Neste trabalho foram avaliadas a atividade antifúngica e composição química do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim). O óleo essencial foi obtido, através da hidrodestilação, das partes aéreas da planta, o qual foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa com detectores de ionização em chama (GC/FID) e espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Esse óleo foi testado em isolados de C. albicans da mucosa vaginal de fêmeas caninas, casos clínicos de candidíase em animais cepas padrões e espécies não-albicans, usando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo (CLSI-M27A2). A análise cromatográfica do óleo permitiu identificar como principais compostos cânfora, verbenona e 1,8-cineol. Os valores de CIM do óleo para os isolados padrões de C. albicans variaram entre 1,25 e 2,5 µL mL-1 e de 2,5 a 5,0 µL mL-1 para CFM, enquanto que para os isolados não-albicans observou-se CIM entre 1,25 e 5,0 µL mL-1 e CFM de 2,5 a 10,0 µL mL-1. C. albicans isolada de animais apresentou valores de 2,5 a >10,0 µL mL-1 para CIM e de 5,0 a >10,0 µL mL-1 para CFM. Os resultados demonstraram atividade fungicida e fungistática do óleo essencial de alecrim em isolados de Candida spp. provenientes de animais.

In this work the antifungal activity and chemical composition of the Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) essential oil against Candida spp. were evaluated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of aerial parts, and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This oil was tested against fourteen isolates of Candida sp. (ten C. albicans and four no-albicans species) by the microdillution broth assay (CLSI-M27A2). Chromatography analyses of the essential oil showed compounds, as camphor, verbenone and 1,8-cineole as major constituents. MIC and MFC values for C. albicans standard strains were 1.25 - 2.5 µL mL-1 and 2.5 - 5.0 µL mL-1, respectively. MIC and MFC for the non-albicans species were 1.25 - 5.0 µL mL-1 and 2.5 - 10.0 µL mL-1, respectively. C. albicans isolates obtained from animals exhibited MIC and MFC values of 2.5 - > 10.0 µL mL-1 and 5.0 - > 10.0 µL mL-1, respectively. According to the results, the essential oil of rosemary presented fungicidal and fungistatic activities against Candida spp.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) hepatic enzymes, hematological values, and total plasmatic proteins (TPP) of 12 Wistar rats with systemic experimental sporotrichosis were evaluated. Inoculation was performed at 2x10³ cells of S. schenckii/ml. The values ranged from 35 to 48UI/l for ALT and 67 to 251.3UI/l for AP. Fifty percent of the AP values were above the physiological limits. TPP was elevated in 66.7% (8/12) of the rats with values varying from 7.9 to 8.5g%. In 75% (9/12) of the animals, it was observed that hemoglobin and red blood cells count were below the physiologic limits, and 8.3% (1/12) of the animals showed anemia masked by dehydration. At the necropsy, it was observed local and/or disseminated nodular lesions. At the histological analysis, cells compatible to S. schenckii were found. The observed alterations are aggravating factors for the recurrence and treatment of the mycosis.

Avaliou-se a ação in loco da clorexidina-cetrimida no controle de Aspergillus spp., considerando-se a influência de fatores climáticos e populacionais, em um centro de recuperação de animais marinhos. Durante dois anos, realizaram-se colheitas de amostras de ar por meio da técnica de sedimentação, com implantação no segundo ano de um programa de desinfecção com clorexidina-cetrimida. Os resultados do isolamento fúngico nos dois anos foram comparados estatisticamente pelo programa Epinfo 8.0. Demonstrou-se que o isolamento de Aspergillus spp. não apresentou relação significativa com fatores climáticos e populacionais e que a diminuição da concentração de conídios de Aspergillus spp. do ambiente ocorreu devido ao programa eficaz de desinfecção com a clorexidina-cetrimida.

The study evaluated the in loco activity of chlorexidine-cetrimide for environmental control of Aspergillus spp. considering the climatic influence and population variations, in a recuperation center of marine animals. Samples of air were collected throughout two years by the sediment method, and the disinfection program was established in the second year. Data collected during the two years were statistically compared by Epinfo 8.0. program. It was demonstrated that both population and climate had no influence on the fungal isolation, and the disinfection program with chlorexidine-cetrimide was considered effective in the reduction of conidia Aspergillus concentration indoor.

In vitro activity of the essential oil Origanum vulgare against Sporothrix schenckii was determined by the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). For this, seven samples of S. schenckii were studied, two isolated from two cases of human sporotrichosis and five isolated from cats. Analysis of the essential oil was carried out in a gas chromatograph (GC/FID) for the identification and quantification of thymol and carvacrol (antifungal agents). MIC was obtained based on the microdilution method according to the adapted document NCCLS-M 27A2 for fitopharmacy. All the isolates presented sensibility to the essential oil. S. schenckii was inhibited in a concentration of 0.25% (250m l/ml). Chromatographic analysis showed that thymol concentration was bigger than carvacrol. The antifungal activity demonstrated by the essential oil of O. vulgare against S. Schenckii stimulates the accomplishment of more studies, including in vivo studies.

RESUMO A esporotricose é uma micose causada pelo fungo geofílico Sporothrix schenckii que pode infectar diferentes espécies de animais, inclusive o homem. A micose tem distribuição mundial, principalmente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. A infecção está, normalmente, associada com a inoculação traumática de solo, vegetais ou materiais orgânicos contaminados pelo fungo, sendo, portanto, considerada uma micose ocupacional, afetando, principalmente trabalhadores rurais. O potencial zoonótico do felino doméstico tem sido reconhecido desde a década de 80, possivelmente devido ao grande número do organismo presente nessa espécie animal. Em vista do importante papel epidemiológico do felino doméstico, este estudo descreve um caso de esporotricose cutânea com linfangite ascedente em um trabalhador rural contaminado por um felino assintomático. Um humano, com 40 anos, do sexo masculino, apresentou lesões nodulares 15 dias após ter sido arranhado por um gato hígido. Foram coletadas amostras de exsudato das lesões para análise micológica, a qual resultou no isolamento do S. schenckii. Após a confirmação do diagnóstico de esporotricose, foi iniciado o tratamento com o cetoconazol que resultou na regressão das lesões. O estudo ressalta a importância do felino doméstico como importante carreador do agente da esporotricose para o homem.

ABSTRACT Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by the geophilic fungus Sporothrixschenckii that can infect different species of animals, including humans. The mycosis has a worldwide distribution, mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions. The infection is usually associated with the traumatic inoculation of soil, vegetables or organic materials contaminated by the fungus, being, therefore, considered an occupational mycosis, affecting mainly rural workers. The zoonotic potential of the domestic feline has been recognized since the 1980s, due to the presence of a great number of microorganisms present in this animal species. Concerning the important epidemiological role of the domestic feline, this study describes a case of cutaneous sporotrichosis with ascendant lymphangitis in a rural worker contaminated by an asymptomatic feline. One 40-year-old human male presented nodular injuries 15 days after being scratched by a cat. Samples of lesion exudates were collected for mycological analysis, which resulted in the isolation of the S. schenckii. After the diagnostic confirmation of sporotrichosis, treatment with cetoconazol was started, which resulted in the regression of the lesions. This study emphasizes the importance of the domestic feline as an important carrier of the sporotrichosis agent for humans.

RESUMO A aspergilose é causada por fungos ubíquos e oportunistas do gênero Aspergillus, que liberam milhares de conídios no ar, contaminando o ambiente, sendo de extrema importância a utilização de filtros de ar e programas corretos de anti-sepsia e desinfecção para prevenção da enfermidade. Este estudo avaliou a eficácia “in vitro” dos agentes químicos, iodóforo, amônia quaternária e clorexidina, frente a isolados de Aspergillus fumigatus (8), Aspergillus niger (8), Aspergillus flavus (6) e Aspergillus terreus (1). Para o teste foram preparadas diluições sucessivas dos desinfetantes/antisépticos (log2) em caldo RPMI, e os inóculos foram ajustados até uma concentração final de 5 x 104 UFC/mL. Foi realizada a técnica de microdiluição em caldo de acordo com NCCLS M-38, adaptada para agentes químicos, com incubação das microplacas a 35° C em agitação constante. A leitura visual dos resultados foi realizada após 96 horas, e os isolados de Aspergillus spp. utilizados foram resistentes ao iodóforo nas concentrações testadas. A amônia quaternária e a clorexidina mostraram-se eficazes contra os isolados de Aspergillus spp., com exceção de um A. fumigatus e um A. terreus. Com estes resultados indica-se a utilização da amônia quaternária e da clorexidina na prevenção da aspergilose, questionando-se o uso de iodóforos para este fim.

ABSTRACT Aspergillosis is caused by ubiquitous and opportunist moulds of the genus Aspergillus, which contaminate the atmosphere by liberating thousands of conidia in the air, making it extremely important to use air filters and to implement proper programs of antisepsis and disinfection for the prevention of this disease. This study evaluated the in-vitro effectiveness of the chemical agents iodophor, quaternary ammonia and chlorexidine against A. fumigatus (8), A. niger (8), A. flavus (6) and A. terreus (1). Successive dilutions of disinfectants/antiseptics (log2) were prepared in RPMI for the test, and the suspension was adjusted until a final concentration of 5 x 104 UFC/mL. The microdilution test was done in agreement with NCCLS M-38 adapted for chemical agents, with microplates incubation at 35° C in constant agitation. The visual results were evaluated after 96 hours, and all Aspergillus spp. isolates used were resistant to iodophor at all concentrations tested. Quaternary ammonia and chlorexidine showed effectiveness against Aspergillus spp. isolates, except for one A. fumigatus and one A. terreus. According to these results the use of quaternary ammonia and chlorexidine is indicated for the prevention of aspergillosis, while the use of iodophor is questionable.