ABSTRACT Objetive: To identify factors associated with perceived quality of care in the adult population affiliated with Social Security Health (EsSalud). Material and methods: We analyzed the National Socioeconomic Survey of Access to Health of the EsSalud Insured. Perceived quality of health care was evaluated in ambulatory care, hospitalization and emergency medical services. We reported adjusted ratios of means (RMa) estimated by multiple Poisson regression. Results: Being employed (RMa=0.98; IC95% 0.96-0.99), not knowing the services provided by EsSalud (RMa=0.97; IC95% 0.95-1.00), not receiving information about right to health (RMa=0.95; IC95% 0.93-0.98), perceiving as low the level of accessibility to the health facility (RMa=0.97; IC95% 0.95-0.99) and not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RM=0.92; IC95% 0.91-0.94) were factors associated with lower scores of perceived quality in ambulatory care. In hospitalization, being between 40-59 years old (RMa=0.93; IC95% 0.88-0.97), having a low wealth index (RMa=0.92; IC95% 0.87-0.97), not having received information about right to health (RMa=0.90; IC95% 0.84-0.95) and not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RMa=0.92; IC95% 0.89-0.96) were associated with lower quality score. In emergency, not feeling comfortable in the health facility of EsSalud (RMa=0.89; IC95% 0.93-1.00) was the only factor associated with a lower perceived quality score. Conclusions: We identified factors related to users and service offerings independently associated with perceived quality of care, which can be considered by decision makers for better management of EsSalud.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a calidad percibida de atención en la población adulta afiliada al Seguro Social en Salud (EsSalud). Material y métodos: Analizamos la Encuesta Nacional Socioeconómica de Acceso a la Salud de los Asegurados de EsSalud. La calidad percibida fue evaluada en consultorio externo, hospitalización y emergencias. Reportamos razones de medias ajustadas (RMa) estimadas mediante regresión de Poisson múltiple. Resultados: Estar empleado (RMa=0,98; IC95% 0,96-0,99), no conocer los servicios que brinda EsSalud (RMa=0,97; IC95% 0,95-1,00), no recibir información sobre los derechos como usuarios (RMa=0,95; IC95% 0,93-0,98), valorar como bajo el nivel de accesibilidad al EESS (RMa=0,97; IC95% 0,95-0,99) y no sentirse cómodo en el EESS al que acude (RM=0,92; IC95% 0,91-0,94) fueron factores asociados a menor puntaje de calidad percibida en consultorio externo. En hospitalización, tener entre 40-59 años (RMa=0,93; IC95% 0,88-0,97), contar con un índice de riqueza bajo (RMa=0,92; IC95% 0,87-0,97), no haber recibido información sobre los derechos como usuarios (RMa=0,90; IC95% 0,84-0,95) y no sentirse cómodos en el EESS (RMa=0,92; IC95% 0,89-0,96) se asociaron a menor puntuación de calidad. En emergencia, no sentirse cómodo en el EESS (RMa=0,89; IC95% 0,93-1,00) fue el único factor asociado a una menor puntuación de calidad percibida. Conclusiones: Identificamos factores relativos a los usuarios y a la oferta de servicios independientemente asociados a calidad percibida de atención, los cuales pueden ser considerados por los tomadores de decisiones para la mejor gestión de EsSalud.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) ou doença renal crônica (DRC) submetidos a hemodiálise aguda. Métodos: O presente estudo de coorte retrospectiva incluiu pacientes adultos submetidos a hemodiálise aguda com diagnóstico de IRA ou DRC em um hospital público de Lima, Peru. Os distúrbios do sódio foram classificados como hiponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) ou hipernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), enquanto os distúrbios do cloro foram classificados como hipocloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) ou hipercloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). O desfecho de interesse foi mortalidade hospitalar. Utilizamos modelos de Poisson da família de modelos lineares generalizados com bootstrap não-paramétrico e correção de viés acelerado para estimar os riscos relativos na análise bruta (RR) e ajustada (RRa) para sexo, idade, HCO3 (para todos os pacientes) e escore de Liaño (apenas para IRA) com IC 95%. Resultados: Foram incluídos 263 pacientes (idade média 54,3 anos; 43% do sexo feminino), 191 com DRC e 72 com IRA. A mortalidade foi mais elevada nos pacientes com IRA (59,7%) do que nos indivíduos com DRC (14,1%). No geral, os pacientes com hipernatremia tiveram mortalidade hospitalar mais elevada do que os indivíduos com valores normais de sódio (RRa: 1,82; IC 95%: 1,17-2,83). Os pacientes com hiponatremia não apresentaram mortalidade diferente (RRa: 0,19; IC 95%: 0,69-2,04). Também identificamos que hipercloremia (RRa: 1,35; IC 95%: 0,83-2,18) e hipocloremia (RRa: 0,66; IC 95%: 0,30-14,78) não elevaram a mortalidade em comparação a indivíduos com níveis normais de cloro. Não foi encontrada associação entre distúrbios do sódio ou do cloro e mortalidade hospitalar nos subgrupos com DRC e IRA. Conclusões: Em nossa análise exploratória, apenas hipernatremia apresentou associação com mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes com IRA ou DRC submetidos a hemodiálise aguda.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing acute hemodialysis. Methods: We carried out a retrospective cohort study on adult patients undergoing acute hemodialysis with AKI or CKD diagnosis at a public hospital in Lima, Peru. Dysnatremias were categorized as hyponatremia (Na < 135mmol/L) or hypernatremia (Na > 145mmol/L), and dyschloremias were defined as hypochloremia (Cl < 98 mmol/L) or hyperchloremia (Cl > 109mmol/L). The outcome of interest was mortality during hospitalization. We performed generalized lineal Poisson family models with bias-corrected and accelerated non-parametric bootstrap to estimate the risk ratios at crude (RR) and adjusted analysis (aRR) by gender, age, HCO3 (for all patients) and Liaño score (only for AKI) with CI95%. Results: We included 263 patients (mean age: 54.3 years, females: 43%): 191 with CKD and 72 with AKI. Mortality was higher in patients with AKI (59.7%) than in patients with CKD (14.1%). In overall, patients with hypernatremia had a higher mortality during hospitalization compared to those who had normal sodium values (aRR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.17-2.83); patients with hyponatremia did not have different mortality (aRR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.69-2.04). We also found that hyperchloremia (aRR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.83-2.18) or hypochloremia (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.30-14.78) did not increase mortality in comparison to normal chloride values. No association between dysnatremias or dyschloremias and mortality during hospitalization was found in CKD and AKI subgroups. Conclusions: In our exploratory analysis, only hypernatremia was associated with mortality during hospitalization among patients with AKI or CKD undergoing acute hemodialysis.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To calculate the frequency and factors associated with external workplace violence (EWV) against doctors in health inpatient services in the metropolitan area of Lima (Spanish: Lima Metropolitana), Peru. Materials and methods . A cross-sectional analytic study, which included doctors from the Ministry of Health (MINSA), Social Security (EsSalud), and the private subsector, was carried out. The frequency of EWV was measured throughout the entire professional practice during the previous 12 months and during the last month. Variables related to the doctor, assailant, and health service were measured. Raw and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated by means of a Poisson-family generalized linear model with non-parametric bootstrapping. Results . A total of 406 doctors participated; 31.5% were victims of EWV at least once during their professional practice, with 19.9% over the past 12 months and 7.6% during the last month. The chances of being threatened in the last 12 months increased if the doctor was male (adjusted PR [aPR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1- 2.8), had graduated from a Peruvian university outside of the metropolitan area of Lima (aPR: 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.4), worked at MINSA (aPR: 7.9; 95% CI = 2.24-50.73) or EsSalud (RR: 8.68; 95% CI = 2.26-56.17), and worked in the emergency (aPR: 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2-3.6) or operating room (aPR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.3). Age, years of professional practice, or being a medical resident were not associated with EWV. Conclusion . In the hospitals studied, a large number of doctors have been victims of EWV. Working in public services increases the possibility of violence. Implementation of support, identification, and primary prevention strategies in hospitals is recommended.

RESUMEN Objetivos . Estimar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la violencia laboral externa tipo amenaza (VLETA) contra médicos en servicios de salud hospitalarios de Lima Metropolitana, Perú. Materiales y Métodos Se desarrolló un estudio transversal analítico que incluyó médicos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), la Seguridad Social (EsSalud) y el subsector privado. Se midió la frecuencia de VLETA durante toda la práctica profesional, en los últimos doce meses y en el último mes. Se midieron variables relacionadas al médico, al agresor y al servicio de salud. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RPs) cruda y ajustada mediante un modelo lineal generalizado familia Poisson con bootstrap no paramétrico. Resultados . Participaron 406 médicos. El 31,5% fueron víctimas de VLETA al menos una vez durante su práctica profesional; 19,9% en los últimos doces meses y 7,6% en el último mes. La probabilidad de ser amenazado en los últimos doce meses aumentó si el médico era varón (RPa:1,7;IC95%:1,1-2,8), egresado de una universidad peruana fuera de Lima Metropolitana (RPa:1,5; IC95%:1,1-2,4), laboraba en MINSA (RPa:7,9;IC95%:2,24-50,73) o en EsSalud (RPa:8,68; IC95%:2,26-56,17), y atendía en emergencia (RPa:1,9;IC95%:1,2-3,6) o en sala de operaciones (RPa:1,6 IC95%:1,1-2,3). La edad, los años de práctica profesional o ser médico residente no se asociaron a VLETA. Conclusiones . En los hospitales estudiados, una alta proporción de médicos ha sido víctima de VLETA. Laborar en servicios públicos aumenta dicha probabilidad. Se sugiere implementar estrategias de prevención primaria, identificación y soporte en los establecimientos hospitalarios.

Objectives. To calculate the frequency and factors associated with external workplace violence (EWV) against doctors in health inpatient services in the metropolitan area of Lima (Spanish: Lima Metropolitana), Peru. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional analytic study, which included doctors from the Ministry of Health (MINSA), Social Security (EsSalud), and the private subsector, was carried out. The frequency of EWV was measured throughout the entire professional practice during the previous 12 months and during the last month. Variables related to the doctor, assailant, and health service were measured. Raw and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated by means of a Poisson-family generalized linear model with non-parametric bootstrapping. Results. A total of 406 doctors participated; 31.5% were victims of EWV at least once during their professional practice, with 19.9% over the past 12 months and 7.6% during the last month. The chances of being threatened in the last 12 months increased if the doctor was male (adjusted PR [aPR]: 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1- 2.8), had graduated from a Peruvian university outside of the metropolitan area of Lima (aPR: 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.4), worked at MINSA (aPR: 7.9; 95% CI = 2.24-50.73) or EsSalud (RR: 8.68; 95% CI = 2.26-56.17), and worked in the emergency (aPR: 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2-3.6) or operating room (aPR: 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.3). Age, years of professional practice, or being a medical resident were not associated with EWV. Conclusion. In the hospitals studied, a large number of doctors have been victims of EWV. Working in public services increases the possibility of violence. Implementation of support, identification, and primary prevention strategies in hospitals is recommended.

Objetivos. Estimar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la violencia laboral externa tipo amenaza (VLETA) contra médicos en servicios de salud hospitalarios de Lima Metropolitana, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. Se desarrolló un estudio transversal analítico que incluyó médicos del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), la Seguridad Social (EsSalud) y el subsector privado. Se midió la frecuencia de VLETA durante toda la práctica profesional, en los últimos doce meses y en el último mes. Se midieron variables relacionadas al médico, al agresor y al servicio de salud. Se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RPs) cruda y ajustada mediante un modelo lineal generalizado familia Poisson con bootstrap no paramétrico. Resultados. Participaron 406 médicos. El 31,5% fueron víctimas de VLETA al menos una vez durante su práctica profesional; 19,9% en los últimos doces meses y 7,6% en el último mes. La probabilidad de ser amenazado en los últimos doce meses aumentó si el médico era varón (RPa:1,7;IC95%:1,1-2,8), egresado de una universidad peruana fuera de Lima Metropolitana (RPa:1,5; IC95%:1,1-2,4), laboraba en MINSA (RPa:7,9;IC95%:2,24-50,73) o en EsSalud (RPa:8,68; IC95%:2,26-56,17), y atendía en emergencia (RPa:1,9;IC95%:1,2-3,6) o en sala de operaciones (RPa:1,6 IC95%:1,1-2,3). La edad, los años de práctica profesional o ser médico residente no se asociaron a VLETA. Conclusiones. En los hospitales estudiados, una alta proporción de médicos ha sido víctima de VLETA. Laborar en servicios públicos aumenta dicha probabilidad. Se sugiere implementar estrategias de prevención primaria, identificación y soporte en los establecimientos hospitalarios.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the monitoring model of the Health Care Service Institutions (HCSI) of the National Health Authority (NHA) and assess the factors associated with risk-adjusted normative compliance (%RANC) within the Peruvian Health System (PHS). Materials and Methods. We carried out a case study of the experience of the NHA in the development and implementation of a monitoring program based on the ISO 31000-2009. With HCSI as the units of analysis, we calculated the %RANC (a scorein continuous scale ranging from 0 to 100) for comprehensive monitoring (CM) and for specific evaluations made from 2013 to 2015. A higher score in the %RANC means lower operational risk. Also, slope coefficients (β) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using generalized linear models to estimate the association between %RANC as outcome, and health subsector, region, level of care and year, as explanatory variables. Results. The NHA made 1444 evaluations. For CM, only the Social Security Administration had higher %RANC than private centers (β=7.7%; 95% CI 3.5 to 11.9). The HCSI of the coastal region (β=-5.2, 95% CI -9.4 to -1.0), andean region (β=-12.5; 95% CI -16.7 to -8.3) and jungle region (β=-12.6, 95% CI% -17.7 to -7.6) had lower %RANC than those located in Lima Metropolitan area. %RANC was higher in 2015 than 2013 (β=10.8; 95% CI 6.4 to 15.3). Conclusions. The %RANC differs by health subsector, region and year of supervision. For CM, the HCSI in the Social Security Administration and in the Lima Metropolitan area had better scores, and scores improved over time. The implementation of actions aimed at improving %RANC in order to foster the full exercise of health rights in the PHS is suggested.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir el modelo de supervisión de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPRESS) de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD) y evaluar los factores asociados al porcentaje de cumplimiento normativo ajustado a riesgo (%CNAR) en las IPRESS del Sistema de Salud Peruano (SSP). Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio de caso sobre el desarrollo e implementación de un modelo de supervisión ajustado a riesgo basado en la norma ISO 31000-2009. Con la IPRESS como unidad de análisis, se calcularon los %CNAR (un puntaje continuo entre 0 a 100) de las supervisiones integrales (SI) y supervisiones selectivas efectuadas durante los años 2013 al 2015. Un mayor %CNAR implica un menor riesgo operacional. Se estimaron coeficientes β con IC95% mediante modelos lineales generalizados para valorar la asociación entre el %CNAR (variable de respuesta) y el subsector, la región, el nivel de complejidad y el año de supervisión (variables de exposición). Resultados. Se ejecutaron 1444 supervisiones. En las SI, solo la Seguridad Social en Salud (ESSALUD) tuvo mayor %CNAR que los centros privados [(β=7,7%;IC95%(3,5 a 11,9)]. Las IPRESS de la Costa [β=-5,2;IC95%(-9,4 a -1,0)], Sierra [β=-12,5;IC95%(-16,7 a -8,3)] y Selva [β=-12,6;IC95%(-17,7 a -7,6)] tuvieron menor %CNAR que aquellas ubicadas en Lima Metropolitana. El %CNAR fue superior en el año 2015 [β=10,8IC95%(6,4 a 15,3)] en relación al año 2013. Conclusiones. El %CNAR difiere por subsector, región y año de supervisión. En las SI las IPRESS supervisadas en ESSALUD, Lima Metropolitana y el año 2015, tuvieron mejores puntuaciones. Se sugiere la puesta en marcha de acciones orientadas a mejorar el %CNAR con el propósito de favorecer el ejercicio de los derechos en salud en el SSP.

Objectives. To describe the monitoring model of the Health Care Service Institutions (HCSI) of the National Health Authority (NHA) and assess the factors associated with risk-adjusted normative compliance (%RANC) within the Peruvian Health System (PHS). Materials and Methods. We carried out a case study of the experience of the NHA in the development and implementation of a monitoring program based on the ISO 31000-2009. With HCSI as the units of analysis, we calculated the %RANC (a score in continuous scale ranging from 0 to 100) for comprehensive monitoring (CM) and for specific evaluations made from 2013 to 2015. A higher score in the %RANC means lower operational risk. Also, slope coefficients (β) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using generalized linear models to estimate the association between %RANC as outcome, and health subsector, region, level of care and year, as explanatory variables. Results. The NHA made 1444 evaluations. For CM, only the Social Security Administration had higher %RANC than private centers (β=7.7%; 95% CI 3.5 to 11.9). The HCSI of the coastal region (β=-5.2, 95% CI -9.4 to -1.0), andean region (β=-12.5; 95% CI -16.7 to -8.3) and jungle region (β=-12.6, 95% CI% -17.7 to -7.6) had lower %RANC than those located in Lima Metropolitan area. %RANC was higher in 2015 than 2013 (β=10.8; 95% CI 6.4 to 15.3). Conclusions. The %RANC differs by health subsector, region and year of supervision. For CM, the HCSI in the Social Security Administration and in the Lima Metropolitan area had better scores, and scores improved over time. The implementation of actions aimed at improving %RANC in order to foster the full exercise of health rights in the PHS is suggested.

Objetivos. Describir el modelo de supervisión de las Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud (IPRESS) dela Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD) y evaluar los factores asociados al porcentaje de cumplimiento normativo ajustado a riesgo (%CNAR) en las IPRESS del Sistema de Salud Peruano (SSP). Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio de caso sobre el desarrollo e implementación de un modelo de supervisión ajustado a riesgo basado en la norma ISO 31000-2009. Con la IPRESS como unidad de análisis, se calcularon los %CNAR (un puntaje continuo entre 0 a 100) de las supervisiones integrales (SI) y supervisiones selectivas efectuadas durante los años 2013 al 2015. Un mayor %CNAR implica un menor riesgo operacional. Se estimaron coeficientes β con IC95% mediante modelos lineales generalizados para valorar la asociación entre el %CNAR (variable de respuesta) y el subsector, la región, el nivel de complejidad y el año de supervisión (variables de exposición). Resultados. Se ejecutaron 1444 supervisiones. En las SI, solo la Seguridad Social en Salud (ESSALUD) tuvo mayor %CNAR que los centros privados [(β=7,7%;IC95%(3,5 a 11,9)]. Las IPRESS de la Costa [β=-5,2;IC95%(-9,4 a -1,0)], Sierra [β=-12,5;IC95%(-16,7 a -8,3)] y Selva [β=-12,6;IC95%(-17,7 a -7,6)] tuvieron menor %CNAR que aquellas ubicadas en Lima Metropolitana. El %CNAR fue superior en el año 2015 [β=10,8IC95%(6,4 a 15,3)] en relación al año 2013. Conclusiones. El %CNAR difiere por subsector, región y año de supervisión. En las SI las IPRESS supervisadas en ESSALUD, Lima Metropolitana y el año 2015, tuvieron mejores puntuaciones. Se sugiere la puesta en marcha de acciones orientadas a mejorar el %CNAR con el propósito de favorecer el ejercicio de los derechos en salud en el SSP.

Introduction: To describe the scientific literature production in Peru about type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A non-systematic review of the scientific production about DM and DN in peruvian population and has been published in national and international medical journals until february 2015 was conducted. We used the databases Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO and Google Scholar. The results were divided a priori into 5 areas: Prevalence DM 2, clinical management of the diabetic patient, diagnosis of DN, risk factors for albuminuria, and early assessment of DN. Results: We found 22 items. The prevalence of DM varies depending on the definition and study population and was higher on the coast than in the highlands (4.3% vs. 2.1%). In public hospitals in Lima, 40% of diabetic patients have HbA1c> 7%. Likewise, the control of DM patients in Peru is poor compared with their Latin American counterparts. The "screening" of the NFD is uncommon, only 8.9% of patients have albuminuria in their assessments in hospitals nationwide. Modifiable factors associated with albuminuria in patients with DN were found such as glucose (OR 1.19 95% CI 1.05 to 1.34), hypertension (OR 0.48 95% CI 0.33 to 0.70) and stages of chronic kidney disease OR: 93 (p = 0.007). There are hospitals where nephrology care in patients with DN is mostly under emergency conditions. Conclusions: The results of these articles reflect that there are aspects in the screening and management of both diseases that can be improved and scarcity of studies on the subject in Peru.

Introducción: Describir la producción científica peruana que sobre diabetes mellitus 2 (DM) y nefropatía diabética (NFD) se ha escrito en la literatura médica. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática de la producción científica que sobre DM y NFD en población peruana y que ha sido publicada en revistas médicas nacionales e internacionales hasta febrero de 2015. Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO y Google Scholar. Los resultados se dividieron a priori en cinco áreas temáticas: prevalencia de DM, manejo clínico de los pacientes diabéticos, diagnóstico de la NFD, factores de riesgo para albuminuria, y evaluación temprana de la NFD. Resultados: Se encontraron 22 artículos. La prevalencia de la DM varía dependiendo la definición y población estudiada siendo mayor en la costa que en la sierra (4,3% vs. 2,1%). El 40% de los pacientes diabéticos en hospitales públicos de Lima tiene HBA1C > 7%. Así mismo, el control de los pacientes DM en Perú es deficiente comparado con sus pares latinoamericanos. El "screening" de la NFD es infrecuente, solo 8,9% de los pacientes tiene albuminuria en sus evaluaciones en hospitales a nivel nacional. Se encontraron factores modificables asociados a la albuminuria en pacientes con NFD tales como glicemia (OR 1,19 IC 95%: 1,05-1,34), hipertensión arterial (OR 0,48 IC 95%: 0,33-0,70) y estadios de enfermedad renal crónica OR 1,93 (p=0.007). Existen hospitales donde la atención nefrológica en pacientes con NFD es mayormente en condiciones de emergencia. Conclusiones: Los resultados de estos artículos mostraron que existen aspectos perfectibles en el "screening" y manejo de ambas enfermedades así como escasez de estudios sobre el tema en Perú.

Resumo Introdução: O Ministério da Saúde do Peru não tem um programa nacional de hemodiálise e os hospitais que oferecem este tipo de tratamento apresentam problemas de cobertura que podem resultar em aumento da mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade da população incidente em hemodiálise em um hospital de Lima. Métodos: Análise da população acima de 18 anos que iniciou o tratamento entre 1 de janeiro de 2012 e 31 de dezembro de 2013, com data de corte final do acompanhamento em 31 de março de 2014. Foi realizada regressão logística bivariada e multivariada dos fatores associados com a mortalidade e usadas as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para determinar a probabilidade de sobrevivência durante o acompanhamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 235 pacientes para estudo, com idade média de 56,4 ± 15,8 anos. A mediana de acompanhamento foi 0,6 anos (IQR 0,3 a 1,5). A pesquisa mostra que 50% dos pacientes abandonaram o tratamento durante o estudo por falta de vagas ou recursos econômicos. No final do terceiro mês, a mortalidade foi 37,7% (IC 95% 29,3 a 48,5) e 49,5% (IC 95% 38,8 a 61,4) ao sétimo mês. A mortalidade foi menor quando o paciente tinha mais de seis meses com diagnóstico de doença insuficiência renal crônica (OR = 0,39 [IC 95% 0,12-1,27]) e quando o paciente ingressava à diálise programada (OR = 0,28 [IC 95% 0,01 a 2,28]). Conclusão: Metade dos pacientes foi a óbito no sétimo mês de seguimento. Ter ingressado com diálise programada e ter mais tempo de diagnóstico foi associado à menor mortalidade.

Abstract Introduction: The Peruvian Ministry of Health does not have a national program of hemodialysis and hospitals that offer it have coverage problems, which may result in increased mortality. Objective: We evaluated mortality of a population with incident hemodialysis in a Peruvian public hospital as well as its associated factors. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of a population over 18 years-old who started treatment between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2013 with the final follow-up day on31 March 2014. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate factors associated with mortality and Kaplan Meier curves were used to determine the probability of survival. Results: We included 235 patients with a mean age of 56.4 ± 15.8 years. Median follow-up was 0.6 years (IQR 0.3 to 1.5). 50% of years withdrew from therapy during the study for lack of financial resources or space available. The third month mortality was 37.7% (95% CI 4.7 to 48.5) and 49.5% (95% CI 5.8 to 61.4) at 7 months. There was a trend towards lower mortality when patients had more than 6 months with a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR = 0.39 [95% CI 0.12 to 1.27]) and when the patient was admitted with scheduled dialysis (OR = 0.28 [95% CI 0.01 to 2.28]). Conclusion: Half of patients died within seven months of follow-up. Scheduled dialysis and having longer time with CKD diagnosis tend to be associated with lower mortality

Background: Failing to attend a monthly session within a scheme of conventional dialysis may increase mortality by 30%. Objectives: To describe the frequency and perceived causes of non-adherence to dialysis in a Peruvian national reference public hospital. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Nephrology department, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients with more than one year on dialysis. Interventions: The number of absences to appointed sessions was determined and a validated questionnaire was used to describe perceptions regarding the causes of absences. Main outcomes measures: Low adherence to dialysis defined as patients with more than one absence per month or more than 12 absences between July 2012 and July 2013. Results: The study included 54 patients, of which 27 were male. Average age was 57 ± 16.4 years and average time on dialysis was 40.6 ± 11.5 months. Only 7 patients had higher education. There were 504 absences (5.45%). The second day of the weekly schedule was the day with more absences (292), followed by the third day (145). Overall 13 patients showed low adherence. Main causes of absence reported included a remote residence (6/13), feeling good (6/13), and insufficient financial resources to cover transportation costs (5/13). Conclusions: A quarter of patients had low adherence, and main factors were distance to health facility and wellbeing self -perception.

Introducción: La ausencia a una sesión mensual en un esquema de diálisis convencional puede incrementar la mortalidad en 30%.Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia y la percepción de las causas de falta de adherencia a diálisis en una población prevalente de un hospital público de referencia nacional en Perú. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo. Institución: Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con más de un año en diálisis Intervenciones: Se determinó el número de faltas y se aplicó un cuestionario para describir su percepción respecto a las causas de las faltas, validado por juicio de expertos. Principales medidas de resultados: Baja adherencia a diálisis definida como: pacientes con más de una falta al mes o más de 12 faltas, entre julio de 2012 y julio de 2013. Resultados: Se incluyó 54 pacientes, 27 eran varones, con una edad y tiempo de diálisis promedio de 57 ± 16,4 años y 40,6 ±11,5 meses, respectivamente; 7/54 pacientes tenían educación superior. Hubo 504 faltas (5,45%). El segundo día de la programación semanal fue el día con mayor frecuencia de faltas (292), seguido del tercer día (145); 13/54 tuvieron baja adherencia. Las principales causas reportadas fueron: una residencia alejada (6/13), la sensación de bienestar (6/13), el contar con escasos recursos económicos para solventar el traslado (5/13). Conclusiones: Uno de cada cuatro pacientes tuvo baja adherencia. El residir lejos o que se sintiera bien fueron las principales causas de la baja adherencia.

Introduction: Clinical work can influence time spent on scientific research among physicians training in Nephrology. Objective: To describe scientific research practices among medical residents and specialists in Nephrology recently graduated in Peru. Material and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study on residents of nephrology of the last two years and specialists graduated from the past two years at the national level through a self-administered validated questionnaire. Results: We obtained 40 responses of which 50% were residents. 68% of respondents never conducted research during residency training. None of the respondents who performed some research work published their research. Almost all considered deficient their research training received and studies done in their hospitals. Conclusion: Scientific research practices among nephrology resident training in Peru are deficient. Strategies are needed to promote and develop it.

Introducción: La labor asistencial puede condicionar pobre dedicación a actividades de investigación científica en médicos que realizan la especialización de nefrología. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de investigación científica entre los médicos residentes en nefrología y especialistas recién egresados en Perú. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal sobre la totalidad de médicos residentes de nefrología de los dos últimos años y especialistas egresados de los dos últimos años a nivel nacional, mediante un cuestionario autoaplicado. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 40 respuestas, de las cuales el 50% correspondían a residentes. El 67.5% de los encuestados nunca realizó investigación durante la residencia. Ningún encuestado que haya realizado algún trabajo de investigación lo publicó. Casi todos consideraron a su sede hospitalaria como deficiente en investigación. Conclusión: La investigación científica entre residentes de nefrología en Perú es deficiente. Se requieren estrategias que la promuevan a este nivel.

Embora a Comissão Nacional de Especialização Médica (CONAREME) tenha aumentado o número de vagas para Nefrologia no Peru, não houve um aumento proporcional do número de participantes para esta especialidade, o que é preocupante em um contexto no qual são necessários mais nefrologistas no país. A Sociedade Peruana de Nefrologia (SPN) deve tomar medidas para tornar a nossa especialidade mais atraente para os médicos peruanos.

Although the National Committee of Medical Residency (CONAREME) has increased the number of nephrology residency positions in Peru, the increase has not been proportional to the number of applicants. This is worrisome in an environment lacking of nephrologists, like our country. The Peruvian Society of Nephrology (SPN) should take the measures to make this specialty more attractive to Peruvian physicians.