age of 270 (± 30) days and average body weight of 241.3 (± 34.0) kg were utilized. The experimental design utilized was completely randomized (3 x 12). During the growing phase, bulls were kept in rotational Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu pastures, receiving commercial supplement; in the finishing phase, they received a diet containing sorghum silage and concentrate (50:50) for 61 days. The performance indices evaluated were average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily gain during the period (ADP), final body weight. Economic performance indicators were total revenue, total operating expenses per bushel (COT / @), gross margin and net margin. Average daily gain during the growing phase was similar (P> 0.05) among groups with an average of 746 and 456 grams, respectively, for the period's transitional rainy / dry season. The TOE/bushel recreates the grouping of SD (R$ 69.44) was higher than that of groups GN (R$ 66.75) and GH (R$ 64.86). In the finishing period, ADG was similar (P> 0.05) among groups with an average of 1.55kg. The TOE/bushel of the feedlot finishing were R$ 91.48, R$ 114.15 and R$ 122.78 respectively for SD, GN and GH groups. Considering the analysis of the short-cycle system, we obtained the lowest TOE/bushel for grouping SD (R$77.92) followed by grouping GN (R$ 74.89) and GH (R$ 78.43). These results provided higher profitability for the crosses SD (21.99%) compared to other intersections (18.92% and 18.31% respectively, and for GN and GH). In the conditions evaluated the SD group was the most economically efficient.

Vinte e sete isolados de Escherichia coli provenientes de leite de bovinos com mastite clínica foram submetidos a teste de sensibilidade aos principais antimicrobianos usados no tratamento desta doença. Avaliou-se também a efetividade in vitro de dois inibidores de sistemas de efluxo multidrogas, fenilalanina arginyl ß naftilamida (PAβN) e 1-(1-Naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), utilizando-se a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) como referência. A CIM e o sistema de efluxo foram detectados com base nas curvas de crescimento, utilizando-se a densidade óptica (D.O550), em diferentes concentrações da droga e na presença e ausência dos inibidores. Apenas quatro isolados apresentaram resistência à ampicilina e ao sulfametoxazol∕trimetoprim, simultaneamente, enquanto todos os 27 foram sensíveis aos demais antimicrobianos. Observaram-se valores para ampicilina variando de 6µg/mL a 250µg/mL e para sulfametoxazol∕trimetoprim de 12µg/mL a 1500µg/mL. Houve redução das CIMs desses antimicrobianos em todos os isolados na presença dos inibidores, exceto para sulfametoxazol∕trimetoprim na presença de NMP. Conclui-se que esses isolados possuem um estreito perfil de resistência e que PAßN apresentou melhor efeito inibitório em relação à ampicilina e ao sulfametoxazol∕trimetoprim, apresentando-se como um candidato a adjuvante no tratamento da mastite.

Twenty-seven isolates of Escherichia coli from cattle with clinical mastitis were subjected to sensitivity tests regarding main antimicrobials used in the treatment of this disease. We also evaluated in vitro effectiveness of two inhibitors of multidrug efflux systems, fenilalanina arginyl ß naftilamida (PAβN) and 1-(1-Naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as a reference. MIC and multidrug efflux systems were detected in the growth curves, using optical density (D.O550) at different drug concentrations and the presence and absence of inhibitors. Only four isolates of E. coli were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, simultaneously. However, all isolates were sensitive to the other antimicrobials. Were observed values ranging from 6mg to 250mg ampicillin/mL, and 12mg to 1500mg/mL trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. There was a reduction of the MIC of antimicrobials for all isolates in the presence of inhibitors, except for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the presence of NMP. In conclusion, these isolates have a narrow resistance profile and PAßN showed better inhibitory effect against ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and is a candidate for the adjuvant treatment of mastitis.

Escherichia coli é um micro-organismo altamente adaptativo e sua habilidade em formar biofilmes pode ser fundamental na resistência a tratamentos com antimicrobianos. A avaliação da concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) vem sendo utilizada para verificar a sensibilidade dos micro-organismos aos antimicrobianos. Entretanto, quando se avaliam células sésseis, a concentração do antimicrobiano requerido para erradicação do biofilme é maior do que a determinada pela CMI. Objetivou-se comparar as CMI com as concentrações mínimas de erradicação de biofilmes (CMEB) de antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite em 27 isolados de E. coli produtores de biofilmes provenientes de mastite. Os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos usados no tratamento da mastite, tanto para células planctônicas, por meio da CMI, quanto para células sésseis, pela avaliação da CMEB. Os resultados revelaram uma alta sensibilidade: apenas quatro (14,8%) isolados obtiveram valores da CMI elevados, variando de 4 a 10µg/mL, sendo classificados como resistentes. Para os demais isolados (85,2%), os valores foram menores, variando de 0,125 a 2µg/mL, classificados como sensíveis. A avaliação de CMEB indicou que a concentração dos antimicrobianos necessária para eliminar as células sésseis variou de 100µg/mL a 500µg/mL. Os valores de CMEB foram significativamente maiores nos isolados grandes e moderados produtores de biofilmes em relação aos isolados fracos produtores de biofilmes (p<0,001). Não houve correlação entre os valores de CMEB e CMI (p>0,05). A escolha da terapêutica antimicrobiana correta para o tratamento de infecções intramamárias em bovinos relacionadas com a produção de biofilmes parece exigir a aplicação de testes mais específicos. Testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana baseados apenas em valores de CMI mostraram-se ineficazes em determinar com precisão a susceptibilidade das células bacterianas sésseis.

Escherichia coli is a highly adaptive microorganism. Its ability to form biofilms may be critical for resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) has been used to check the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, however, when evaluating sessile cells, the required antibiotic concentration to eradicate biofilm is greater than determined by MIC. This study aimed to compare MIC with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment in 27 E. coli biofilm producers isolates from mastitis. Isolates were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, for both planktonic cells (by CMI) and sessile cells (by MBEC). The results revealed high sensitivity: only four (14.8%) isolates showed high MIC values, ranging from 4 to 10g/mL and they were classified as resistant. All other isolates (85.2%) showed lower values, ranging from 0.125 to 2mg/mL, and they were classified as sensitive. Evaluation of MBEC indicated that concentration of antimicrobial needed to remove sessile cells ranged from 100mg/mL to 500mg/mL. MBEC values were significantly higher in large and moderate biofilm producers isolates regarding weak biofilm producers isolates (p<0.001). There was no correlation between MBEC and CMI values (p>0.05). The correct choice of antimicrobial therapy for treatment of mammary infections in cattle related to biofilm production seems to require application of more specific tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing based only on MIC values proved ineffectiveness to accurately determination the susceptibility of sessile bacterial cells.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas em cafezais sob diferentes períodos de consórcio com leguminosas em dois anos de cultivo. Os tratamentos corresponderam à combinação fatorial entre as leguminosas feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e lablabe (Dolichos lab-lab) e períodos de consorciação com cafeeiros aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o plantio, mais uma testemunha sem leguminosa. O experimento foi composto por nove tratamentos em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As leguminosas foram semeadas em dezembro de 2007 e outubro de 2008 e cortadas conforme os períodos de consorciação, sendo removidas da entrelinha, para ficarem sob a copa dos cafeeiros. As plantas daninhas foram amostradas nas entrelinhas e na projeção das copas dos cafeeiros, em outubro de 2008 e em outubro de 2009, refletindo o efeito dos tratamentos após um e dois anos de consorciação, respectivamente. As avaliações constaram da similaridade da comunidade, do índice do valor de importância e da importância relativa das plantas daninhas mais frequentes. Nos dois anos agrícolas foram identificadas 17 espécies de plantas daninhas, distribuídas em dez famílias botânicas, sendo mais frequentes as espécies Cyperus rotundus, Paspalum conjugatum, Amaranthus retroflexus e Oxalis latifolia. No primeiro ano, o feijão-de-porco (2,65 t ha-1) produziu mais massa que a lablabe (1,89 t ha-1), e no segundo ano a lablabe produziu mais massa (4,21 t ha-1) que o feijão-de-porco (2,73 t ha‑1). Nas entrelinhas, a diferença da flora de plantas daninhas em relação à testemunha foi maior do que na projeção da copa dos cafeeiros, no final dos dois anos. Em 2008, quando a lablabe ficou por 90 ou 120 dias nas entrelinhas, houve crescimento da importância da tiririca, enquanto em 2009 a importância relativa desta foi mais elevada na testemunha. As entrelinhas do cafeeiro apresentaram massa de matéria seca de plantas daninhas maior do que a projeção da copa, possivelmente devido ao sombreamento proporcionado pelos cafeeiros. A espécie Cyperus rotundus foi a de maior importância nos dois anos, seguida de Paspalum conjugatum, que teve sua importância aumentada de 2008 para 2009, devido à sua adaptação às condições de baixa luminosidade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytosociology of weeds in a coffee plantation under different periods of legume intercropping, along two years. The experiment consisted of nine treatments in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were the factorial combination of Jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis) or Hyacinth beans (Dolichos lab-lab) and four periods of intercropping with coffee (30, 60, 90, and 120 days after planting), plus a control treatment with no legume. The legumes were sown in December 2007 and October 2008, cut according to the periods of intercropping, and placed under the coffee plant canopies. Weeds were sampled on the coffee plant inter-rows and canopies, in October 2008, and October 2009, reflecting the effect of treatments after one and two years of cultivation, respectively. The evaluations consisted of the weed community indices, the species' importance value and the relative importance of the most frequent weed species. In both years, seventeen species of weeds, distributed in ten botanical families, were identified, with the most frequent species being Cyperus rotundus, Paspalum conjugatum, Amaranthus retroflexus and Oxalis latifolia. In the first-year, Jack beans (2.65 t ha-1) accumulated more mass than Hyacinth beans (1.89 t ha-1), but in the second year, the Hyacinth beans accumulated more mass (4.21 t ha-1) than the Jack beans (2.73 t ha-1). At the end of the two years, the weed flora in the control plot was more similar to the flora under the canopy than on the inter-row flora. In 2008, when Hyacinth beans were intercropped for 90 or 120 days, the relative importance of C. rotundus in the inter-row was higher than in the control.On the other hand, in the second year, the relative importance of this weed was higher in the control plots, and in 2009, the relative importance of this weed was higher in the control. The weed mass in the inter-row was higher than under the coffee plant canopy, possibly due to the shading provided by the trees. C. rotundus was the most important species in both years, followed by Paspalum conjugatum, whose importance increased from 2008 to 2009, possibly due to its adaptation to low light conditions.

Effective statin therapy is associated with a marked reduction of cardiovascular events. However, the explanation for full benefits obtained for LDL cholesterol targets by combined lipid-lowering therapy is controversial. Our study compared the effects of two equally effective lipid-lowering strategies on markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. A prospective, open label, randomized, parallel design study, with blinded endpoints, included 116 subjects. We compared the effects of a 12-week treatment with 40 mg rosuvastatin or the combination of 40 mg simvastatin/10 mg ezetimibe on markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and β-sitosterol), synthesis (desmosterol), and their ratios to cholesterol. Both therapies similarly decreased total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B, and increased apolipoprotein A1 (P < 0.05 vs baseline for all). Simvastatin/ezetimibe increased plasma desmosterol (P = 0.012 vs baseline), and decreased campesterol and β-sitosterol (P < 0.0001 vs baseline for both), with higher desmosterol (P = 0.007) and lower campesterol and β-sitosterol compared to rosuvastatin, (P < 0.0001, for both). In addition, rosuvastatin increased the ratios of these markers to cholesterol (P < 0.002 vs baseline for all), whereas simvastatin/ezetimibe significantly decreased the campesterol/cholesterol ratio (P = 0.008 vs baseline) and tripled the desmosterol/cholesterol ratio (P < 0.0001 vs baseline). The campesterol/cholesterol and β-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios were lower, whereas the desmosterol/cholesterol ratio was higher in patients receiving simvastatin/ezetimibe (P < 0.0001 vs rosuvastatin, for all). Pronounced differences in markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis were observed between two equally effective lipid-lowering strategies.

This paper presents an up-to-date review of the evidence indicating that atypical neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) play an important role in the regulation of aversive responses in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Among the results supporting this role, several studies have shown that inhibitors of neuronal NO synthase or cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists cause clear anxiolytic responses when injected into this region. The nitrergic and eCB systems can regulate the activity of classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that control PAG activity. We propose that they exert a ‘fine-tuning’ regulatory control of defensive responses in this area. This control, however, is probably complex, which may explain the usually bell-shaped dose-response curves observed with drugs that act on NO- or CB1-mediated neurotransmission. Even if the mechanisms responsible for this complex interaction are still poorly understood, they are beginning to be recognized. For example, activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel (TRPV1) receptors by anandamide seems to counteract the anxiolytic effects induced by CB1 receptor activation caused by this compound. Further studies, however, are needed to identify other mechanisms responsible for this fine-tuning effect.

O cultivo da soja - Glycine max (Roundup Ready® - RR) tem aumentado, e pouco tem sido relatada a influência do glyphosate sobre o estado nutricional das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o acúmulo de nutrientes em diferentes estádios fenológicos entre os cultivares BRS 184 (convencional) e BRS 243 RR (transgênico), com mesmo ciclo vegetativo e reprodutivo, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas (capina e herbicida). O acúmulo de nutrientes e matéria seca na soja convencional foi superior ao da soja RR tratada com glyphosate, indicando que um nível maior de nutrientes pode ser requerido pelos cultivares RR para atingir a eficiência fisiológica e, provavelmente, uma nova recomendação de adubação para as culturas RR deve ser levada em consideração devido à redução da eficiência nutricional imposta pelo glyphosate.

The cultivation of soybean-Glycine max (Roundup Ready® - RR) has increased and little has been reported on the influence of glyphosate on the nutritional status of the plants. The aim of this work was to compare nutrient accumulation at different phenological stages between the cultivars BRS 184 (conventional) and BRS 243 RR (transgenic), with the same crop cycle, under different weed management systems (hand weed and herbicide). Nutrient accumulation and dry matter in conventional soybean was superior to that in the glyphosate-treated RR soybean, indicating that a higher level of nutrients might be required for the RR cultivars to achieve physiological efficiency and a new fertilizer recommendation for RR crops may be considered, due to the reduced nutritional efficiency imposed by glyphosate.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a atividade inibitória de óleos de copaíba sobre o crescimento dos micro-organismos: Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundi, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae e Haemophilus parasuis. Foi realizado um teste de difusão em ágar com duas soluções a 10% de óleos de copaíba obtidos de duas diferentes espécies de copaíba (Copaifera officinalis e C. langsdorffii) e um controle negativo com tween 80 e água. Os isolados clínicos de H. parasuis e A. pleuropneumoniae foram incubados em microaerofilia. Os resultados mostraram três espécies Gram-negativas inibidas por ambas as soluções de óleo de copaíba: E. coli, P. aeruginosa e S. flexneri. Na inibição de P. aeruginosa o óleo de C. officinalis foi superior ao de C. langsdorffii (P<0,05). Todas as cepas de S. aureus tiveram seu crescimento inibido pelas soluções no ensaio, sem diferença estatística entre os halos. Estes resultados sugerem que o óleo de copaíba pode ser uma fonte potencial de compostos inibitórios para ser utilizada como antimicrobianos no tratamento de infecções humanas e animais e conservação de alimentos.

Lolium multiflorum (Lm) grass pollen is the major cause of pollinosis in Southern Brazil. The objectives of this study were to investigate immunodominant components of Lm pollen allergens and the cross-reactivity of IgE with commercial grass pollen allergen extracts. Thirty-eight serum samples from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), 35 serum samples from patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and 30 serum samples from non-atopic subjects were analyzed. Allergen sensitization was evaluated using skin prick test and serum IgE levels against Lm pollen extract were determined by ELISA. Inhibition ELISA and immunoblot were used to evaluate the cross-reactivity of IgE between allergens from Lm and commercial grass pollen extracts, including L. perenne (Lp), grass mix I (GI) and II (GII) extracts. IgE antibodies against Lm were detected in 100% of SAR patients and 8.6% of PAR patients. Inhibition ELISA demonstrated IgE cross-reactivity between homologous (Lm) and heterologous (Lp or GII) grass pollen extracts, but not for the GI extract. Fifteen IgE-binding Lm components were detected and immunoblot bands of 26, 28-30, and 32-35 kDa showed >90% recognition. Lm, Lp and GII extracts significantly inhibited IgE binding to the most immunodominant Lm components, particularly the 55 kDa band. The 26 kDa and 90-114 kDa bands presented the lowest amount of heterologous inhibition. We demonstrated that Lm extract contains both Lm-specific and cross-reactive IgE-binding components and therefore it is suitable for measuring quantitative IgE levels for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with pollinosis sensitized to Lm grass pollen rather than other phylogenetically related grass pollen extracts.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o gênero Copaifera sp. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico do período de 1792 a 2008 utilizando bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Universidade Federal de Alfenas e Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, pesquisas às bases de dados SCOPUS e PubMed, além de ferramentas de busca na web. Utilizou-se para a busca palavras chave como "Copaiba", "Copaifera", "Copaíba oil" "Óleo de Copaíba". Como resultado desta pesquisa obteve-se a seleção de 63 referências incluindo livros, artigos, cadernos técnicos, resumos de congressos, teses, dissertações e patentes. Estes dados apontaram o óleo de copaíba como um exsudato produzido pelas copaibeiras como defesa contra seus predadores, que vem sendo utilizado pela medicina tradicional popular e silvícola há mais de 500 anos. Ele é extraído destas árvores através de perfurações realizadas em seus troncos. Além das inúmeras aplicações do óleo em cosméticos e outras indústrias, ainda há uma série de indicações para seu uso na medicina. Existem hoje descritas algumas dezenas de propriedades medicinais diferentes, que vem sendo em alguns casos comprovadas cientificamente, como atividade antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, anti-neoplásica entre outras. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado também grande potencial de uso do óleo de copaíba na odontologia, na composição de cimentos endodônticos e na prevenção e combate da doença periodontal. As informações contidas neste trabalho demonstram uma grande variabilidade de aplicações do óleo de copaíba. Entretanto uma quantidade limitada de pesquisas sobre suas propriedades medicinais tem sido realizada, apresentando assim a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre estas.

The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review concerning the genus Copaifera sp. The survey involved the period from 1792 to 2008 and was done in the libraries of University of São Paulo, Federal University of Viçosa, Federal University of Alfenas and University Jose do Rosario Vellano, using SCOPUS and PubMed databases, and web search engines. The words "Copaiba", "Copaifera," "Óleo de copaiba" and "Copaiba oil" were used. This research resulted in the selection of 63 references including books, articles, technical specifications, conference abstracts, theses, dissertations and patents. These data indicate copaiba oil is an exudate from copaiba trees, produced as a defense against their predators and that has been used in traditional, popular and forestry medicine for over 500 years. It is extracted from trees through holes made in their trunks. Besides the oil applications in cosmetic and other industries, there are still a number of indications for its use in medicine. So far, dozens of different medicinal properties have been described and, in some cases, scientifically proven, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. Recent studies have also shown great potential for the use of copaiba oil in dentistry like in endodontic cement composition, as well as in the prevention and therapy of periodontal diseases. This work showed a great variety of applications to copaiba oil. However, few studies on its medicinal properties have been performed, showing thus the need for further research.

In this paper, the nearly instantaneous response of the series-connected VSC-based FACTS controllers when used to limit possible fault currents in a compensated line, will be presented. The effectiveness of both FACTS controllers (SSSC and UPFC) towards this system condition was investigated exploring the series voltage effect upon the line. Moreover, it will be shown that the UPFC shunt converter can also contribute to the reduction of such fault currents. The short-circuit current limitation strategy presented herein showed that aside of the power flow control and voltage support commonly carried out by the SSSC and the UPFC, they could also perform this additional functionality, thus offering a useful tool for the protection of the line in which these devices are installed.

A high dose of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main Cannabis sativa (cannabis) component, induces anxiety and psychotic-like symptoms in healthy volunteers. These effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are significantly reduced by cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis constituent which is devoid of the typical effects of the plant. This observation led us to suspect that CBD could have anxiolytic and/or antipsychotic actions. Studies in animal models and in healthy volunteers clearly suggest an anxiolytic-like effect of CBD. The antipsychotic-like properties of CBD have been investigated in animal models using behavioral and neurochemical techniques which suggested that CBD has a pharmacological profile similar to that of atypical antipsychotic drugs. The results of two studies on healthy volunteers using perception of binocular depth inversion and ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms supported the proposal of the antipsychotic-like properties of CBD. In addition, open case reports of schizophrenic patients treated with CBD and a preliminary report of a controlled clinical trial comparing CBD with an atypical antipsychotic drug have confirmed that this cannabinoid can be a safe and well-tolerated alternative treatment for schizophrenia. Future studies of CBD in other psychotic conditions such as bipolar disorder and comparative studies of its antipsychotic effects with those produced by clozapine in schizophrenic patients are clearly indicated.