Resumen El trabajo se propuso determinar el impacto de las emociones y sentimientos, sobre las competencias ciudadanas adquiridas por estudiantes universitarios en proyectos de aprendizaje-servicio. Se realizaron dos experiencias de intervención, una con estudiantes de primaria sobre educación ambiental y otra con personas adultas mayores sobre educación socioemocional. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas y una matriz de reflexión que indagaba sobre los conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y valores adquiridos, las emociones y sentimientos experimentados, así como la influencia mutua entre variables. El análisis de los datos, de corte cualitativo, se centró en la respuesta a cinco preguntas relacionadas con la experiencia emocional y afectiva de los estudiantes que cursaban una asignatura de un programa de licenciatura en Psicología. Las estudiantes identificaron una fuerte influencia directa de los sentimientos y valores en la adquisición y el desarrollo de actitudes y competencias ciudadanas, por encima de la influencia ejercida por los conocimientos y habilidades adquiridos en la asignatura.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to identify the impact of emotions and feelings on the competences acquired by university students in service-learning projects. Two interventions were carried out, one with primary students on environmental education and the other with older adults on socio-emotional education. The students answered an open-ended questionnaire and a reflection matrix that inquired about the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values acquired, the emotions and feelings experienced, as well as the mutual influence between variables. The questionnaire also examined the mutual influence between the variables associated with their subjective experience and their impact on the civic values and skills learned in the course. The qualitative analysis of the data focused on the answers to five questions related to the emotional and affective experience of the students who were enrolled in a subject of a Bachelors program in Psychology. The students identified a strong direct influence of feelings and values in the acquisition and development of citizen attitudes and competences, above the influence exerted by the knowledge and skills acquired in the subject.

RESUMEN Objetivo Efectuar una revisión sistemática de estudios originales revisados por pares que contengan datos acerca de la identificación de SARS-CoV-2 en muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical y leche humana de mujeres con diagnóstico clínico o confirmado de COVID-19. Para ser incluidos en esta revisión sistemática, los estudios debieron ser aceptados después de la publicación de la guía para el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (disponible el 13 de marzo de 2020). Resultados Se incluyeron 17 estudios en los que se identificaron 143 muestras clínicas (38 de líquido amniótico, 34 de placentas o membranas, 39 de sangre del cordón umbilical y 32 de leche humana), de las cuales nueve resultaron positivas para ARN de SARS-CoV-2 (una de líquido amniótico obtenida antes de romper las membranas; seis de placenta o membranas, aunque los autores indican la posibilidad de contaminación por sangre materna en tres de ellas; y dos de leche humana). Conclusiones Siguiendo nuestros criterios de búsqueda no encontramos estudios que demuestren la detección de SARS-CoV-2, a la par del aislamiento viral y la evaluación de la capacidad infectiva de las partículas virales, en muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical y leche humana, de mujeres con diagnóstico clínico o confirmado de COVID-19. Sin embargo, la transmisión vertical no puede descartarse y se requieren estudios de mayor tamaño que empleen idealmente técnicas de localizaciónin situde ARN y proteína de SARS-CoV-2, así como de aislamiento viral que compruebe la capacidad infectiva de las partículas virales.

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct a systematic review of original peer-reviewed studies, containing data on the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood, and human milk, from women with a clinically or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. These studies should have been published after the guide for the management of patients with COVID-19 from World Health Organization guide (available in March 13, 2020). Results Seventeen studies were included, in which 143 clinical samples were identified (38 of amniotic fluid; 34 of placentas or membranes; 39 from umbilical cord blood and 32 from human milk). Among the 143 samples, nine were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (one amniotic fluid sample obtained before rupturing the membranes; six samples of placenta or membranes, although authors indicate the possibility of contamination by maternal blood in three of these, and two samples of human milk). Conclusions Following our search criteria, we found no studies that demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2, in conjunction with viral isolation and the evaluation of the infective capacity of viral particles, in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood and human milk, from women with a confirmed or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. However, vertical transmission cannot be ruled out, larger studies are required that ideally locatein situRNA and protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as isolation that demonstrate the infective capacity of the viral particles.

ABSTRACT Objective To conduct a systematic review of original peer-reviewed studies, containing data on the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood, and human milk, from women with a clinically or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. These studies should have been published after the guide for the management of patients with COVID-19 from World Health Organization guide (available in March 13, 2020). Results Seventeen studies were included, in which 143 clinical samples were identified (38 of amniotic fluid; 34 of placentas or membranes; 39 from umbilical cord blood and 32 from human milk). Among the 143 samples, nine were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (one amniotic fluid sample obtained before rupturing the membranes; six samples of placenta or membranes, although authors indicate the possibility of contamination by maternal blood in three of these, and two samples of human milk). Conclusions Following our search criteria, we found no studies that demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2, in conjunction with viral isolation and the evaluation of the infective capacity of viral particles, in clinical samples of amniotic fluid, placenta or membranes, umbilical cord blood and human milk, from women with a confirmed or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. However, vertical transmission cannot be ruled out, larger studies are required that ideally locatein situRNA and protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as isolation that demonstrate the infective capacity of the viral particles.

RESUMEN Objetivo Efectuar una revisión sistemática de estudios originales revisados por pares que contengan datos acerca de la identificación de SARS-CoV-2 en muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical y leche humana de mujeres con diagnóstico clínico o confirmado de COVID-19. Para ser incluidos en esta revisión sistemática, los estudios debieron ser aceptados después de la publicación de la guía para el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (disponible el 13 de marzo de 2020). Resultados Se incluyeron 17 estudios en los que se identificaron 143 muestras clínicas (38 de líquido amniótico, 34 de placentas o membranas, 39 de sangre del cordón umbilical y 32 de leche humana), de las cuales nueve resultaron positivas para ARN de SARS-CoV-2 (una de líquido amniótico obtenida antes de romper las membranas; seis de placenta o membranas, aunque los autores indican la posibilidad de contaminación por sangre materna en tres de ellas; y dos de leche humana). Conclusiones Siguiendo nuestros criterios de búsqueda no encontramos estudios que demuestren la detección de SARS-CoV-2, a la par del aislamiento viral y la evaluación de la capacidad infectiva de las partículas virales, en muestras clínicas de líquido amniótico, placenta o membranas, sangre del cordón umbilical y leche humana, de mujeres con diagnóstico clínico o confirmado de COVID-19. Sin embargo, la transmisión vertical no puede descartarse y se requieren estudios de mayor tamaño que empleen idealmente técnicas de localizaciónin situde ARN y proteína de SARS-CoV-2, así como de aislamiento viral que compruebe la capacidad infectiva de las partículas virales.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to perform by Whole Genomic Sequencing (WGS) a characterization of tuberculosis isolates circulating in the central region of Veracruz, Mexico, and to determine its geographical distribution. The genome of 25 clinical isolates of tuberculosis patients, recovered from central zone of Veracruz, Mexico, were sequenced and the information obtained was used to characterize lineage, prediction of drug resistance, identification of clonal complexes, and finally correlated with the geolocalization data. Isolates analyzed were included into seven L4 sublineages, most frequent was X3; X1 (4.1.1.3) in 35%. rpoBSer450Leu polymorphism was the most frequently found variant. Sublineage Haarlem (4.1.2) had the widest distribution, found in five municipalities. Of the of two clonal complexes found, the most abundant included eight isolates, with X3/X1 lineage, placed in two municipalities. Combination of WGS and geographic information system was very useful for the identification of sublineages, clonal complexes, and their geographical dispersion with important implications in the epidemiological surveillance and clinical control of TB.

ABSTRACT The academy is a system that generates Innovation-development-research (I + D + I). On this depends promoting a beneficial social impact as the main element for the growth of any society. This article attempts to address details of the emergence, development and evolution of the academy as a training center, with the purpose of promoting and enhancing its importance, in these times of permanent evaluation, in search of educational quality. The academy, in addition to lasting over time, has a competitive advantage, generating value, as the main indicator among intangible resources. That is why, the main objective of this research is to make the academy visible, to know its real possibilities and its benefits in the era of digitalization.

RESUMEN La academia es un sistema generador de Innovación-desarrollo-investigación (I+D+I), de esto depende potenciar un impacto social provechoso como elemento principal para el crecimiento de cualquier sociedad. En el presente artículo se intenta abordar detalles del surgimiento, desarrollo y evolución de la academia como centro de formación, con el propósito de fomentar y potenciar su importancia, en estos tiempos de evaluación, en busca de la calidad educativa. La academia, además de perdurar en el tiempo, tiene como ventaja competitiva, el generar valor, como principal indicador entre los recursos intangibles. Es por eso, que el principal objetivo de esta investigación es visibilizar la academia, conocer sus posibilidades reales y sus beneficios en la época de digitalización.

ABSTRACT Background and aim: the aim of the study was to use a validated questionnaire to identify factors associated with the development of gastric cancer (GC) in the Mexican population. Methods: the study included cases and controls that were paired by sex and ± 10 years of age at diagnosis. In relation to cases, 46 patients with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma-type GC, as reported in the hospital records, were selected, and 46 blood bank donors from the same hospital were included as controls. The previously validated Questionnaire to Find Factors Associated with Gastric Cancer (QUFA-GC(c)) was used to collect data. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (IC) were estimated via univariate analysis (paired OR). Multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression. A decision tree was constructed using the J48 algorithm. Results: an association was found by univariate analysis between GC risk and a lack of formal education, having smoked for ≥ 10 years, eating rapidly, consuming very hot food and drinks, a non-suitable breakfast within two hours of waking, pickled food and capsaicin. In contrast, a protective association against GC was found with taking recreational exercise and consuming fresh fruit and vegetables. No association was found between the development of GC and having an income that reflected poverty, using a refrigerator, perception of the omission of breakfast and time period of alcoholism. In the final multivariate analysis model, having no formal education (OR = 17.47, 95% CI = 5.17-76.69), consuming a non-suitable breakfast within two hours of waking (OR = 8.99, 95% CI = 2.85-35.50) and the consumption of capsaicin ˃ 29.9 mg capsaicin per day (OR = 3.77, 95% CI = 1.21-13.11) were factors associated with GC. Conclusions: an association was found by multivariate analysis between the presence of GC and education, type of breakfast and the consumption of capsaicin. These variables are susceptible to intervention and can be identified via the QUFA-GC(c).

This article describes the progress-as well as the challenges and limitations-in reducing salt intake in Costa Rica. The National Plan to Reduce Public Consumption of Salt/Sodium in Costa Rica 2011 - 2021 was complemented with multisectoral programs and projects specifically designed to: 1) determine sodium intake and the salt/sodium content of the most widely consumed foods; identify the consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors with regard to salt/sodium, their relationship to health, and nutritional labeling; evaluate the cost-effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing the incidence of hypertension; 2) implement strategies to reduce the salt/sodium content of processed foods and foods prepared at home; 3) promote behavioral changes in the population to reduce salt in people's diets; and 4) monitor and evaluate action geared to reducing salt/sodium intake in the population. Meeting the proposed targets will require successful interinstitutional coordination among the strategic actors, the negotiation of commitments with the food industry and food services, and tighter regulation of critical nutrients in foods associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases. Given the progress made during the implementation of the National Plan, Costa Rica is expected to meet the international goal of reducing salt intake.

En el presente artículo se describen los avances logrados en Costa Rica -así como los desafíos y limitaciones- en la reducción del consumo de sal. El establecimiento del Plan Nacional para la Reducción del Consumo de Sal/sodio en la Población de Costa Rica 2011 - 2021 se complementó con programas y proyectos multisectoriales específicos dirigidos a: 1) conocer la ingesta de sodio y el contenido de sal o sodio en los alimentos de mayor consumo; identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos del consumidor respecto a la sal/sodio, su relación con la salud y el etiquetado nutricio-nal; evaluar la relación costo-efectividad de las medidas dirigidas a reducir la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial; 2) implementar estrategias para disminuir el contenido de sal/sodio en los alimentos procesados y los preparados en casa; 3) promover cambios de conducta en la población para reducir el consumo de sal en la alimentación; y 4) monitorear y evaluar las acciones dirigidas a reducir el consumo de sal o sodio en la población. Para alcanzar las metas propuestas se debe lograr una exitosa coordinación interinstitucional con los actores estratégicos, negociar compromisos con la industria alimentaria y los servicios de alimentación, y mejorar la regulación de los nutrientes críticos asociados con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, en los alimentos. Se espera que a partir de los avances logrados durante la ejecución del Plan Nacional, Costa Rica logre alcanzar la meta internacional de reducción del consumo de sal.