ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inoculation with Aspergillus terreus and/or Trichoderma longibrachiatum on fermentation, chemical and microbiological composition of elephant grass ‘Cameroon’ silage (Cenchrus purpureus). Treatments were A. terreus at 105 colony forming units (CFU)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum at 105 CFU/g (TL20), a mixture of both at 105 CFU/g (MIX), and a control group without inoculation (CONTR). The design was completely randomized with seven replicates. The MIX silage was most stable, while CONTR, AT15, and TL20, had lower dry matter losses. There was no effect of inoculation in the chemical composition of silages. Only MIX silage (4.40) had pH above the minimum of 4.2 for humid grass silage and above the control (4.05). Bacteria from Diplococcus genus was identified at the opening of TL20 and CONTR silages. After air exposure, the population of rods, Lactobacillus, and total lactic acid bacteria was higher in theTL20 and MIX. The inclusion of a T. longibrachiatum and A. terreus mixture increases dry mater loss and silage pH. T. longibrachiatum was more efficient in maintaining populations of total lactic acid bacteria after opening; therefore, this strain has potential as an additive for elephant grass ‘Cameroon’ silage.

RESUMO O objetivo foi testar a inoculação com Aspergillus terreus e Trichoderma longibrachiatum sobre a fermentação, a composição bromatológica e microbiológica de silagem de capim-elefante cultivar ‘Cameroon’ (Cenchrus purpureus). Os tratamentos foram A. terreus a 105 unidades formadores de colônias (UFC)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum a 105 UFC/g (TL20), a mistura de ambos a 105 UFC/g (MIX), cada, e um controle não inoculado (CONTR). O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com sete repetições. A silagem MIX foi mais estável após abertura, enquanto CONTR, AT15 e TL20 apresentaram menor perda de massa seca. Não houve efeito de inoculação sobre a composição bromatológica das silagens. Apenas a silagem MIX (4,40) apresentou pH acima do mínimo de 4,2 para silagem de capim úmido e superior ao controle (4,05). Bactérias do gênero Diplococcus foram identificadas na abertura das silagens TL20 e CONTR. Após exposição ao ar, a população de bastonetes, Lactobacillus e bactérias láticas totais foram maiores em TL20 e MIX. A mistura de T. longibrachiatum e A. terreus aumenta a perda de matéria seca e o pH da silagem. T. longibrachiatum é mais eficiente em manter as populações de bactérias láticas totais após a abertura. Portanto, essa cepa tem potencial como aditivo para silagem de capim-elefante ‘Cameroon’.

Glial cells have been implicated in temporal lobe epilepsy in humans and in its models. Astrocytes are lost in several brain regions after acute seizures induced by pilocarpine and may suffer hyperplasia at subsequent time points. This study investigated the effect of N-methyl-(2S,4R)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (NMP) on astrocytes exposed to cytotoxic concentrations of pilocarpine. Astrocytes were incubated with pilocarpine (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)=31.86 mM) for 24 h. Afterwards, they were treated with NMP at concentrations ranging from 3.12 to 100 μg/mL for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) were analyzed by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and rhodamine-123 (Rho123), respectively. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC-1) were measured by western blot. Pilocarpine significantly decreased cell viability and mitochondrial potential and increased ROS concentration significantly by 6.7 times compared to the control. NMP concentrations ≥25 µg/mL protected astrocytes against pilocarpine-induced injury in a concentration-dependent manner. Concomitantly, NMP reduced cytoplasmic ROS accumulation to 27.3, 24.8, and 12.3% in the groups treated with 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL NMP, respectively. NMP also protected mitochondria from pilocarpine-induced depolarization. These effects were associated with improvement of pilocarpine-induced GFAP and VDAC-1 overexpression, which are important biomarkers of astrocyte dysfunction. In conclusion, the improvement of ROS accumulation, VDAC-1 overexpression, and mitochondrial depolarization are possible mechanisms of the NMP protective action on reactive astrocytes.

RESUMO Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) é uma espécie arbórea, encontrada no bioma Cerrado, utilizada na recuperação de áreas degradadas e na ornamentação. Dos frutos, extrai-se a rutina, um bioflavonoide utilizado na indústria farmacêutica, o qual atua na permeabilidade e na resistência dos vasos capilares. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do tipo de solo e de adubos sobre a emergência e o vigor da fava-d’anta semeada diretamente no campo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro tipos de adubação e dois tipos de solo), com sete repetições de cinco sementes cada. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: emergência, primeira contagem da emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, altura e diâmetro da plântula. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores, tipo de solo e adubos. Os melhores resultados para emergência e IVE são obtidos quando a semeadura é realizada em solo local.

ABSTRACT Dimorphandra moliis Benth. (Laguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) is a tree species found in Cerrado, useful in the recovery of areas and as an ornamental plant. Rutin, estractedfrom the fruit, is a bioflavonoid used in the pharmaceutical industry which acts on the permeability and resistance of capillaries. This study aimed to determine the effects of soil type and fertilizers on the emergence and vigor of fava-d´anta sown directly in field. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 2 ( four types of fertilizer and two types of soil) with seven replications of five seeds each. We evaluated the following features: emergence, emergence first count, emergence speed index, seedling height and diameter. There was no significant interaction among factors, soil type and fertilizers. The best results for emergence and ESI (emergence rate index) are obtained when the seeds is sown in local soil.

RESUMO A erva-baleeira (Varronia curassavica Jaqc.) é uma importante planta medicinal, com ocorrências em vários biomas brasileiros, dela é possível extrair óleo essencial utilizado na produção de fitoterápicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do horário de coleta das folhas sobre o teor e os constituintes químicos do óleo essencial da V. curassavica. As folhas foram obtidas da coleção do germoplasma do Horto Medicinal do Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICA/UFMG). Os tratamentos constaram de cinco horários de coleta (6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 e 18:00 horas) e três repetições, utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. O óleo essencial foi extraído pelo método de hidrodestilação, utilizando-se o sistema Clevenger e a constituição química determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). O teor do óleo essencial não sofreu influencia do horário de coleta. Entretanto, o horário de coleta influenciou a composição química do óleo essencial de erva-baleeira. Os compostos majoritários em todos os horários de coleta foram β-cariofileno (22,6 a 27,4%), elixeno (14,9 a 17,2%) e γ-muuroleno (9,1 a 9,8%). Já o composto de menor abundância relativa, sabineno (1,1 %), apresentou ocorrência apenas as 6 h da manhã.

ABSTRACT The erva-baleeira (Varronia curassavica Jacq.) is an important medicinal plant which occurs in several Brazilian biomes, from which it is possible to extract essential oil used in the production of herbal medicines. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of the collection schedule for the leaves on the content and the chemical constituents of the essential oil of V. curassavica. The leaves were obtained from the germplasm collection of the Medicinal Garden of the Institute of Agricultural Sciences at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (ICA/UFMG). The treatments consisted of five collection schedules (6:00 and 9:00 AM, and 12:00, 3:00, and 6:00 PM) and three replications, using a completely randomized design. The essential oil was extracted by the hydrodistillation method, using the Clevenger system, and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The harvest time did not influence the content of the essential oil. However, the collection schedule did influence the chemical composition of the essential oil of erva-baleeira. The major compounds at all collection times were β-caryophyllene (22.6 to 27.4%), xylene (14.9 to 17.2%) and γ-muurolene (9.1 to 9.8%). The compound of lowest relative abundance, sabinene (1.1%), was found only at 6 AM.

The antioxidant effects of Caryocar brasiliense Camb, commonly known as the pequi fruit, have not been evaluated to determine their protective effects against oxidative damage in lung carcinogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the role of pequi fruit against urethane-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in forty 8-12 week old male BALB/C mice. An in vivo comet assay was performed to assess DNA damage in lung tissues and changes in lipid peroxidation and redox cycle antioxidants were monitored for oxidative stress. Prior supplementation with pequi oil or its extract (15 µL, 60 days) significantly reduced urethane-induced oxidative stress. A protective effect against DNA damage was associated with the modulation of lipid peroxidation and low protein and gene expression of nitric oxide synthase. These findings suggest that the intake of pequi fruit might protect against in vivo genotoxicity and oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry fecal samples in the cloaca from 49 laying hens. To analyze the antimicrobial sensibility an agar diffusion susceptibility test was performed and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericida Concentration (MBC) of Lippia origanoides and Lippia rotundifolia essential oils was determined. The concentrations used were 160, 80 and 40 μL/mL. The L. origanoides essential oil showed antimicrobial effect from 40 μL/mL dose against both microorganisms, with larger efficiency in E. coli. The L.rotundifolia essential oil was more efficient at the concentration of 160μL/mL. Its effect was observed in all microorganisms. These results suggest that L. origanoides oil is more effective than L. rotundifolia oil in inhibiting the growth of microorganism isolated from poultry, although it also has a satisfactory antimicrobial effect. Results indicate the potential use of these plant's essential oils in poultry feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial products.

Hyaluronan (HA) shows promise for detecting cancerous change in pleural effusion and urine. However, there is uncertainty about the localization of HA in tumor tissue and its relationship with different histological types and other components of the extracellular matrix, such as angiogenesis. We evaluated the association between HA and degree of malignancy through expression in lung tumor tissue and sputum. Tumoral tissue had significantly increased HA compared to normal tissue. Strong HA staining intensity associated with cancer cells was significant in squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. A significant direct association was found between tumors with a high percentage of HA and MVD (microvessel density) in tumoral stroma. Similarly significant was the direct association between N1 tumors and high levels of HA in cancer cells. Cox multivariate analysis showed significant association between better survival and low HA. HA increased in sputum from lung cancer patients compared to cancer-free and healthy volunteers and a significant correlation was found between HA in sputum and HA in cancer tissue. Localization of HA in tumor tissue was related to malignancy and reflected in sputum, making this an emerging factor for an important diagnostic procedure in patients suspected to have lung cancer. Further study in additional patients in a randomized prospective trial is required to finalize these results and to validate our quantitative assessment of HA, as well as to couple it to gold standard sputum cytology.

The diagnostic usefulness of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained sputum smears combined with conventional polymerase chain reaction (ZN/PCR) to amplify IS6110 region DNA extracted from ZN slides was evaluated. The objective was to verify if this association could improve tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in patients at remote sites. The study was carried out in 89 patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB as defined by the Brazilian Manual for TB Treatment. The participants were recruited in a reference unit for TB treatment in Rondônia, a state in the Amazonian area in northern Brazil. ZN, PCR, and culture performed in the sputum samples from these patients were analyzed in different combinations (i.e., ZN plus PCR and ZN plus culture). The prevalence rates of pulmonary TB in these patients were 32.6 and 28.1% considering culture and ZN/PCR, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ZN/PCR were 86 and 93%, respectively. ZN/PCR was able to detect more TB cases than ZN alone. This method could offer a new approach for accurate tuberculosis diagnosis, especially in remote regions of the world where culture is not available.

The essential oil (EO) composition of ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi was analyzed by GC-MS. The oil extraction yielded 6.54 ± 1.06% (w/w). Seventeen compounds were identified, accounting for 91.15% of the total oil, where monoterpenes constituted the main chemical class (85.81%), followed by sesquiterpenes (5.34%). The major monoterpene identified was δ-3-carene (30.37%), followed by limonene (17.44%), α-phellandrene (12.60%) and α-pinene (12.59%). Trans-caryophyllene (1.77%) was the major sesquiterpene identified. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against wild strains of hospital origin (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Nocardia sp. and Streptococcus group D). The essential oil of the ripe fruit of S. terebinthifolius Raddi has shown to be active against all tested wild strains, with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 3.55 μg/mL to 56.86 μg/mL. However, it has revealed some differences in susceptibility: the general, Gram-positive species showed greater sensitivity to the action of EO, which is probably due to the lower structural complexity of their cell walls.

Limitations on tissue proliferation capacity determined by telomerase/apoptosis balance have been implicated in pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, collagen V shows promise as an inductor of apoptosis. We evaluated the quantitative relationship between the telomerase/apoptosis index, collagen V synthesis, and epithelial/fibroblast replication in mice exposed to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at high oxygen concentration. Two groups of mice were analyzed: 20 mice received BHT, and 10 control mice received corn oil. Telomerase expression, apoptosis, collagen I, III, and V fibers, and hydroxyproline were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, in situ detection of apoptosis, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and histomorphometry. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of increased alveolar epithelial cells type 1 (AEC1) in apoptosis. Immunostaining showed increased nuclear expression of telomerase in AEC type 2 (AEC2) between normal and chronic scarring areas of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Control lungs and normal areas from UIP lungs showed weak green birefringence of type I and III collagens in the alveolar wall and type V collagen in the basement membrane of alveolar capillaries. The increase in collagen V was greater than collagens I and III in scarring areas of UIP. A significant direct association was found between collagen V and AEC2 apoptosis. We concluded that telomerase, collagen V fiber density, and apoptosis evaluation in experimental UIP offers the potential to control reepithelization of alveolar septa and fibroblast proliferation. Strategies aimed at preventing high rates of collagen V synthesis, or local responses to high rates of cell apoptosis, may have a significant impact in pulmonary fibrosis.

O S. adstringens, árvore típica do Cerrado, tem sido explorada visando suas propriedades medicinais e tanantes. Em razão do ainda incipiente conhecimento genético da espécie, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a diversidade e a estrutura genética de S. adstringens por meio de marcadores aloenzimáticos. Foram coletadas sementes em cinco mesorregiões brasileiras, sendo amostrados 627 indivíduos divididos em 16 populações localizadas nos Estados de Minas Gerais e Goiás. Foram testados 14 sistemas isoenzimáticos; destes, sete foram polimórficos com o total de 10 locos e 28 alelos. O valor de diversidade genética média (H) foi 0,226, a proporção média de locos polimórficos (P) foi 68,75, o número médio de alelos por loco polimórfico (AP) foi 2,65 e o número efetivo de alelos (Ae) foi igual a 1,29. Resultados do índice de fixação total (F= 0,003), do índice de fixação dentro de populações (f = -0,114) e, da medida de diferenciação genética (θ =0,105) foram não significativos, indicando a inexistência de estruturação genética. Na análise de agrupamento (UPGMA) foram observados dois grupos principais, o primeiro formado pela população do Parque Estadual (PE) do Rio Preto (MG), e outro, formado pelas demais populações. Se excluída a população do PE do Rio Preto das análises, G ST é drasticamente reduzido de 0,077 para 0,026. Assim, aproximadamente 2/3 do valor total de G ST verificado em S. adstringens foi devido à variação entre a população do PE do Rio Preto e as demais populações. De modo geral, os valores H e P observados em S. adstringens são compatíveis aos constatados em árvores tropicais comumente distribuídas. Por outro lado, excluindo a população do PE do Rio Preto, o valor da medida de diferenciação genética G ST foi menor que o verificado em árvores tropicais nativas e pinheiros de zonas temperadas. A semelhança entre populações avaliadas indica que o fluxo gênico ainda é alto o suficiente para prevenir a diferenciação genética, pelo menos em nível local.

The S. adstringens, a typical Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) tree, is used because of its medicinal and tanning properties. Because of the still incipient genetic knowledge of the species, the objective of this work was to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of S. adstringens by using allozyme markers. Seeds were collected in five Brazilian mesoregions, in which 627 individuals in 16 populations in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás were sampled. Fourteen isoenzyme systems were assessed, out of which seven were polymorphic with a total of 10 loci and 28 alleles. Average genetic diversity (H) was 0.226, average proportion of polymorphic loci (P) was 68.75, average number of alleles per polymorphic locus (AP) was 2.65 and effective number of alleles (Ae) was equal to 1.29. The results of total fixation index (F= 0.003), within population fixation index (f =-0.114) and genetic differentiation measure (θ =0.105) were not significant, which shows the inexistence of genetic structure. Two principal groups were found in the cluster analysis (UPGMA), where the first one was formed by the population of State Park (PE) of Rio Preto (MG) and the other, by the other populations. If the population of PE of Rio Preto is excluded from the analysis, G ST is drastically reduced from 0.077 to 0.026. Thus, approximately 2/3 of the total value of G ST found in S. adstringens was due to the variation among the population of PE of Rio Preto and the other populations. Overall, the values of H and P found in S. adstringens are compatible with the ones found in typically distributed tropical trees. On the other hand, by excluding the population of PE of Rio Preto, the value of the G ST genetic differentiation measure was smaller than the one found in native tropical trees from temperate zones. The similarity between the assessed populations shows that the gene flow is still high enough to avoid genetic differentiation, at the local level, at least.

A erva-baleeira, espécie medicinal anti-inflamatória, pode ser propagada por sementes, no entanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes para a propagação vegetativa possibilitará a uniformidade nas populações e a clonagem de plantas de interesse quanto aos aspectos agronômico e de composição química. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do ácido naftaleno acético (NAA) e do ácido indolbutírico (IBA) e de diferentes substratos no enraizamento de estacas semi-lenhosas de erva-baleeira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em Montes Claros em delineamento inteiramente casualizados. Para o experimento teste da influência das auxinas, as estacas foram submetidas a tratamentos com NAA e IBA nas concentrações de 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg L-1, e para o experimento dos substratos, cinco substratos foram avaliados (vermiculita expandida + casca de arroz parcialmente carbonizada (proporção de 1:1); vermiculita expandida; substrato orgânico comercial para hortaliça (Tropstrato HT ®); areia; solo + compostagem (proporção de 1:1)). Após 90 dias, para ambos os experimentos, foram avaliadas porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, de estacas mortas, de estacas vivas com calos, de estacas mortas com calos, número de raízes formadas por estaca e comprimento das três maiores raízes (cm). O regulador vegetal ideal para o enraizamento da espécie é o IBA, na concentração de 2.000 mg L-1, sendo que o NAA não é recomendado para a indução radicial em estacas erva-baleeira. O substrato vermiculita com casca de arroz carbonizada na proporção de 1:1 proporcionou maior porcentagem de enraizamento nas estacas da erva-baleira que o substrato solo + compostagem (1:1), os demais substratos não diferenciaram entre si.

The Varronia curassavica Jacq., black sage, is an anti-inflammatory medicinal species that can be propagated by seed; however, the development of efficient methods for vegetative propagation will enable uniformity in the populations and cloning of plants of interest regarding the agronomic aspects and chemical composition. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) and different substrates on the rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of black sage. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Montes Claros, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as a randomized complete design. For the experiment to test the influence of auxin, the cuttings were subjected to treatments with NAA and IBA at the concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg L-1, and for the experiment with substrates, five substrates were evaluated (expanded vermiculite + carbonized rice husk (1:1); expanded vermiculite; commercial organic substrate for vegetable (Tropstrato ® HT); sand; soil + compost (1:1)). After 90 days, in both experiments, we evaluated the rooting percentage of cuttings, dead cuttings, live cuttings with callus, dead cuttings with callus, number of roots per cutting and length of the three longest roots (cm). The best plant growth regulator for the rooting of the species is the IBA at a concentration of 2.000 mg L-1, and the NAA is not recommended for the induction of roots in cuttings of black sage. Vermiculite with carbonized rice husk in the ratio of 1:1 showed greater percentage of rooting in cuttings of black sage than soil + composting (1:1); other substrates did not differ among themselves.

Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais de três plantas medicinais sobre o crescimento micelial, a produção e a germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.). Utilizou-se os óleos essenciais de Lippia sidoides Cham., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) e Ocimum gratissimum L. em cinco concentrações (0 µL mL-1, 1 µL mL-1, 3 µL mL-1, 5 µL mL-1 e 7 µL mL-1) com 4 repetições no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5x3. Os óleos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrometria de massas. Para todas as características verificou-se efeito significativo da interação "Óleo" versus "Concentração". O óleo essencial de C. citratus proporcionou a maior inibição do crescimento micelial em todas as concentrações testadas. Os outros óleos não se diferenciaram, exceto a partir da concentração de 5 µL mL-1, onde o óleo de L. sidoides foi superior ao óleo de O. gratissimum. Na produção e germinação de conídios, o óleo de C. citratus, foi superior aos óleos de L. sidoides e de O. gratissimum nas concentrações de 1 µL mL-1 e 3 µL mL-1, inibindo completamente a produção e germinação a partir da concentração de 3 µL mL-1. As concentrações influenciam em todas as variáveis, ajustando-se à equação do modelo linear. Observa-se o decréscimo nessas, à medida em que se aumentam as concentrações dos óleos testados. Os óleos essenciais testados possuem efeito fungitóxico e fungistático.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different concentrations of essential oils of three medicinal plants on the mycelial growth, production and conidial germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.). We used a completely randomized design, in a 5x3 factorial design, being five concentrations (0 µL mL-1, 1 µL mL-1, 3 µL mL-1, 5 µL mL-1 e 7 µL mL-1) x three oils from Lippia sidoides Cham., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Ocimum gratissimum L., with four replications. The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. There was a significant interaction of concentration versus species on all analyzed traits. The essential oil from C. citratus yielded the highest mycelial growth inhibition at all concentrations. The other oils were not differentiated, except at the concentration of 5µL mL-1, in which the oil of L. sidoides was more efficient that the oil of O. gratissimum. In conidial production and germination, the oil of C. citratus was superior to the oil of L. sidoides and O. gratissimum at the concentrations of 1 µL mL-1 and 3 µL mL-1, as it completely inhibited the production and germination of conidia at the concentrations of 3 µL mL-1 and above. The concentrations influenced all the variables, adjusting themselves to the linear model equation. We observed a decrease in the variables, as the concentrations of the oils tested are increased. The essential oils used have antifungal and fungicidal effect.

Objetivou-se no trabalho avaliar a ação antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides frente à isolados de Staphylococcus sp. de alimentos de origem animal. Para tanto, realizou-se análise química da composição do óleo, teste de sensibilidade das bactérias frente a dez antibióticos de uso terapêutico e ao óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides, além da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). A análise cromatográfica do óleo apresentou o timol como composto majoritário (48,70%), além de pequena quantidade de carvacrol (1,14%). No teste de sensibilidade frente aos antibióticos, 75% dos isolados apresentaram resistência a, no mínimo, três antibióticos. Em relação ao óleo essencial, os isolados de Staphylococcus sp oriundos de leite bovino mostraram-se mais resistentes e os isolados de carne ovina apresentaram-se mais sensíveis. A CIM foi maior para os Staphylococcus sp. isolados de leite bovino e leite ovino (60µL/mL). Enquanto que para os isolados de carcaça de ovinos e queijo, a CIM foi de 15µL/mL e 30µL/mL respectivamente. A CBM, consequentemente, foi maior para os isolados de leite bovino e leite ovino, sendo de 240µL/mL e 120µL/mL respectivamente. O óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides apresenta atividade antimicrobiana sobre Staphylococcus sp. isolados de alimentos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Lippia origanoides in relation to Staphylococcus sp. isolated from food of animal origin. For this purpose, we performed the chemical analysis to determine the oil composition, evaluated the bacteria sensibility to ten antibiotics of therapeutic use and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The chromatographic analysis showed that tymol was the main compound (48.70%) and that carvacrol was present in a small amount (1.14%). In the test of antibiotic susceptibility, 75% of the microorganism isolates were resistant to at least three of the ten antibiotics tested. The Staphylococcus sp isolated from bovine milk was more resistant to the essential oil of Lippia origanoides, and the microorganism isolated from sheep meat was more susceptible to this oil. The Staphylococcus sp. isolated from bovine or sheep milk showed a MIC of 60µL/mL and for those isolated from sheep carcass and cheese the MIC was 15µL/mL and 30µL/mL, respectively. Consequently, the MBC was higher for isolates from cow's (240µL/mL) and sheep's milk (120µL/mL) when compared with other food sources. These results suggest that the essential oil of Lippia origanoides has antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus sp. isolated from food.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inseticida de extratos aquosos, alcoólicos e oleosos de folhas de oito plantas medicinais contra Diabrotica speciosa preparadas em cinco concentrações. Os extratos que utilizaram óleo de soja comercial como solvente apresentaram as maiores mortalidades de D. speciosa em função do próprio óleo, independentemente das plantas utilizadas em suas concentrações. Sendo assim, o óleo de soja comercial foi descartado como solvente, pois nestes volumes acarretaria sérios problemas de fitotoxidade. Após 24 horas de exposição da praga aos extratos, os maiores valores de mortalidade de D. speciosa foram observados nos extratos de Copaifera Langsdorfii e de Chenopodium ambrosioides, ambos em álcool 5%, e de Artemisia verlotorum, em água 10%. Entretanto, na última avaliação de mortalidade (48 h), o extrato de C. langsdorfii em álcool a 5% apresentou maior mortalidade dessa praga, seguida pelo extrato alcoólico a 5% de C. ambrosioides comparada às demais plantas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal effect of aqueous, alcoholic, and oil extracts from leaves of eight medicinal plants against Diabrotica speciosa prepared at five concentrations. The extracts that used commercial soybean oil as solvent showed the highest D. speciosa mortality due to the solvent itself, regardless of the used plants and their concentrations. Thus, commercial soybean oil was discarded as solvent since at these volumes it would cause serious phytotoxicity problems. After 24 hours of exposure of the pest to the extracts, the highest D. speciosa mortality values were observed for Copaifera langsdorfii and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts, both in 5% alcohol, and Artemisia verlotorum, in 10% water. However, in the last mortality assessment (48 h), C. langsdorfii extract in 5% alcohol showed higher mortality of this pest, followed by C. ambrosioides extract in 5% alcohol, compared to the remaining plants.