ABSTRACT. To gain insights into the forage morphological and anatomical characteristics in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Bolsa de Pastor (Zeyheria tuberculosa) and palisadegrass ‘Marandu’ (Urochloa brizantha) monoculture (MONO). The SPS was established through natural regeneration of the tree species. Treatments were a SPS and MONO distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates and repeated measures were the harvest periods. Response variables were morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristicss: green: dead material ratio, leaf blade: stem+sheath ratio, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified areas in stems, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified and chlorophyllous areas in leaves, as well as cell length in longitudinal section of stem. Morpho-physiological patterns were altered (p < 0.05) under natural shading conditions due to higher photosynthetic efficiency in the SPS. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the systems on anatomical patterns, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous, lignified and chlorophyllous tissues, these proportions were influenced only by the periods of the year, both for stems and leaves. Cells of the internodes of the grasses of the studied systems had the same length. The SPS alters morpho-physiological characteristics of palisadegrass and increases the concentration of chlorophyll a and b. ABSTRACT (SPS Zeyheria tuberculosa ‘Marandu Marandu Urochloa brizantha MONO. . (MONO) species morphophysiological morpho physiological characteristicss green ratio blade stemsheath stem sheath index concentrations nonlignified non leaves Morphophysiological Morpho p 0.05 005 0 05 tissues year b (MONO 0.0 00 0.

ABSTRACT This study mapped cattle carcass lesions and associated the isoline maps with the occurrence factors of these lesions. Isoline maps were drawn by common kriging. The associated occurrence factors were the layout of the boards in the crowding tub (CT), characteristics of the hauling truck (general state and the presence of loose and/or sharp boards), broken boards in the corral (BBC), type of road covered (TRC), and animal falls upon unloading at the slaughterhouse (FAUS). The BBC showed a higher number of carcass lesions in the rib region. The data on FAUS and deterioration of hauling trucks fit an exponential model, with more carcass lesions in the rib and hindquarters, and plate regions, respectively. The data on spaced boards in the CT and TRC (mixed) showed greater carcass lesions in the rib region. Therefore, this method provides important information about the spatial distribution of lesions in bovine carcasses, and the drawing sheet used is adequate to represent such lesions. kriging CT, , (CT) general andor or boards, boards) BBC, (BBC) TRC, (TRC) FAUS. . (FAUS) region model hindquarters regions respectively mixed (mixed Therefore carcasses (CT (BBC (TRC (FAUS

Resumen Para evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con sales de calcio de ácidos grasos de cadena larga (CaAGCL) y la adición de proteína, sobre peso vivo (PV), ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), porcentaje de preñez (PP) y química sanguínea, 57 novillas Brahman con PV de 309,1 ± 3,04 kg y 1.010 ± 8,51 días de edad, fueron divididas en tres grupos uniformes en peso y asignados a tres tratamientos durante 102 días siguiendo un diseño completamente aleatorio: 1) animales pastando forraje (F); 2) F+CaAGCL y 3) F+ suplementación con mezcla energética-proteica (CaAGCL+PC) de 453 g proteína/kg, conformada principalmente (g/kg) por CaAGCL (200), harina de pluma hidrolizada (300), harina de maíz (375). Se ofertaron 0,2 y 1 kg/animal/d de CaAGCL y CaAGCL+PC, respectivamente, con un consumo promedio de 200 y 192 g/animal/d para el mismo orden de suplementos. La temporada de servicio (TS) fue de 45 días y comenzó el día 57 de iniciada la suplementación. El PV mostró interacción tratamiento × tiempo (p < 0,01) siendo diferentes al final de la TS (348; 338 y 331 kg para CaAGCL, CaAGCL+PC y F, respectivamente). La GDP (g/d) fue mayor (p < 0,01) en CaAGCL (358) seguida por CaAGCL+PC (281) y más baja en F (206). El PP general fue mayor (p < 0,05) en CaAGCL+PC (68,4 %) y más bajo en F (31,6 %). El colesterol (mg/dL) fue mayor (p < 0,05) en CaAGCL+PC (139) y más bajo en F (117). La suplementación con CaAGCL y CaAGCL+PC mejora el PV y GDP de novillas Brahman de primer servicio, mientras el PP y colesterol se incrementa solo con la suplementación con AGCL+PC.

Abstract To evaluate the effect of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CaLCFA) and protein supplementation on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), pregnancy rate (PR), and blood chemistry, 57 Brahman heifers with 309.1 ± 3.04 kg BW and 1,010 ± 8.51 days of age, were divided into three BW uniform groups and assigned for 102 days to three treatments under a completely randomized design: 1) grazing forage only (F); 2) F+CaLCFA, and 3) F+CaLCFA+protein-energy mix (CaLCFA+CP) with 453 protein g/kg, containing mainly (g/kg) CaLCFA (200), hydrolyzed feather meal (300), and cornmeal (375). About 0.2 and 1 kg/animal/d of CaLCFA and CaLCFA+CP were offered, respectively, with an average intake of 200 and 192 g/animal/d for the same order of supplements. The breeding period (BP) lasted for 45 days and started 57 days after beginning the supplementation period. Body weight showed a treatment × time interaction (p < 0.01), being different at the end of the BP (348; 338 and 331 kg, respectively for CaLCFA, CaLCFA+CP, and F). Average daily gain (g/d) was higher (p < 0.01) for CaLCFA (358) than for CaLCFA+CP (281), and lower for F (206). Overall, PR was higher (p < 0.05) for CaLCFA+CP (68.4 %) and lower for F (36.8 %). Cholesterol (mg/dL) was higher (p < 0.05) for CaLCFA+CP (139) and lower for F (117). Calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and CaLCFA+CP supplementation improved BW and ADG of Brahman heifers at first mating, while PR and cholesterol increased only with CaLCFA+CP supplementation.

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la suplementación parenteral con cobre y zinc sobre la ganancia de peso (GDP), incremento en medidas corporales y variables hematológicas, se utilizaron hembras (n=33) y machos (n=34) Brahman con un peso de 165 y 186 kg, respectivamente, los cuales fueron reagrupados y asignados a cuatro tipos de suplementación de ambos sexos cada uno: 1) suplementación mineral oral (SMO); 2) SMO más cobre inyectado (SMO-Cu); 3) SMO más zinc inyectado (SMOZn); y 4) SMO más cobre y zinc inyectados (SMO-Cu-Zn). El suplemento mineral oral (50 g/animal/día) contenía 500 ppm de Cu y 2.200 ppm de Zn. El Cu y Zn se suministraron por vía parenteral subcutánea al inicio del experimento, en una dosis única de 50 y 57,35 mg/100 kg de PV, respectivamente. Cada 28 días se registró el peso y se tomaron muestras de sangre, para hematocrito (Hct) y hemoglobina (Hb). Se midió la altura a la cruz (AC), altura a la grupa (AG) y perímetro torácico (PT), al inicio y al final del experimento. Este tuvo una duración de 120 días entre diciembre y abril. Los animales se manejaron bajo pastoreo rotacional en potreros de Brachiaria decumbens y B. humidicola, con una carga animal promedio de 1,22 UA/ha. La GDP no fue afectada por los tratamientos con un valor promedio global de 101,1 g/animal/día. Los grupos no inyectados con zinc tuvieron mayor incremento de AC (5,1 cm) que los restantes grupos (P<0,05). Los incrementos en AG y PT no fueron afectados por los tratamientos, con medias de 4,83 y 6,53 cm, respectivamente. Se concluye que la suplementación mineral parenteral no mejoró la GDP y los incrementos en medidas corporales, bajo las condiciones experimentales descritas, cuando los animales consumían forrajes bajos en proteína y ligeramente elevados en Fe y Mn.

In order to evaluate the effect of Copper and Zinc parenteral supplementation on average daily gain (ADG), increases in body measurements and hematological values, growing Brahman females (n = 33) and males (n = 34) were used, with body weight of 165 and 186 kg respectively, which were grouped into four sets of both sexes and assigned to four types of supplementation: 1) oral mineral supplementation (OMS), 2) OMS and copper injected (OMS-Cu), 3) OMS and zinc injected (OMS-Zn), and 4) OMS, copper and zinc injected (OMS-Cu-Zn). The oral mineral supplement (50 g/animal/day) contained 500 ppm Cu and 2,200 ppm Zn. Copper and Zn were applied by subcutaneous injection at the beginning of the experiment in a single dose of 50 and 57.35 mg/100 kg of BW, respectively. Every 28 days, body weight was recorded and blood samples were taken for hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) analysis. Wither height (WH), hip height (HH) and girth chest (GC) were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The experiment lasted 120 days between December and April. The animals were managed under rotational grazing in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens and B. humidicola, with a stocking rate of 1.22 AU/ha. Average daily gain was not affected by treatments with an overall average value of 101.1 g/animal/day. The groups with no Zn injected had a greater increase in WH (5.1 cm) than the other groups (P<0.05). The increases in HH and GC were not affected by treatments, with averages of 4.83 and 6.53 cm, respectively. It is concluded that parenteral mineral supplementation did not improve ADG and increases in body measurements, under the experimental conditions described, when animals consume forages low in protein and slightly higher in Fe and Mn.