Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar conceitos e temáticas centrais da medicalização da alimentação e da nutrição. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão de busca sistematizada seguindo o método Systematic-Search Flow em sete bases de dados, combinando a palavra-chave “medicali?ation” com nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment e eat*. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão, foram selecionados 17 documentos que compuseram o portfólio de análise. A leitura destes documentos permitiu pensar em categorias, sendo elas: medicalização da alimentação: dispositivos de controle do corpo e do comportamento alimentar; dispositivos de prevenção e programas de educação nutricional; alimentos como medicamentos e Nutrição Personalizada. Em todas, foi possível identificar estratégias pelas quais a alimentação e a nutrição foram reduzidas ao olhar da biomedicina, desconsiderando outras dimensões do alimentar-se. Essa redução ocorreu por meio: a) da prescrição de normas de comportamento e dietas; b) de práticas preventivas que moralizam comportamentos considerados de risco, causando estigmatização e culpabilização dos indivíduos pelas suas doenças; c) da concepção dos alimentos como se fossem medicamentos; d) da prescrição individualizada de dietas, de acordo com a Nutrição Personalizada, comprometendo a compreensão do alimentar-se a partir dos aspectos políticos, culturais, históricos e sociais.

Abstract This study aimed to identify concepts and central themes of the medicalization of food and nutrition. To this end, a systematized search review following the Systematic-Search Flow method was conducted in seven databases, combining the keyword “medicali?ation” with nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment and eat*. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 documents were selected to compose the analysis portfolio. The reading of these documents allowed us to think of categories, as follows: medicalization of food: devices to control the body and eating behavior; prevention devices and nutrition education programs; food as medicine and Personalized Nutrition. In all of them, it was possible to identify strategies through which food and nutrition were reduced to the biomedical view, disregarding other dimensions of eating. This reduction occurred through a) the prescription of behavioral norms and diets; b) preventive practices that moralize behaviors considered risky, causing stigmatization and blaming individuals for their diseases; c) the conception of food as if it were medicine; d) the individualized prescription of diets, according to Personalized Nutrition, compromising the understanding of eating from political, cultural, historical, and social aspects.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar conceitos e temáticas centrais da medicalização da alimentação e da nutrição. Para tanto, realizou-se revisão de busca sistematizada seguindo o método Systematic-Search Flow em sete bases de dados, combinando a palavra-chave “medicali?ation” com nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment e eat*. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão, foram selecionados 17 documentos que compuseram o portfólio de análise. A leitura destes documentos permitiu pensar em categorias, sendo elas: medicalização da alimentação: dispositivos de controle do corpo e do comportamento alimentar; dispositivos de prevenção e programas de educação nutricional; alimentos como medicamentos e Nutrição Personalizada. Em todas, foi possível identificar estratégias pelas quais a alimentação e a nutrição foram reduzidas ao olhar da biomedicina, desconsiderando outras dimensões do alimentar-se. Essa redução ocorreu por meio: a) da prescrição de normas de comportamento e dietas; b) de práticas preventivas que moralizam comportamentos considerados de risco, causando estigmatização e culpabilização dos indivíduos pelas suas doenças; c) da concepção dos alimentos como se fossem medicamentos; d) da prescrição individualizada de dietas, de acordo com a Nutrição Personalizada, comprometendo a compreensão do alimentar-se a partir dos aspectos políticos, culturais, históricos e sociais. tanto realizouse realizou SystematicSearch Systematic Search dados palavrachave palavra chave medicaliation medicali ation “medicali?ation nutrition nutrition* diet diet* food eat eat* exclusão 1 análise categorias elas alimentar nutricional Personalizada todas biomedicina alimentarse. alimentarse se. meio dietas b risco doenças c d políticos culturais sociais

Abstract This study aimed to identify concepts and central themes of the medicalization of food and nutrition. To this end, a systematized search review following the Systematic-Search Flow method was conducted in seven databases, combining the keyword “medicali?ation” with nutrition*, diet*, food, nourishment and eat*. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 documents were selected to compose the analysis portfolio. The reading of these documents allowed us to think of categories, as follows: medicalization of food: devices to control the body and eating behavior; prevention devices and nutrition education programs; food as medicine and Personalized Nutrition. In all of them, it was possible to identify strategies through which food and nutrition were reduced to the biomedical view, disregarding other dimensions of eating. This reduction occurred through a) the prescription of behavioral norms and diets; b) preventive practices that moralize behaviors considered risky, causing stigmatization and blaming individuals for their diseases; c) the conception of food as if it were medicine; d) the individualized prescription of diets, according to Personalized Nutrition, compromising the understanding of eating from political, cultural, historical, and social aspects. end SystematicSearch Systematic Search databases medicaliation medicali ation “medicali?ation nutrition* diet diet* eat eat* criteria 1 portfolio categories follows behavior programs Nutrition them view diets b risky diseases c d political cultural historical aspects

RESUMEN Fundamento: en Perú, la ley universitaria menciona que el currículo se actualizará cada tres años, según los avances científicos y tecnológicos. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el desempeño docente de los profesores de la maestría en ciencias médicas y el nivel de satisfacción de los maestrantes en una universidad pública peruana. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo, en la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo entre enero y junio de 2022. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo; empírico: análisis y cuestionario; y matemático-estadísticos para el análisis de los datos encontrados. Resultados: el desempeño docente fue alto: 68 %; la satisfacción estudiantil respecto al desempeño docente fue 37,7 %; la relación entre el desempeño docente y la satisfacción en los estudiantes de maestría de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, según la prueba Rho de Spearman, fue = 0.902 con una significancia p<0.01. La relación fue alta y directa entre las variables de estudio. Conclusiones: el desempeño de los docentes de maestría en ciencias médicas se relaciona significativamente con el nivel de satisfacción de sus estudiantes, es importante considerar estos resultados a fin de continuar con la política de elevar la calidad educativa en ciencias médicas.

ABSTRACT Background: in Peru, the university law mentions that the curriculum will be updated every three years, according to scientific and technological advances. Objective: determine the relationship between the teaching performance of professors of the master's degree in medical sciences and the level of satisfaction of teachers at a Peruvian public university. Methods: a descriptive research with a quantitative approach was carried out at the National University of Trujillo from January to June 2022. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive; empirical: analysis and questionnaire; and mathematical-statistical for the analysis of the data found. Results: teaching performance was high: 68%; student satisfaction regarding teaching performance was 37.7%; the relationship between teaching performance and satisfaction in master's students at the National University of Trujillo, according to Spearman's Rho test, was = 0.902 with a significance of p < 0.01. The relationship was high and direct among the study variables. Conclusions: the performance of master's teachers in medical sciences is significantly related to the level of satisfaction of their students; it is important to consider these results in order to continue with the policy of raising educational quality in medical sciences.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the acceptance of m-learning by university teachers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. For this, interviews were conducted with twenty university professors from different regions of the country. The results indicate that teachers require digital literacy to effectively implement technologies in their courses. The main challenges were associated with inefficient internet connectivity, which adversely affected the quality of classes, and students' limited access to mobile tools. In conclusion, institutions should provide continuous support to both teachers and students in their adoption of technologies of information and communication to ensure the future acceptance of technology in education.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la aceptación del m-learning por parte del profesorado universitario en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en el Perú. Para ello se entrevistaron a veinte docentes de diversas regiones del país. Los resultados muestran que requerían de una alfabetización digital para implementar adecuadamente las tecnologías en sus asignaturas. Los mayores inconvenientes se relacionaron con la ineficiente conectividad a internet, que afectaba la calidad de las clases, y la falta de accesibilidad del estudiantado a herramientas móviles. Se concluye que las instituciones deben realizar un acompañamiento continuo a docentes y estudiantes en su proceso de adopción de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación para que se garantice su aceptación en materia educativa.

ABSTRACT The article presents reflections for the audiovisual approach to the rituals of a primordial food in Cuban culture, which makes sense from a deliberate and contextualized strategy of return to ancestry. This research endeavor seeks to contribute to the rescue of the historical memory of a practice that rooted the idiosyncrasy and daily life of the first village from the very dawn of the civilizing conformation of the island of Cuba, today extended, resemanticized and enriched in many other places of the country, even by entrepreneurship and tourism

RESUMEN El artículo presenta reflexiones para el acercamiento audiovisual a las ritualidades de un alimento primigenio en la cultura cubana, que cobra sentido desde una estrategia deliberada y contextualizada de regreso a la ancestralidad. Este empeño investigativo busca contribuir al rescate de la memoria histórica de una práctica que enraizara la idiosincrasia y cotidianidad de la primera villa desde los propios albores de la conformación civilizatoria de la Isla de Cuba, hoy extendida, resemantizada y enriquecida en muchos otros sitios del país, incluso por los emprendimientos y el turismo.

Abstract Electronic commerce has been proposed as an alternative to traditional face-to-face commerce, especially in view of the Covid 19 pandemic. This report presents the results of a study carried out in popular markets in the city of Celaya (Mexico). A survey was carried out on 250 customers of traditional retail businesses, using as a reference the Peña-Nieto model based on the models of acceptance of technology widely used in the field to date, and oriented towards the intention to purchase online. The results show that the proposed model significantly and jointly influences its seven dimensions as predictors of the intention to use. Individually, the dimensions of attitudes and self-efficacy present statistical significance as predictors of online purchase intention. The study makes it possible to determine the variables that impact the purchase decision of users, even when they do not have previous experience in electronic commerce. The study allows us to verify that low-income customers, as represented by this type of market, may be prone to online purchases as an alternative to traditional commerce.

Resumen El comercio electrónico ha sido propuesto como una alternativa al comercio tradicional presencial, especialmente a la vista de la pandemia de Covid 19. Este reporte presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en mercados populares de la ciudad de Celaya (México). Se realizó una encuesta a 250 clientes de comercios tradicional al detallista, utilizando como referencia el modelo de Peña-Nieto basado en los modelos de aceptación de la tecnología de amplia utilización en el campo hasta la fecha, orientado hacia la intención de compra en línea. Los resultados muestran que el modelo propuesto influye de manera significativa y conjunta en sus siete dimensiones como predictores de la intención de uso. De manera individual las dimensiones de actitudes y auto eficacia presentan significancia estadística como predictores de la intención de compra en línea. El estudio permite determinar las variables que impactan en la decisión de compra de los usuarios, aún y cuando no tengan experiencia previa en comercio electrónico. El estudio permite comprobar que los clientes de bajo ingreso, como lo representa este tipo de mercados, pueden ser propensos a compras en línea como alternativa al comercio tradicional

RESUMEN Objetivos: adaptar transculturalmente la escala “Resultados en la valoración y evolución de la cicatrización de heridas”, RESVECH 2.0 al portugués de Brasil; estimar su consistencia interna, validez de constructo y de criterio para su utilización en úlceras varicosas. Métodos: es un estudio metodológico, basado en directivas internacionales sobre investigaciones de esta naturaleza. Se evaluaron las heridas por medio de la RESVECH 2.0 y de la Escala de Cicatrización de Úlceras por Presión 3.0 (PUSH). Se llevó a cabo con análisis descriptivo, análisis factorial confirmatorio, alfa de Cronbach y correlación de Spearman (p<0,05). Resultados: participaron 12 enfermeros y 77 personas que tenían 153 úlceras venosas. La traducción fue exitosa, el modelo factorial propuesto fue validado, el alfa de Cronbach = 0,832 (95%CI=0,780-0,880) y el coeficiente de correlación (RESVECH 2.0 y PUSH 3.0) = 0,74. Conclusiones: la adaptación de la RESVECH 2.0 al portugués brasileño es sólida. La fiabilidad y la validez demuestran la compatibilidad para su utilización en el país en la evaluación de las úlceras varicosas. Objetivos Resultados heridas, , heridas” 20 2 0 2. Brasil interna varicosas Métodos metodológico naturaleza 30 3 3. PUSH. . (PUSH) descriptivo confirmatorio p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 05 (p<0,05) 1 7 15 venosas exitosa validado 0832 832 0,83 95%CI=0,7800,880 95CI07800880 CI 95%CI=0,780 0,880 95 780 880 (95%CI=0,780-0,880 074 74 0,74 Conclusiones sólida (PUSH p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 083 83 0,8 7800 95%CI=0,7800,88 95CI0780088 95CI0780 95%CI=0,78 0880 0,88 9 78 88 (95%CI=0,780-0,88 07 0,7 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 08 8 0, 95%CI=0,7800,8 95CI078008 95CI078 95%CI=0,7 088 (95%CI=0,780-0,8 p<0 (p<0, 95%CI=0,7800, 95CI07800 95CI07 95%CI=0, (95%CI=0,780-0, p< (p<0 95%CI=0,7800 95CI0 95%CI=0 (95%CI=0,780-0 (p< 95CI 95%CI= (95%CI=0,780- (p 95%CI (95%CI=0,780 (95%CI=0,78 (95%CI=0,7 (95%CI=0, (95%CI=0 (95%CI= (95%CI

ABSTRACT Objectives: to cross-culturally adapt the scale Resultados en la valoración y evolución de la cicatrización de las heridas - RESVECH 2.0 for Brazilian Portuguese; to estimate the internal consistency and construct and criterion validity of the scale in the evaluation of venous ulcers. Methods: methodological study, based on international guidelines for studies of this type. Wounds were evaluated using the RESVECH 2.0 and Pressure Ulcer Scale of Healing 3.0 (PUSH). Descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman’s correlation (p<0.05) were used. Results: 12 nurses and 77 people with 153 venous ulcers participated in the study. The translation was successful, the proposed factor model was validated, and Cronbach ‘s alpha = 0.832 (95%CI, 0.780-0.880) and correlation coefficient (RESVECH 2.0 and PUSH 3.0) = 0.74 were obtained. Conclusions: the adaptation of RESVECH 2.0 to Brazilian Portuguese is robust. Reliability and validity show compatibility for use in the country in the evaluation of venous ulcers. Objectives crossculturally cross culturally 20 2 0 2. Methods study type 30 3 3. PUSH. . (PUSH) analysis Cronbachs s Spearmans Spearman p<0.05 p005 p 05 (p<0.05 used Results 1 7 15 successful validated 0832 832 0.83 95%CI, 95CI CI 95 (95%CI 0.7800.880 07800880 0.780 0.880 780 880 0.780-0.880 074 74 0.7 obtained Conclusions robust (PUSH p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 083 83 0.8 95%CI 9 7800 0.7800.88 0780088 0780 0.78 0880 0.88 78 88 0.780-0.88 07 0. p<0. p0 (p<0. 08 8 0.7800.8 078008 078 088 0.780-0.8 p<0 (p<0 0.7800. 07800 0.780-0. p< (p< 0.7800 0.780-0 (p 0.780-

RESUMO Objetivos: adaptar transculturalmente a escala Resultados en la valoración y evolución de la cicatrización de las heridas - RESVECH 2.0 para o português do Brasil; estimar sua consistência interna, validade de construto e de critério para utilização em úlceras venosas. Métodos: estudo metodológico, baseado em diretrizes internacionais para estudos dessa natureza. Realizou-se avaliação das feridas por meio da RESVECH 2.0 e da Pressure Ulcer Scale of Healing 3.0 (PUSH). Empregou-se análise descritiva, análise fatorial confirmatória, alfa de Cronbach e correlação de Spearman (p<0,05). Resultados: participaram 12 enfermeiros e 77 pessoas com 153 úlceras venosas. A tradução foi bem-sucedida, o modelo fatorial proposto foi validado, obteve-se alfa de Cronbach = 0,832 (IC95%=0,780-0,880) e coeficiente de correlação (RESVECH 2.0 e PUSH 3.0) = 0,74. Conclusões: a adaptação da RESVECH 2.0 para o português do Brasil é robusta. A confiabilidade e validade evidenciam compatibilidade para utilização no país e avaliação de úlceras venosas. Objetivos 20 2 0 2. interna venosas Métodos metodológico natureza Realizouse Realizou se 30 3 3. PUSH. . (PUSH) Empregouse Empregou descritiva confirmatória p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 05 (p<0,05) 1 7 15 bemsucedida, bemsucedida bem sucedida, sucedida bem-sucedida validado obtevese obteve 0832 832 0,83 IC95%=0,7800,880 IC9507800880 IC IC95%=0,780 0,880 IC95 780 880 (IC95%=0,780-0,880 074 74 0,74 Conclusões robusta (PUSH p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 083 83 0,8 7800 IC95%=0,7800,88 IC950780088 IC950780 IC95%=0,78 0880 0,88 IC9 78 88 (IC95%=0,780-0,88 07 0,7 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 08 8 0, IC95%=0,7800,8 IC95078008 IC95078 IC95%=0,7 088 (IC95%=0,780-0,8 p<0 (p<0, IC95%=0,7800, IC9507800 IC9507 IC95%=0, (IC95%=0,780-0, p< (p<0 IC95%=0,7800 IC950 IC95%=0 (IC95%=0,780-0 (p< IC95%= (IC95%=0,780- (p IC95% (IC95%=0,780 (IC95%=0,78 (IC95%=0,7 (IC95%=0, (IC95%=0 (IC95%= (IC95% (IC95 (IC9 (IC

Abstract Perioperative stroke is one of the complications that can occur during the surgical procedure and up to 30 days after it. A 52-year-old woman with no neurological symptoms and a diagnosis of intracardiac mass. She underwent cardiac surgery with resection of the tumor that was compatible with atrial myxoma. In the immediate postoperative, she presented neurological symptoms and was diagnosed with basal ganglia infarction of embolic etiology. Perioperative stroke appears most frequently in cardiovascular surgery but is rarely reported in heart tumor resection surgery.

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular perioperatorio es una de las complicaciones que pueden presentarse durante el proceder quirúrgico y hasta los 30 días posteriores al mismo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 52 años, sin síntomas neurológicos y con diagnóstico de masa intracardiaca. Se le realizó cirugía cardiaca con resección del tumor, que resultó compatible con mixoma auricular. En el posoperatorio inmediato presentó sintomatología neurológica y se diagnosticó infarto de ganglios basales de etiología embólica. El accidente cerebrovascular perioperatorio aparece con mayor frecuencia en las cirugías cardiovasculares, pero rara vez es reportado en cirugías de exéresis de tumores cardiacos.

Abstract Grape pomace (GP) and pecan shell (PS) are agro-industrial by-products rich in healthy bioactives, mainly phenolic compounds (PC) and dietary fiber (DF). Raw GP and PS were chemically characterized, and the adsorption isotherms of their PC-insoluble DF (IDF) complexes were evaluated. GP and PS statistically differed (p < 0.05) in chemical and physicochemical properties. Total PC, total flavonoids, and IDF were higher in GP. Thirteen and eight PC were identified in GP and PS by HPLC-MS/MS chromatography, finding isoquercetin and type B dimer and trimer procyanidins as the most abundant compounds. PC-IDF (phenolic compounds-insoluble dietary fiber) adsorption isotherms were determined by both spectroscopic (Freundlich) and HPLC-MS/MS (Freundlich/Langmuir) techniques, observing that PS IDF presented higher PC adsorption at all tested concentrations. Epicatechin, isoquercetin, and quercetin were the main identified PC in both by-products, and were able to fit to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm by HPLC-MS/MS.

Abstract: The practice of robotic surgery is a complex process, involving development and technology; not only in the surgery field but also in the anesthesiology field. It implies a multifactorial process since it has generated a drastic multidisciplinary change based on state-of-the-art technology; which aims to offer better conditions during perioperative management in robotic surgery. Intravenous Total Anesthesia accomplishes specific objectives in relation to patient position, brain relaxation, neuroprotection, hemodynamics, loss and recovery of consciousness, neuromuscular paralysis, ventilatory parameters, providing safety and quality during the procedure; with minimal intervention during electrophysiological monitoring and enabling anesthetic depth to be modulated from neurosedation to general anesthesia, according to the different stages of the surgery. A factor attributable to modern anesthesia for robotic surgery success is to employ different anesthetic agents promoting induction, maintenance of general anesthesia, smother and faster anesthetic emersion, for the purpose of reducing recovery time of the state of consciousness), basic and psychomotor functions; as is the general multimodal anesthesia.

Resumen: La práctica de cirugía robótica es un proceso complejo que implica desarrollo y tecnología no sólo en el campo de la cirugía, sino también en el campo de la anestesiología. Implica un proceso multifactorial, ya que ha generado un cambio drástico multidisciplinario basado en tecnología de punta que pretende ofrecer mejores condiciones durante el manejo perioperatorio en cirugía robótica. La anestesia total intravenosa cumple objetivos específicos en relación a la posición del paciente, relajación cerebral, neuroprotección, hemodinamia, pérdida y recuperación de la conciencia, parálisis neuromuscular, parámetros ventilatorios, etc. Ofrece seguridad y calidad al paciente durante el procedimiento con una mínima interferencia con el monitoreo electrofisiológico y permite modular la profundidad anestésica desde una neurosedación hasta una anestesia general, de acuerdo a las diferentes etapas de la cirugía. Un factor atribuible a la anestesia moderna para el éxito de la cirugía robótica es usar diferentes agentes anestésicos que promuevan inducción, mantenimiento y emersión anestésica más rápida y suave, a fin de reducir el tiempo de recuperación del estado de conciencia, funciones básicas y psicomotoras como la anestesia general multimodal.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the changes in the networks of technical trust of agricultural technical assistants (ATA), after a process of management and diffusion of a culture of agroclimatic risk over a period of two years in the departments of Cundinamarca, La Guajira and Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Interviews with ATAs were conducted in two moments of observation: at the beginning (2015) and at the end of the intervention of the agroclimatic adaptation and prevention models project (2017). The social network analysis was used as an analysis and an intervention tool, this permitted to identify the structure of the network and the actors with greatest coverage of information diffusion in the departments. The intervention of the MAPA project led to structural changes in the networks of technical trust of the ATAs and their perception of the importance of the agroclimatic risk issue in the provision of extension services. In Cundinamarca and La Guajira, the ATAs decreased the size of their network (p< 0.05), however, the intermediation indicator increased significantly (p< 0.05). It is concluded that, by intervening in the trust networks of the agricultural technical assistants through the design of a communicative strategy and the identification of key actors to disseminate the issue of agroclimatic risk, a greater linkage, access, exchange and scope of information was favored.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar los cambios en las redes de confianza técnica de los Asistentes Técnicos Agropecuarios (ATA), después de un proceso de gestión y difusión de una cultura del riesgo agroclimático durante un periodo de dos años en los departamentos Cundinamarca, La Guajira y Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se realizaron entrevistas a los ATA, en dos momentos de observación: al inicio (2015) y al finalizar la intervención del proyecto modelos de adaptación y prevención agroclimática (2017). El análisis de redes sociales se utilizó como herramienta de análisis y de intervención, esta permitió identificar la estructura de la red y los actores con mayor cobertura de difusión de la información en los departamentos. La intervención del proyecto MAPA provocó cambios estructurales en las redes de confianza técnica de los ATA y su percepción sobre la importancia del tema del riesgo agroclimático en la prestación de los servicios de extensión. En Cundinamarca y La Guajira los ATA disminuyeron el tamaño de su red (p< 0.05), sin embargo, el indicador de intermediación aumentó de forma significativa (p< 0.05). Se concluye que, al intervenir en las redes de confianza de los asistentes técnicos agropecuarios, mediante el diseño de una estrategia comunicativa y la identificación de actores clave para difundir el tema de riesgo agroclimático; se favoreció a una mayor vinculación, el acceso, intercambio y alcance de la información.

ABSTRACT The Mexican educational system, as an emerging response to COVID-19, has moved towards a remote education model using Educational Technology, making it necessary to evaluate the access that teaching personnel have to the technological tools used. The present quantitative study aims to analyze said access in terms of gender equity, in order to conclude on its differentiated impacts; primordial particularity of this research. Through voluntary sampling and through a questionnaire used as an instrument for data collection, information was collected from 548 teachers, concluding through the student t test that the difference in means does not show a significant gender gap in the state of Nuevo León regarding what the literature indicates.

RESUMEN El sistema educativo mexicano, como respuesta emergente al COVID-19 ha transitado hacia un modelo de educación remota mediante el uso de Tecnología Educativa, volviendo necesario evaluar el acceso que tiene el personal docente a las herramientas tecnológicas empleadas. El presente estudio de corte cuantitativo pretende analizar dicho acceso en términos de equidad de género, a fin de concluir sobre sus impactos diferenciados; particularidad de esta investigación. Mediante un muestreo voluntario y a través de un cuestionario utilizado para la recolección de datos, se recopiló información de 548 profesores, concluyendo a través de la prueba t student que la diferencia de medias no demuestra una brecha digital de género significativa en el estado de Nuevo León en contraste a la literatura.

RESUMO Introdução: Desde a pandemia do coronavírus, declarada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), o contexto educacional enfrenta uma das maiores crises, evidenciada por deficiências e desigualdades, tanto na disponibilidade de recursos, quanto na preparação de professores e alunos à época de ingressar nas modalidades de educação a distância. Objetivo: Identificar os principais desafios e desafios identificados pelos professores da Educação Básica de Nuevo León, México, no período de março a junho de 2020. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva quantitativa, com amostra de 548 professores, selecionados por voluntários amostragem não probabilística, aplicou-se questionário survey; Testes de confiabilidade e pacotes estatísticos Minitab 19 e SPSS 21 foram usados para a fase de análise. Resultados: Os desafios identificados na perspectiva do professor foram categorizados de acordo com seu próprio papel, a partir do que vislumbraram em seus alunos, e vão desde problemas socioafetivos, tecnológicos, de comunicação, pedagógicos e acadêmicos. Conclusões: Evidenciam-se problemas muito variados, desde a perspectiva de ensino relacionada ao próprio comportamento, até o desenvolvimento de seus alunos; Foram identificados os pontos fortes e as oportunidades que afligem o sistema educacional mexicano, bem como a necessidade de assumir o compromisso de uma educação na, pela e para a mídia, destacando a importância de educar na era digital.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus a pandemic, the educative context is facing one of the greatest crises, associated with shortages and inequalities, and lack of resources, at the time of incorporating distance learning modalities by teachers and students. Objective: To identify the main challenges and defiance faced by the teachers in the basic education in Nuevo León, Mexico, from March to June 2020. Method: A descriptive exploratory quantitative research was carried out. As sample, 548 teachers were involved in the study, selected by voluntary non-probabilistic sampling. A survey questionnaire was applied and reliability tests and Minitab 19 and SPSS 21 statistical packages were used for the phase of analysis. Results: From the teacher´s perspective, the challenges found were categorized according to their own role, based on the factors observed on their students, such as, the socio-affective, technological, communicative, pedagogical and academic problems. Conclusions: Problems found were highly diverse, ranging from the teacher's behavior to the student´s performance. The strengths and areas of opportunities that afflict the Mexican education system were identified, as well as the need to assume the commitment of education in, by and for the media, highlighting the importance of teaching in the digital age.

RESUMEN Introducción: A partir de la pandemia por la COVID-19, declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el contexto educativo se enfrenta a una de las mayores crisis, evidenciado por carencias y desigualdades, como lo es la disponibilidad de recursos en la preparación de docentes y alumnos al momento de incorporarse a modalidades de educación a distancia. Objetivo: Identificar los principales retos y desafíos de los docentes de Educación Básica de Nuevo León en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020, durante dicha pandemia. Método: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa de corte exploratoria descriptiva, se tomó una muestra de 548 profesores, seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico voluntario, se aplicó un cuestionario para encuesta; se utilizaron pruebas de fiabilidad y paquetes estadísticos Minitab 19 y SPSS 21, para la fase de análisis. Resultados: Los desafíos identificados desde la perspectiva del docente se categorizaron en función de su propio rol, con base en lo que vislumbraron en sus estudiantes, y van desde problemas socio afectivo, tecnológico, de comunicación, pedagógicos y académicos. Conclusiones: Se evidencian problemáticas altamente variadas, desde la perspectiva docente relacionadas con su propio proceder, hasta el desenvolvimiento de sus estudiantes; se identificaron las fortalezas y áreas de oportunidad que aquejan al sistema educativo mexicano, y la necesidad de asumir el compromiso de una educación en, por y para los medios, resaltando la importancia de educar en la era digital.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características y factores asociados a la percepción de maltrato en internos de medicina del Perú. Materiales y métodos : Estudio multicéntrico, transversal y analítico. Se encuestaron a internos de medicina de dieciocho hospitales del Perú. Se aplicó una encuesta entre marzo y abril del 2016 que incluían características sociodemográficas y una escala que media la percepción de maltrato psicológico, físico y sexual. Se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados y se estimaron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados : Participaron 418 internos de medicina. El maltrato psicológico, físico y sexual percibido fue de 91,9%; 55,5% y 34%, respectivamente. Los factores asociados con el maltrato psicológico fueron proceder de una universidad privada (RPa:1,07; IC95%:1,01- 1,13), respecto al maltrato físico fueron la edad (RPa: 1,08; IC95%: 1,05-1,12), realizar internado en un hospital de la selva (RPa: 1,27; IC95%: 1,03-1,56) y en un hospital del Seguro Social (RPa:0,66; IC95%:0,44-0,94) y para el maltrato sexual el ser mujer (RPa:1,52; IC95%:1,15-2,01). Conclusiones : Existe una alta percepción de maltrato reportado por los internos de medicina siendo el psicológico el más frecuente. Existen diferencias en la percepción de maltrato psicológico y físico según el tipo de financiamiento de la universidad de procedencia y del hospital donde se realiza el internado. Una alta frecuencia de maltrato sexual fue reportada por mujeres luego de los tres primeros meses del internado hospitalario.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the characteristics and factors associated with the perception of abuse in medicine interns of Peru. Material and Methods : This is a cross-sectional multicenter and analytical study. Medicine interns from eighteen Peruvian hospitals were interviewed. A survey was administered between March and April 2016, which included socio-demographic characteristics and a scale measuring psychological and physical abuse, as well as sexual harassment perception. Generalized linear models were used and crude and adjusted prevalence rates (aPR) were estimated, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: 418 medical interns participated in the study. Psychological and physical abuses were perceived by 91,9% and 55,5% of the studied population. Sexual harassment was perceived by 34% of all interviewed interns. Associated factors with psychological abuse were studied in a private university (aPR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). Factors associated with physical abuse were age (aPR: 1.08; 95% IC: 1.05-1.12), performing internship in an Amazonian area hospital (aPR: 1,27; 95% CI: 1,03-1,56), and in a Social Security Hospital (aPR: 0,66; 95% CI: 0,44-0,94); and for sexual harassment, being female was the main associated factor (aPR: 1,52; 95% CI: 1,15-2,01). Conclusions: There is a high perception of abuse experienced by medicine interns, being psychological abuse the most frequent condition. There are some differences in the perception of psychological and physical abuse, according to the medical school the interns come from, as well as with respect to the healthcare facility where internship is performed. A high frequency of sexual harassment was reported by female interns after three months of having started their training period.

Abstract Background and aims: Nephron-sparing surgery has become the standard surgical technique for small renal masses, taking the place of traditional radical nephrectomy. The aim of the present study was to compare partial nephrectomy and tumor enucleation, with respect to morbidity and oncologic results. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients that underwent partial nephrectomy or enucleation at the Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, between August 2011 and October 2019. Demographics, clinical and surgical characteristics, and oncologic results were the variables analyzed. Results: Forty-eight patients were followed for 36,1±28,0 months. Compared with the partial nephrectomy group, the patients that underwent tumor enucleation presented with lower values of mean blood loss (117,7±95.1 ml and 221±293.1 ml, p=0,488), ischemia (46% and 95%, p<0,001), mean ischemia time (24,6±7,2 min and 25,1±10,4 min, p=0,844), and complications (11,5% and 22,7%, p=0,442), respectively. No local recurrence was observed. Conclusions: Both groups were comparable in relation to tumor stage. The enucleation group presented with less blood loss, less need for vascular clamping, and similar ischemia time, compared with the partial nephrectomy group. Both techniques were oncologically safe, with a low rate of compromised surgical margins. Postoperative morbidity with the two techniques was low.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: La cirugía conservadora de nefronas se ha convertido en la técnica quirúrgica estándar para masas renales de pequeño tamaño, desbancando la tradicional nefrectomía radical. El objetivo del estudio es comparar nefrectomía parcial y enucleación tumoral en función de morbilidad y resultados oncológicos. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía parcial o enucleación en el Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, entre agosto de 2011 y octubre de 2019. Variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y resultados oncológicos han sido analizadas. Resultados: 48 pacientes fueron seguidos 36.1±28.0 meses. Los pacientes sometidos a enucleación tumoral, respecto al grupo de nefrectomía parcial presentaron valores inferiores de sangrado medio (117.7±95.1 ml y 221±293.1 ml, p=0.488), isquemia (46% y 95%, p<0.001), tiempo de isquemia medio (24.6±7.2 min y 25.1±10.4 min, p=0.844) y complicaciones (11.5% y un 22.7%, p=0.442) respectivamente. No se observó recidiva local. Conclusiones: Ambos grupos son comparables en cuanto a estadio tumoral, presentando en el grupo de enucleación un menor sangrado, menor necesidad de clampaje vascular y un tiempo de isquemia similar al grupo de nefrectomía parcial. Ambas técnicas son seguras a nivel oncológico, con una baja tasa de márgenes afectos. Ambas técnicas presentan una baja morbilidad postoperatoria.