Resumo Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil diagnóstico dos casos de câncer de mama na pandemia de coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) em comparação com o ano anterior. Métodos Este é um estudo retrospectivo de casos diagnosticados em um serviço de referência da rede pública de saúde de Campinas, SP, Brasil. Foram analisados dois períodos: de março a outubro de 2019 (período pré-COVID) e de março a outubro de 2020 (período COVID). Todas as mulheres diagnosticadas durante os períodos foram incluídas. Foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney. Resultados Nos períodos pré-COVID e COVID, o câncer de mama foi diagnosticado, respectivamente, em 115 e 59 mulheres, e a média de idade no diagnóstico foi de 55 e 57 anos (p = 0,339). No período COVID, foram mais frequentes a história familiar de câncer de mama (9,6% vs 29,8%, p < 0,001), casos sintomáticos (50,4% vs 79,7%, p < 0,001) e com massas palpáveis (56,5% vs 79,7%, p = 0,003). Nas mulheres sintomáticas, a média de dias desde os sintomas até a mamografia foi de 233,6 (458,3) no pré-COVID e 152,1 (151,5) no COVID (p = 0,871). Entre os tumores invasivos no período COVID, a proporção de cânceres nos estágios I e II foi ligeiramente maior, porém não significativa (76,7% vs 82,4%, p = 0,428). Ainda no período COVID, a frequência de tumores tipo luminal A-like foi menor (29,2% vs 11,8%, p = 0,018), de tumores triplo-negativos foi duas vezes maior (10,1% vs 21,6%, p = 0,062), e de tumores positivos para receptor de estrogênio foi inferior (82,2% vs 66,0%, p = 0,030). Conclusão Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, houve uma redução no diagnóstico de câncer de mama. Os casos detectados eram sugestivos de pior prognóstico: mulheres sintomáticas com massas palpáveis e subtipos mais agressivos. Os tumores indolentes foram os mais sensíveis à interrupção do rastreamento.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic profile of breast cancer cases during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic compared with the previous year. Methods It is a retrospective study of cases diagnosed by a reference service in the public health system of Campinas, SP, Brazil. Two periods were analyzed: March to October 2019 (preCOVID period) and March to October 2020 (COVID-period). All women diagnosed during the periods were included. The Chi-Squared or Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results In the preCOVID and COVID periods, breast cancers were diagnosed, respectively, in 115 vs 59 women, and the mean ages at diagnosis were 55 and 57 years (p = 0.339). In the COVID period, the family history of breast cancer was more observed (9.6% vs 29.8%, p < 0.001), cases were more frequently symptomatic (50.4% vs 79.7%, p < 0.001) and had more frequently palpable masses (56.5% vs 79.7%, p = 0.003). In symptomatic women, the mean number of days from symptom to mammography were 233.6 (458.3) in 2019 and 152.1 (151.5) in 2020 (p = 0.871). Among invasive tumors, the proportion of breast cancers in stages I and II was slightly higher in the COVID period, although not significantly (76.7% vs 82.4%, p = 0.428). Also in the COVID period, the frequency of luminal A-like tumors was lower (29.2% vs 11.8%, p = 0.018), of triple-negative tumors was twice as high (10.1% vs 21.6%, p = 0.062), and of estrogen receptor-positive tumors was lower (82.2% vs 66.0%, p = 0.030). Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, breast cancer diagnoses were reduced. Cases detected were suggestive of a worse prognosis: symptomatic women with palpable masses and more aggressive subtypes. Indolent tumors were those more sensitive to the interruption in screening.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Prostate cancer screening in the elderly is controversial. The Brazilian government and the National Cancer Institute (INCA) do not recommend systematic screening. Our purpose was to assess prevalence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer in men aged 70 years and above, on the first Latin American database to date. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study (n=17,571) from 231 municipalities, visited by Mobile Cancer Prevention Units of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based opportunistic screening program, between 2004 and 2007. The criteria for biopsy were: PSA>4.0ng/ml, or PSA 2.5-4.0ng/ml with free/total PSA ratio ≤15%, or suspicious digital rectal examination findings. The screened men were stratified in two age groups (45-69 years, and ≥70 years). These groups were compared regarding prostate cancer prevalence and aggressiveness criteria (PSA, Gleason score from biopsy and TNM staging). Results: The prevalence of prostate cancer found was 3.7%. When compared to men aged 45-69 years, individuals aged 70 years and above presented cancer prevalence about three times higher (prevalence ratio 2.9, p<0.01), and greater likelihood to present PSA level above 10.0ng/ml at diagnosis (odds ratio 2.63, p<0.01). The group of elderly men also presented prevalence of histologically aggressive disease (Gleason 8-10) 3.6 times higher (p<0.01), and 5-fold greater prevalence of metastases (PR 4.95, p<0.05). Conclusions: Prostate cancer screening in men aged over 70 may be relevant in Brazil, considering the absence of systematic screening, higher prevalence and higher probability of high-risk disease found in this age range of the population studied.

Abstract The identification of families at-risk for hereditary cancer is extremely important due to the prevention potential in those families. However, the number of Brazilian genetic services providing oncogenetic care is extremely low for the continental dimension of the country and its population. Therefore, at-risk patients do not receive appropriate assistance. This report describes the creation, structure and management of a cancer genetics service in a reference center for cancer prevention and treatment, the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH). The Oncogenetics Department (OD) of BCH offers, free of charge, to all patients/relatives with clinical criteria, the possibility to perform i) genetic counseling, ii) preventive examinations and iii) genetic testing with the best quality standards. The OD has a multidisciplinary team and is integrated with all specialties. The genetic counseling process consists (mostly) of two visits. In 2014, 614 individuals (371 families) were seen by the OD. To date, over 800 families were referred by the OD for genetic testing. The support provided by the Oncogenetics team is crucial to identify at-risk individuals and to develop preventive and personalized behaviors for each situation, not only to the upper-middle class population, but also to the people whose only possibility is the public health system.

O rastreamento para o câncer de mama ou a realização regular do exame de mamografia é uma realidade em países desenvolvidos. A enfermagem atua de diferentes maneiras neste processo, tendo importante papel no enfrentamento das barreiras relacionadas com a não adesão ao rastreamento; porém, sua efetividade é pouco comprovada, havendo limitado número de estudos clínicos sobre o tema. Realizou-se revisão integrativa sobre o tema na PubMed e na literatura latino-americana LILACS, avaliando estudos clínicos controlados que comprovassem a efetividade das ações de enfermagem, utilizando as palavras-chave rastreamento para o câncer de mama, enfermagem e estudos clínicos. Na PubMed foram identificadas 110 publicações sobre o tema, das quais 18 estudos clínicos apresentando as ações de enfermagem. Não se identificou nenhum estudo na LILACS. A presente revisão mostrou a efetividade da enfermagem no contexto do rastreamento do câncer de mama, apresentando novas perspectivas de atuação profissional, dentro de um contexto multidisciplinar de qualificação de ações relacionadas à saúde da mulher.

Mammographic breast cancer screening is a fact in developed countries. Nursing acts in different ways in this process, having an important role in the barriers related to non-adherence to screening, but its effectiveness is little proven, with limited number of clinical trials about this topic. An integrative review of the literature in PubMed and LILACS (Latin American Literature) was conducted, aiming to evaluate controlled clinical trials about nurse's role in breast cancer screening. It was used the key words breast cancer screening, clinical trials and nurse. From 110 publications in PubMed, 18 were clinical trials and showed the nurse's role in breast cancer screening. None publication was observed in LILACS database. This review shows the effectiveness of nursing in breast cancer screening, presenting new nurse's role in the multidisciplinary team that qualify actions related to women's health.

La detección del cáncer de mama por mamografía es un hecho en los países desarrollados. Enfermería actúa de diferentes maneras en este proceso, asumiendo un papel importante en los obstáculos relacionados con la falta de adherencia a los exámenes. A pesar de su importancia, existe un número limitado de ensayos clínicos sobre este tema. Se realizó una revisión integrada de la literatura en PubMed y LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana), evaluando ensayos clínicos sobre el papel de la enfermera en el rastreamento del cáncer de mama. Utilizó-se las palabras clave detección del cáncer de mama, enfermería y estudios clínicos. De 110 publicaciones en PubMed, 18 eran ensayos clínicos que mostraron el papel de la enfermera en la detección del cáncer de mama, pero ninguna publicación estaba presente en la base de datos LILACS. Esta revisión muestra la eficacia de la enfermería en la detección del cáncer de mama, presentando un nuevo papel de la enfermera en el equipo multidisciplinario y calificando las acciones relacionadas con la salud de la mujer.

Mammographic breast cancer screening is a fact in developed countries. Nursing acts in different ways in this process, having an important role in the barriers related to non-adherence to screening, but its effectiveness is little proven, with limited number of clinical trials about this topic. An integrative review of the literature in PubMed and LILACS (Latin American Literature) was conducted, aiming to evaluate controlled clinical trials about nurse's role in breast cancer screening. It was used the key words breast cancer screening, clinical trials and nurse. From 110 publications in PubMed, 18 were clinical trials and showed the nurse's role in breast cancer screening. None publication was observed in LILACS database. This review shows the effectiveness of nursing in breast cancer screening, presenting new nurse's role in the multidisciplinary team that qualify actions related to women's health.

La detección del cáncer de mama por mamografía es un hecho en los países desarrollados. Enfermería actúa de diferentes maneras en este proceso, asumiendo un papel importante en los obstáculos relacionados con la falta de adherencia a los exámenes. A pesar de su importancia, existe un número limitado de ensayos clínicos sobre este tema. Se realizó una revisión integrada de la literatura en PubMed y LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana), evaluando ensayos clínicos sobre el papel de la enfermera en el rastreamento del cáncer de mama. Utilizó-se las palabras clave detección del cáncer de mama, enfermería y estudios clínicos. De 110 publicaciones en PubMed, 18 eran ensayos clínicos que mostraron el papel de la enfermera en la detección del cáncer de mama, pero ninguna publicación estaba presente en la base de datos LILACS. Esta revisión muestra la eficacia de la enfermería en la detección del cáncer de mama, presentando un nuevo papel de la enfermera en el equipo multidisciplinario y calificando las acciones relacionadas con la salud de la mujer.

O rastreamento para o câncer de mama ou a realização regular do exame de mamografia é uma realidade em países desenvolvidos. A enfermagem atua de diferentes maneiras neste processo, tendo importante papel no enfrentamento das barreiras relacionadas com a não adesão ao rastreamento; porém, sua efetividade é pouco comprovada, havendo limitado número de estudos clínicos sobre o tema. Realizou-se revisão integrativa sobre o tema na PubMed e na literatura latino-americana LILACS, avaliando estudos clínicos controlados que comprovassem a efetividade das ações de enfermagem, utilizando as palavras-chave rastreamento para o câncer de mama, enfermagem e estudos clínicos. Na PubMed foram identificadas 110 publicações sobre o tema, das quais 18 estudos clínicos apresentando as ações de enfermagem. Não se identificou nenhum estudo na LILACS. A presente revisão mostrou a efetividade da enfermagem no contexto do rastreamento do câncer de mama, apresentando novas perspectivas de atuação profissional, dentro de um contexto multidisciplinar de qualificação de ações relacionadas à saúde da mulher.

Purpose Little is known about the effects of literacy levels on prostate cancer screening. This study evaluates the association between literacy, compliance with screening, and biopsy findings in a large Brazilian screening study. Materials and Methods We analyzed 17,571 men screened for PCa with digital rectal examination (DRE) and total and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from January 2004 to December 2007. Of those, 17,558 men had information regarding literate status. Full urological evaluation in a specialized cancer center was recommended in the case of: a) suspicious DRE, b) PSA > 4.0 ng/mL, or c) PSA 2.5-3.9 ng/mL and free/total PSA (f/tPSA) ratio < 15%. Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (14 cores) was performed upon confirmation of these findings after the patient's consent. Patients' compliance with screening recommendations and biopsy results were evaluated according to literacy levels. Results an abnormal PSA, a suspicious DRE, or both were present in 73.2%, 19.7%, and 7.1% of those men who underwent biopsy, respectively. PCa was diagnosed in 652 men (3.7%). Previous PSAs or DREs were less common among illiterate men (p < 0.0001). Additionally, illiterate men were less prone to attend to further evaluations due to an abnormal PSA or DRE (p < 0.0001). PSA levels > 10 mg/mL (p = 0.03), clinical stage > T2a (p = 0.005), and biopsy Gleason > 7 (p = 0.02) were more common among illiterate men. Conclusions In a screened population, literacy levels were associated with prior PCa evaluations and with compliance with screening protocols. Illiterate men were at higher risk of being diagnosed with more advanced and aggressive PCa.