ABSTRACT Agriculture intensification in Southern Brazil’s subtropical regions combined with the frequent occurrence of erosive rainfall has rendered the area a global water erosion hotspot. In this scenario, understanding and regulating erosion processes at the river catchment scale is critical for mitigating soil and water resource degradation. Traditional methods for tracing sediment sources are expensive and time-consuming and justify the development of alternative approaches. Therefore, in this study, we employed diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analyses in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (MIR) ranges, combined with multivariate models and spectral pre-processing techniques to estimate sediment source contributions in a homogeneous subtropical catchment (Conceição River, 804 km²). Soil samples (n = 181) were collected to characterize the four potential sediment sources, including: cropland (n = 78), stream bank (n = 36), unpaved road (n = 40) and pasture (n = 27). Moreover, 44 sediment samples were collected, including suspended sediment (n = 8), fine sediment deposited on the riverbed (n = 15), and suspended sediment samples collected in the water column during storm events (n = 21). Vector machine (SVM) model outperformed the others, with better accuracy and reliability. While UV-VIS spectra proved less effective due to soil homogeneity across the catchment, NIR and MIR spectra provided valuable information for discriminating sediment sources. Furthermore, reducing the number of potential sources (from four to three or two) improved model predictions, especially when distinguishing between surface sources (cropland and pasture) and subsurface sources (unpaved roads and stream banks). The study’s findings shed light on the power of efficient and cost-effective alternative methods for assessing sediment sources, which are vital for promoting effective erosion control and sustainable land management in similar regions. Brazils Brazil s hotspot scenario degradation timeconsuming time consuming approaches Therefore study ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible UVVIS, UVVIS UV VIS , (UV-VIS) nearinfrared near infrared NIR, (NIR) midinfrared mid (MIR ranges preprocessing pre processing Conceição River 80 km². km² km . km²) n 181 78, 78 78) 36, 36 36) 40 27. 27 27) Moreover 4 8, 8 8) 15, 15 15) 21. 21 21) SVM (SVM others reliability Furthermore from two predictions banks. banks banks) studys costeffective cost (UV-VIS (NIR 18 7 3 2 1

Resumo As práticas de risco relacionadas ao uso de drogas nas prisões são realidades universais e representam grande risco para a comunidade. O nível de implementação de medidas de redução de danos recomendadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e pelo Escritório das Nações Unidas para Drogas e Crimes (UNODC) é frequentemente baixo e expressa limitado interesse considerando os problemas de saúde pública relacionados ao ambiente prisional, com desrespeito ao princípio da equivalência para prevenção e assistência à saúde em relação à comunidade. Em 2009, a Agencia Nacional de Pesquisa em Aids e Hepatites Virais da França (ANRS) desenvolveu abrangente programa de pesquisa focado na prevenção de risco de infecção na prisão. Foram definidos e planejados diferentes passos, incluindo: i) inventário das medidas de redução de danos (RD), ii) pesquisa qualitativa sobre a realidade das práticas de risco, iii) avaliação da aceitabilidade social das medidas de RD e iv) ensaio de intervenção demonstrando a exequibilidade do aprimoramento das estratégias de RD existentes. A progressiva implementação deste programa mostra sua exequibilidade, mas demandou, na França, tenacidade, objetivos simples em longo prazo, apoio por uma sociedade científica, intervenções pedagógicas para os envolvidos e constante discussão com autoridades. É fácil sua implementação por outros países.

Abstract The existence of risky practices related to drug use inside prisons is a reality everywhere and is a major issue for the community as a whole. The level of implementation of harm reduction (HR) measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is very often poor and reveals inadequate concern about public health issues in the prison environment, without any respect for the principle of equivalence for prevention and health assistance with the general community. In 2009, the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) developed a comprehensive research program focusing on the prevention of infectious risks in prison settings. Different steps were defined and scheduled, and included i) an inventory of harm reduction (HR) measures, ii) a qualitative survey on the reality of risky practices, iii) an assessment of the social acceptability of HR measures, and iv) an intervention trial exploring the feasibility of upgrading existing HR strategies. A progressive implementation of this program has shown it is feasible, but in France, it requires tenacity, simple long-term objectives, support from a scientific authority, pedagogical interventions for all involved, as well as constant discussion with the authorities. The implementation of this program in other countries is equally simple to manage.

Resumo As práticas de risco relacionadas ao uso de drogas nas prisões são realidades universais e representam grande risco para a comunidade. O nível de implementação de medidas de redução de danos recomendadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e pelo Escritório das Nações Unidas para Drogas e Crimes (UNODC) é frequentemente baixo e expressa limitado interesse considerando os problemas de saúde pública relacionados ao ambiente prisional, com desrespeito ao princípio da equivalência para prevenção e assistência à saúde em relação à comunidade. Em 2009, a Agencia Nacional de Pesquisa em Aids e Hepatites Virais da França (ANRS) desenvolveu abrangente programa de pesquisa focado na prevenção de risco de infecção na prisão. Foram definidos e planejados diferentes passos, incluindo: i) inventário das medidas de redução de danos (RD), ii) pesquisa qualitativa sobre a realidade das práticas de risco, iii) avaliação da aceitabilidade social das medidas de RD e iv) ensaio de intervenção demonstrando a exequibilidade do aprimoramento das estratégias de RD existentes. A progressiva implementação deste programa mostra sua exequibilidade, mas demandou, na França, tenacidade, objetivos simples em longo prazo, apoio por uma sociedade científica, intervenções pedagógicas para os envolvidos e constante discussão com autoridades. É fácil sua implementação por outros países.

Abstract The existence of risky practices related to drug use inside prisons is a reality everywhere and is a major issue for the community as a whole. The level of implementation of harm reduction (HR) measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is very often poor and reveals inadequate concern about public health issues in the prison environment, without any respect for the principle of equivalence for prevention and health assistance with the general community. In 2009, the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) developed a comprehensive research program focusing on the prevention of infectious risks in prison settings. Different steps were defined and scheduled, and included i) an inventory of harm reduction (HR) measures, ii) a qualitative survey on the reality of risky practices, iii) an assessment of the social acceptability of HR measures, and iv) an intervention trial exploring the feasibility of upgrading existing HR strategies. A progressive implementation of this program has shown it is feasible, but in France, it requires tenacity, simple long-term objectives, support from a scientific authority, pedagogical interventions for all involved, as well as constant discussion with the authorities. The implementation of this program in other countries is equally simple to manage.

Model visualization is an important problem in software engineering, to assist designers to understand and evolve models. Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUI), which uses zoom as the main mechanism to navigate between different levels of abstraction, has the potential to improve model visualization. This paper, the first step in this research direction, presents a prototype meta-case tool, called ZooMEnv, to define and utilize concrete syntaxes (notations) of visual modeling languages. The focus of the tool is to rely on a small meta-model to represent notation in a generic way and incorporate, as a novel concept, ZUI capabilities through composition hierarchies and semantic zooming. Five different notations are developed as case studies to explore the capabilities of this tool and determine future improvements.

Un problema importante de la ingeniería de software es la visualización de modelos, para facilitar su comprensión y evolución. Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUI) es un paradigma con potencial de mejorar la visualización de modelos, el cual utiliza el zoom como medio para navegar entre diferentes niveles de abstracción. Este artículo, primer paso de una investigación en dicha dirección, describe un prototipo de herramienta meta-case, llamado ZooMEnv, para la definición e instanciación de sintaxis concretas (notación) de lenguajes visuales de modelado. El énfasis de la herramienta es la utilización de un meta-modelo pequeño para representar la notación de manera genérica y, como elemento novedoso, la incorporación de ZUI a través de jerarquías de composición y zoom semántico. Cinco notaciones diferentes son desarrolladas como casos de estudio para probar las capacidades de la herramienta y definir futuras mejoras.

Research works at Quebrada de los Burros evidenced an archaic settlement on the littoral of Tacna (peru). this campsite of fishermen and shell-gatherers (QLB) has been occupied during early and middle holocene, between 10,000 and 6,000 Bp. Broad horizontal excavations revealed six successive occupation levels, with living floor layouts, hearths, specialized activity areas and accumulations of food waste of marine origin mixed with bones of terrestrial fauna. as a whole, these remains indicate that, since the beginning, the inhabitants relied intensively on ocean resources but they also exploited the lomas. Lithic tools and bone instruments attest a sophisticated equipment for fishing, gathering and hunting. two phases of occupation were characterized, the first during early holocene (ca. 10,000 to 7,000 Bp), the second during middle holocene (ca. 7,000 to 6,000 Bp). the analyses suggest, for the first phase, a succession of short occupations and possible contacts with high lands and, on the contrary, a more intensive occupation, nearly all the year round, for the second, during which raw lithic materials came from nearby areas. a close relation with chilean sites Chinchorro is confirmed.

Las excavaciones en la Quebrada de los Burros, en el litoral de Tacna (Perú), han descubierto un campamento de pescadores y recolectores de moluscos (QlB) ocupado entre 10.000 y 6.000 a.p., durante el Holoceno Temprano y Medio. seis niveles sucesivos de ocupación han sido excavados por decapado, cada uno contando con aterrazamientos del piso, fogones, áreas de actividad diversas y acumulaciones de desechos alimenticios marinos, mezclados con restos de fauna terrestre. El conjunto de estos desperdicios demuestra que, desde el inicio de la ocupación, los ocupantes dominaban perfectamente el medio marítimo pero explotaban también las lomas. los instrumentos de piedra y hueso atestiguan un ajuar muy sofisticado de pesca, recolección y caza. dos fases de ocupación fueron singularizadas, la primera durante el Holoceno Temprano (ca. 10.000 a 7.000 a.p.), la segunda durante el Holoceno Medio (ca. 7.000 a 6.000 a.p.). los análisis efectuados sugieren para la primera fase una sucesión de ocupaciones breves y posibles contactos con las tierras altas y, al contrario, una ocupación más intensa y casi permanente a lo largo del año para la segunda fase, durante la cual las materias primas líticas proceden todas de sectores cercanos. una estrecha relación con sitios chilenos Chinchorro está confirmada.