Resumen El desempeño reproductivo es crucial para la rentabilidad de la producción doble propósito en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. Evaluar tres protocolos para Inseminación Artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF) en vacas en lactancia de doble propósito. Vacas Pardo Suizo en lactancia (n=301) recibieron 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (EB) y un dispositivo intravaginal con 0,5 g de progesterona (P4) el Día 0 y fueron asignadas aleatoriamente en tres grupos. Las vacas del grupo EB recibieron 500 μg de cloprostenol (PGF2α) y se les retiró el dispositivo el Día 7, y recibieron 1 mg de EB el Día 8. Las vacas del grupo ECP fueron tratadas como las del grupo EB, excepto que recibieron 0,5 mg de cipionato de estradiol (ECP) en el día del retiro del dispositivo (Día 7) en lugar de EB el Día 8. En las vacas del grupo J-Synch, el retiro del dispositivo y la administración de PGF2α se realizaron el Día 6. Todas las vacas fueron IATF el Día 9 y las del grupo J-Synch recibieron 100 μg de gonadorelina en ese momento. Aunque el diámetro del folículo dominante y del CL fueron mayores (P<0,05) en las vacas del grupo J-Synch, las tasas de preñez a la IATF no difirieron entre los grupos (EB: 51,0%, ECP: 53,0% y J-Synch: 59,4%). Los tres protocolos probados se pueden aplicar con éxito en vacas de doble propósito amamantando.

Abstract Reproductive performance is crucial for profitability of dual-purpose cow-calf production in the Ecuadorian Amazon. To evaluate three different fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols in suckled, dual-purpose cows in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Lactating, Brown Swiss cows (n=301) received 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) and an intravaginal device containing 0.5 g of progesterone (P4) on Day 0. They were allocated randomly into the following three treatment groups: Cows in the EB group received 500 μg cloprostenol (PGF2α), and P4 devices were removed on Day 7, and 1 mg EB was administered on Day 8. Cows in the ECP group were treated as those in the EB group, except that they received 0.5 mg estradiol cypionate (ECP) at the time of P4 device removal on Day 7 instead of EB on Day 8. Cows in the J-Synch group had the P4 device removed and PGF2α administered on Day 6. All cows were FTAI on Day 9; cows in the J-Synch group also received 100 μg gonadorelin at that time. Although the diameter of the dominant follicle and the resulting CL were greater (P<0.05) in cows in the J-Synch group, pregnancies per AI did not differ (P>0.2) among groups (EB: 51.0%, ECP: 53.0% and J-Synch: 59.4%). The three protocols tested were applied successfully in suckled, dual-purpose cows with no differences in pregnancies per AI.

Abstract Prolonged exposure to environmental conditions such as ultraviolet radiation, humidity, and temperature, to which carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer components are exposed during their service life, can lead to significant changes in mechanical, physical, and chemicals properties, and can often be irreversible, resulting in premature component failure. This study presents the influence of accelerated weathering exposure times (400 h, 800 h, and 1200 h) on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of carbon fiber (CF)/polyamide 6 (PA6) laminates. Analyses of composite surfaces were carried out using microscopy and contact angle measurements, which indicated that the factors of exposure to accelerated only affected the surface of the composites, showing signs of the beginning of degradation. The tensile strength (609 MPa ± 10 MPa) and interlaminar shear strength (27 MPa ± 0.9 MPa) did not present significant changes, showing that the reinforcement, the matrix, and the interface remained stable after exposure to accelerated. radiation humidity temperature fiberreinforced reinforced life mechanical physical irreversible failure 400 (40 h 80 120 thermal CF/polyamide CFpolyamide CF /polyamide polyamide PA6 PA (PA6 laminates measurements composites degradation 609 (60 1 27 (2 09 0 9 0. reinforcement matrix 40 (4 8 12 (PA 60 (6 2 ( 4

Resumen Introducción. La heterogeneidad de los sistemas agropecuarios dificulta evaluar su sustentabilidad, pues no existen herramientas que puedan aplicarse a la generalidad de los casos, con indicadores de fácil comprensión por los actores del medio. Una herramienta de uso posible es el análisis energético. Objetivos. Contextualizar la heterogeneidad de los modelos de producción primaria de leche, con base en flujogramas de energía. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajó con datos retrospectivos de nueve establecimientos comerciales de producción de leche en la Región Pampeana Argentina, durante el período comprendido entre julio de 2014 a junio de 2015. Estos se diferenciaron según variables como carga animal y nivel de suplementación alimentaria. Se utilizó la metodología de estudio de casos, con análisis energéticos para cada caso, configurándose para cada uno flujogramas y cuantificándose ingresos, egresos y eficiencia de uso de la energía. Resultados. Se determinó la existencia de tres tipos de sistemas: mixto lechero-agrícola con invernada (proceso de engorde), mixto lechero-agrícola y lechero puro con invernada. Los sistemas mixtos son importantes por el caudal energético que aportan la agricultura, para compensar la significativa pérdida de energía de los subsistemas de leche y carne; sin embargo, los sistemas ganaderos puros resultaron más eficientes en el uso de la energía, debido al menor consumo energético y a la producción forrajera. Conclusiones. El análisis energético resultó útil para caracterizar la heterogeneidad entre sistemas a partir de la construcción de flujogramas. También permitió evaluar aspectos sociales y ambientales, que en análisis tradicionales quedan excluidos; pero que, dado el volumen del flujo energético que proveen, motivan la necesidad de incluirlos en la contabilidad por su importancia para el proceso lechero y por el estrecho vínculo entre naturaleza y sociedad, asociado al complejo hombre-ecosistema.

Abstract Introduction. The heterogeneity of agricultural systems makes it difficult to assess their sustainability, since there are no tools that can be applied to most cases, with indicators that are easily understood by the stakeholders in the field. One possible tool for use is energy analysis. Objectives. To contextualize the heterogeneity of primary milk production models, based on energy flowcharts. Materials and methods. A retrospective data from nine commercial milk production establishments in the Argentine Pampas Region, during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 were worked with. These were differentiated according to variables such as animal stocking rate and level of feed supplementation. The case study methodology was used, with energy analysis for each case, configuring flowcharts for each one, and quantifying inputs, outputs, and energy use efficiency. Results. The existence of three systems was determined: mixed dairy-agricultural with fattening, mixed dairy-agricultural, and pure dairy with fattening. The mixed systems are important, due to the energy flow provided by agriculture to compensate for the significant energy loss of the milk and meat subsystems; however, the purely livestock systems turned out to be more efficient in energy use, due to lower energy consumption and forage production. Conclusions. The energy analysis was useful to characterize the heterogeneity between systems through the construction of flow charts. It also allowed evaluating social and environmental aspects, which in traditional analyzes are excluded; but which, given the volume of energy flow they provide, motivate the need to include them in accounting due to their importance for the dairy process and due to the close link between nature and society, associated with the man-ecosystem complex.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad agropecuaria es usuaria y productora de energía, puede evaluarse mediante el análisis energético, que también relaciona conceptos de física, bioquímica y biología. Objetivos. Evaluar desde un enfoque energético expandido, distintos modelos comerciales de producción primaria de leche. Materiales y métodos. Se trabajó con datos retrospectivos de nueve establecimientos lecheros de la Región Pampeana Argentina, entre julio de 2014 a junio de 2015. Se calcularon cuatro indicadores: egreso energético (EE), ingreso energético (IE), eficiencia energética (EE/IE) y anergía (A). Resultados. Los mayores EE se basaron en productividad primaria neta, en condiciones de alta suplementación. El IE promedió fue 239,9 GJ/ha/año, rango en que se alinearon los sistemas con carga animal media. El agua (67 %) fue la principal aportante. La eficiencia (EE/IE) presentó marcada variabilidad, basada en los IE; aunque la biomasa vegetal fue la mayor causa de fluctuación de los EE, ya que los aportes de leche y carne no difirieron entre sistemas. El stock (almacenamiento) energético remanente no se utilizó dentro del sistema, ni contribuyó con el mismo mediante su exportación, por lo que se definió como una fracción sin utilidad práctica (A). Conclusiones. El análisis energético fue una herramienta válida para evaluar la sustentabilidad de los sistemas, se aplicó en modelos de producción con diferentes estrategias de intensificación. Al incluir la biomasa vegetal, los mayores egresos energéticos (EE) se apreciaron en modelos de alta suplementación, pero en el subsistema lechero tomado de manera individual, se asoció carga animal con mayores EE (por incremento de productividad) y mayores ingresos energéticos (IE), debido al incremento en el agua consumida.

Abstract Introduction. Agricultural activity is a user and producer of energy, which can be evaluated through energy analysis, which also relates concepts of physics, biochemistry, and biology. Objectives. To evaluate from an expanded energy approach, different commercial models of primary milk production. Materials and methods. The study was based on retrospective data from nine dairy farms in the Pampa's Argentina Region, between July 2014 and June 2015. Four indicators were calculated: energy output (EE), energy input (IE), energy efficiency (EE/IE), and anergy (A). Results. The highest EE were based on net primary productivity, under high supplementation conditions. The average IE was 239.9 GJ/ha/year, a range in which the systems with medium stocking rates were aligned. Water (67 %) was the main contributor. The efficiency (EE/IE) showed marked variability, based on the IE; although the vegetal biomass was the main cause of EE fluctuation, since the contributions of milk and meat did not differ between systems. The remaining energy stock (storage) was not used within the system, nor did it contribute to the system through its export, so it was defined as a fraction without practical use (A). Conclusions. The energy analysis was a valid tool to evaluate the sustainability of the systems, it was applied in production models with different intensification strategies. When including vegetal biomass, the highest energy outputs (EE) were seen in models with high supplementation, but in the dairy subsystem taken individually, animal stocking rate was associated with higher EE (due to increased productivity) and higher IE, due to the increase of water consumption.

Abstract Introduction: functional limitation is a result of sarcopenia and is associated with loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Cost-effective methods are important for the identification of sarcopenia. Objective: to propose cutoff points for normalized calf circumference (CC) in order to identify low SMM in older women based on their functional limitation. Methods: in this descriptive, cross-sectional study the CC values of a young female sample (n = 78) were used to establish cutoff points (-2 SD) for low SMM in older women (n = 67). Functional limitation was identified by the six-minute walk test (≤ 400 m). CC was normalized by body mass, height, and BMI. The diagnostic accuracy of CC was calculated with a ROC curve, using functional limitation as standard. Results: cutoff points and area under the curve (AUC) were: CC (≤ 28.5; 0.62); CC·body mass-1 (≤ 0.40; 0.63); CC·height-2 (≤ 8.52; 0.55) and CC·BMI-1 (≤ 1.10; 0.73). Only CC·BMI-1 achieved a desirable accuracy (AUC > 0.7) to distinguish functional limitation. Conclusion: the accuracy attained supports the use of CC·BMI-1 to identify low SMM in older women. In the clinical context it is possible to predict the risk of sarcopenia when sophisticated methods for determining SMM are not available.

Resumen Introducción: la limitación funcional es consecuencia de la sarcopenia y se asocia con la pérdida de masa muscular esquelética (MME). Los métodos rentables son importantes para la identificación de la sarcopenia. Objetivo: proponer puntos de corte para la circunferencia de la pantorrilla (CP), normalizada para identificar un MME bajo en mujeres mayores en función de su limitación funcional. Métodos: en este estudio descriptivo de carácter transversal se utilizaron los valores de CP de una muestra de mujeres jóvenes (n = 78) para establecer los puntos de corte (-2 DS) de la MME baja en las mujeres mayores (n = 67). La limitación funcional se identificó mediante la prueba de la marcha de seis minutos (≤ 400 m). La CP se normalizó por la masa corporal, la altura y el IMC. La precisión diagnóstica de la CP se calculó con la curva ROC, utilizando como estándar la limitación funcional. Resultados: los puntos de corte y el área bajo la curva (AUC) fueron: CP (≤ 28,5; 0,62); CP·masa corporal-1 (≤ 0,40; 0,63); CP·altura-2 (≤ 8,52; 0,55) y CP·IMC-1 (≤ 1,10; 0,73). Solo el CP·IMC-1 logró la precisión deseable (AUC > 0,7) para distinguir la limitación funcional. Conclusión: la precisión alcanzada respalda el uso de CP·IMC-1 para identificar la MME baja en las mujeres mayores. En el contexto clínico es posible predecir el riesgo de sarcopenia cuando no se dispone de métodos sofisticados para determinar la MME.

Abstract The incorporation of protocols with prolonged proestrus in extreme conditions has allowed to improve pregnancy. The objective was to evaluate the results of the protocol with prolonged proestrus called J-Synch with and without eCG, on follicular dynamics and pregnancy percentage in dual-purpose cows in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The project was developed of the Province of Pastaza - Ecuador, from October 2018 to October 2019. The study used 448 multiparous dual purpose Brown Swiss cows with calves and their crosses (Bos indicus). Four treatments were used, the cows were artificially inseminated at a fixed time on day nine T1: J - Synch + eCG + estrus FTAI 60 hours (n = 120); T2: J - Synch + eCG + without estrus + GnRH FTAI 72 hours (n = 118), T3: J - Synch + estrus FTAI 60 hours (n = 103); T4: J - Synch + without estrus + GnRH + FTAI 72 hours (n = 107). The pregnancy rate was 55% (T1), 49% (T2), 51% (T3) and 50% (T4) without showing significant differences. Follicular development and corpus luteum diameter showed significant differences (p≤0.05). It is concluded that the J-Synch treatments plus eCG at 60 hours and 72 hours had different behavior in follicular development and in the size of the corpus luteum. The pregnancy percentage did not differ between treatments. Although, there was a 44.5% more probability of getting a cow pregnant with T1 compared to T2. Furthermore, pregnancy would increase by 22.5% applying T1 compared to T3, and pregnancy with T3 would be 18% higher if compared to T2.

Resumen La incorporación de protocolos con proestro prolongado en condiciones extremas ha permitido mejorar la concepción. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los resultados del protocolo con proestro prolongado denominado J-Synch con y sin eCG, sobre la dinámica folicular y porcentaje de preñez en vacas doble propósito en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. El trabajo se efectuó en la Provincia de Pastaza - Ecuador, desde octubre del 2018 a octubre del 2019. Se utilizaron 448 vacas multíparas en producción con cría al pie de las razas Brown Swiss y sus cruzas (Bos indicus). Se trabajó con cuatro tratamientos, las vacas fueron inseminadas artificialmente a tiempo fijo en el día nueve T1: J - Synch + eCG + Celo IATF 60 horas (n=120); T2: J - Synch + eCG + Sin Celo + GnRH IATF 72 horas (n=118), T3: J - Synch + Celo – IATF 60 horas. (n=103); T4: J - Synch+ Sin Celo + GnRH + IATF 72 Horas (n=107). La tasa de preñez fue del 55% (T1), el 49% (T2), el 51% (T3) y el 50% (T4) sin mostrar diferencias significativas. El desarrollo folicular y el diámetro del cuerpo lúteo mostraron diferencias significativas (p≤0,05). Se concluye que los tratamientos J-Synch más eCG a las 60 horas y las 72 horas tuvieron diferente comportamiento en el desarrollo folicular y en el tamaño del Cuerpo Lúteo. El porcentaje de preñez no difirió entre los tratamientos, aunque existió un 44,5% más probabilidad de quedar preñada una vaca con el T1 en comparación con el T2. Además, que aumentaría un 22,5% la preñez aplicando el T1 en comparación con el T3, y se lograría un 18% mayor de preñez con el T3 si se compara con el T2.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación de la eficiencia productiva debe estar acompañada por indicadores integrales para valorar el comportamiento de las vacas lecheras en los sistemas de pastoreo. Objetivo. Identificar en un rodeo de vacas lecheras Holstein agrupadas por su edad al primer parto, las de mayor eficiencia en sistemas de pastoreo, con base en una caracterización multivariada en indicadores productivos y reproductivos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron datos retrospectivos de 1785 vacas primíparas de raza Holstein entre los años 1999-2016, en dos establecimientos comerciales pertenecientes a la empresa Los Ángeles - Argentina, las que se dividieron en tres grupos por su edad al primer parto: Grupo 1 - 750 días, Grupo 2 - 840 días y Grupo 3 - 1098 días. Las variables vida productiva total, producción total de leche, índice de leche e intervalo entre partos promedio se utilizaron asociadas a la edad al primer parto mediante la técnica multivariada de componentes principales. Resultados. No se observaron agrupamientos asociados al grupo de edad al primer parto. Los dos primeros componentes principales explicaron el 92,9 % de la variancia total observada. Se pudo definir cuatro cuadrantes representando todas las combinaciones entre los valores positivos y negativos. La distribución de las vacas de los tres grupos en los cuatro cuadrantes resultó homogénea (x2=6,291; p=0,391). La distribución por cuadrante, independientemente del Grupo de edad al primer parto fue de: Cuadrante I (52/150, 34,7 %), Cuadrante II (42/150; 28,0 %), Cuadrante III (28/150; 18,7 %) y Cuadrante IV (28/150; 18,7 %). Conclusión. Las vacas ubicadas en el Cuadrante II (valores negativos de la CP1 y positivos de la CP2), fueron las eficientes al sistema de pastoreo, mostraron mayor longevidad con niveles productivos compatibles con las limitaciones del sistema y un eficiente comportamiento reproductivo.

Abstract Introduction. The evaluation of productive efficiency must be accompanied by comprehensive indicators to assess the behavior of dairy cows in grazing systems. Objective. To identify in a herd of Holstein dairy cows grouped by age at first calving, those with the highest efficiency in grazing systems, based on a multivariate characterization of productive and reproductive indicators. Materials and methods. Retrospective data from 1785 primiparous cows of the Holstein breed, registered between the years 1999-2016 in two commercial establishments belonging to the Los Angeles-Argentina company, were used. Cows were categorized into three groups according to their age at first calving: Group 1 - 750 days, Group 2 - 840 days, and Group 3 - 1098 days. The variables total productive life, total milk production, milk index, and average calving interval were used associated with the age at first calving using the multivariate principal components technique. Results. No groupings associated with age group at first birth were observed. The two first principal components explained 92.9 % of the total variance observed. It was possible to define four quadrants representing all the combinations between the positive and negative values. Cows distribution of the three groups in the four quadrants was homogeneous (x2=6.291; p=0.391). The distribution per quadrant, regardless of the age group at first calving was: Quadrant I (52/150, 34.7 %); Quadrant II (42/150, 28.0 %); Quadrant III (28/150; 18.7 %); Quadrant IV (28/150; 18.7 %). Conclusion. Cows located in Quadrant II (negative values of PC1 and positive values of PC2), were efficient in the grazing system, showed greater longevity with productive levels compatible with the limitations of the system, and with an efficient reproductive behavior.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar em uma amostra de pacientes com distúrbios da diferenciação do sexo (DDS), dados relacionados à idade, ao encaminhamento e sua correlação com as queixas iniciais, ao sexo ao encaminhamento e ao sexo final e diagnóstico etiológico. Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva da idade por ocasião da primeira consulta e motivo dela, sexo social inicial e após definição do diagnóstico, cariótipo e diagnóstico etiológico de todos os casos atendidos em um ambulatório especializado em DDS entre 1989 e 2016. Foram excluídos casos que não compreendiam DDS e diagnósticos de DDS que não cursam comumente com ambiguidade genital, não necessitam de acompanhamento especializado. Resultados: Dos 1.793 casos atendidos, 1.139 foram diagnosticados com algum DDS. Excluíram-se 430 (272 síndrome de Turner, 66 síndrome de Klinefelter e 92 disgenesia gonadal pura), totalizando 709. Desses, 82,9% foram encaminhados por ambiguidade genital, somente um quarto ainda no primeiro mês de vida e 6,6% por atraso puberal, a maioria com 10 anos ou mais; 68,6% tiveram diagnóstico de DDS XY; 22,4% DDS XX e 9% de anomalias dos cromossomos sexuais. Conclusões: Este estudo apresenta a maior casuística na literatura de pacientes com DDS atendidos em um único serviço. O momento de encaminhamento da maioria dos pacientes com ambiguidade genital foi aquém do ideal e casos mais leves de ambiguidade e muitos com manifestações puberais foram encaminhados ainda mais tardiamente. Os resultados reforçam a importância do ensino continuado a profissionais que terão o primeiro contato com esses pacientes, principalmente pediatras e neonatologistas.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate, in a sample of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), data related to the age at referral and their correlation with the initial complaints, gender at referral, defined gender after diagnosis and etiological diagnosis. Methods: Retrospective review of the age at the first consultation and the reason for it, initial social gender and gender after the diagnosis, karyotype and etiological diagnosis of all cases treated at a DSD outpatient clinic between 1989 and 2016. Cases that did not involve DSD and DSD diagnoses that do not usually involve ambiguous genitalia, thus not requiring specialized monitoring, were excluded. Results: Of the 1793 treated cases, 1139 were diagnosed with some type of DSD. This study excluded 430 cases (272 with Turner's syndrome, 66 with Klinefelter syndrome, and 92 with pure gonadal dysgenesis), thus a total 709 individuals were included. Of these, 82.9% were referred due to ambiguous genitalia; only one-quarter were still in the first month of life, and 6.6% were referred due to pubertal delay, with most of them aged 10 years or older. Of these patients, 68.6% had a diagnosis of XY DSD, 22.4% of XX DSD, and 9% of sex chromosome abnormalities. Conclusions: This study presents the largest series in the literature of patients with DSD treated in a single center. The time of referral of the majority of patients with ambiguous genitalia fell short of the ideal, and milder cases of ambiguous genitalia and many with pubertal manifestations were referred even later. The results reinforce the importance of continuing education for professionals who will have the first contact with these patients, mainly pediatricians and neonatologists.

Abstract Introduction: sarcopenia is a disease characterized by reduced musculoskeletal tissue and muscle strength. The estimation of appendicular lean soft tissue by DXA (ALSTDXA) is one of the criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. However, this method is expensive and not readily avaiable in clinical practice. Anthropometric equations are low-cost and able to accurate predict ALST, but such equations have not been validated for male Brazilian older adults between the ages of 60 to 79 years. To this end, this study sought to validate the existing predictive anthropometric equations for ALST, and to verify its accuracy for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in male Brazilian older adults. Methods: this cross-sectional study recruited and enrolled 25 male older adults (69.3 ± 5.60 years). ALSTDXA and anthropometric measures were determined. ALST estimations with 13 equations were compared to ALSTDXA. The validity of the equations was established when: p > 0.05 (paired t-test); standard error of the estimate (SEE) < 3.5 kg; and coefficient of determination r² > 0.70. Results: two Indian equations met the criteria (Kulkarini 1: 22.19 ± 3.41 kg; p = 0.134; r² = 0.78; EPE = 1.3 kg. Kulkarini 3: 22.14 ± 3.52 kg; p = 0.135; r² = 0.82; SEE = 1.2 kg). However, these equations presented an average bias (Bland-Altman: 0.54 and 0.48 kg) and ‘false negative’ classification for the ALST index. Thus, three explanatory equations were developed. The most accurate equation demonstrated a high level of agreement (r2adj = 0.87) and validity (r²PRESS = 0.83), a low predictive error (SEEPRESS = 1.53 kg), and an adequate ALST classification. Conclusion: anthropometric models for predicting ALST are valid alternatives for the diagnosis and monitoring of sarcopenia in older adults; however, population specificity affects predictive validity, with risks of false positive/negative misclassification.

Resumen Introducción: la sarcopenia es una enfermedad caracterizada por una reducción del tejido musculoesquelético y la fuerza muscular. Uno de los criterios utilizados para su diagnóstico es la determinación de tejido blando magro apendicular por DXA (TBMADXA), método costoso que no siempre está disponible en la práctica clínica. Las ecuaciones antropométricas suponen un bajo coste y predicen bien el TBMA, pero con una validez desconocida para los varones brasileños de 60 a 79 años. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue validar las ecuaciones antropométricas existentes predictivas del TBMA y verificar su precisión para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en varones brasileños de edad avanzada. Métodos: participaron en este estudio transversal 25 hombres de edad avanzada (69,3 ± 5,60 años). Se determinaron el TBMADXA y las medidas antropométricas. Las ecuaciones predictivas del TBMA se compararon con el TBMADXA. La validez de las ecuaciones en las comparaciones se confirmó cuando: p > 0,05 (prueba de la “t” pareada); error estándar estimado (EEE) < 3,5 kg; coeficiente de determinación r² > 0,70. Resultados: dos ecuaciones indias cumplieron los criterios (Kulkarini 1: 22,19 ± 3,41 kg; p = 0,134; r² = 0,78; EEE = 1,3 kg. Kulkarini 3: 22,14 ± 3,52 kg; p = 0,135; r² = 0,82; EEE = 1,2 kg). Sin embargo, presentaron sesgo promedio (Bland-Altman: 0,54 y 0,48 kg) y clasificación de ‘falso negativo’ para el índice de TBMA. Por lo tanto, se crearon tres ecuaciones explicativas. La ecuación más precisa mostró un alto acuerdo (r2adj = 0,87), uma alta validez (r²PRESS = 0,83), um bajo error predictivo (EEEPRESS = 1,53 kg) y uma clasificación del TBMA adecuada. Conclusión: los modelos antropométricos para predecir el TBMA son alternativas válidas para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la sarcopenia en los ancianos. Pero la especificidad de la población afecta a su validez predictiva, con riesgos de incorrección por clasificación falsa positiva/negativa.

RESUMO À medida que a população mundial cresce, a agricultura enfrenta demandas cada vez maiores com relação à produtividade, eficiência e sustentabilidade para garantir segurança alimentar. A adoção de um sistema produtivo semelhante ao da Indústria 4.0 é considerada uma forma de enfrentar esse problema na agricultura. Esta estratégia pode ser observada na agricultura de precisão. Essa nova tendência tecnológica tem um impacto nas máquinas agrícolas e na maneira pela qual elas são projetadas. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é fazer um apanhado dos sistemas digitais nas máquinas agrícolas e a maneira que eles afetam o processo de projeto desses equipamentos num cenário de agricultura digital em desenvolvimento. Dispositivos digitais já estão presentes em muitos equipamentos, desempenhando e dando suporte a tarefas como piloto automático e aplicações em taxas variáveis. Também uma grande quantidade de sensores monitoram a cultura, o ambiente, as perdas e parâmetros operacionais em tempo real. O avanço tecnológico, no entanto, é a adoção de alternativas emergentes como a IoT, veículos elétricos e pequenas máquinas autônomas, que já estão sendo empregadas em outras áreas. Consequentemente, o processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas envolve agora diversos domínios do conhecimento além da mecânica comum, levando as empresas a empregarem engenharia simultânea transversal entre inúmeras especialidades ao mesmo tempo e para uma mesma situação de projeto.

ABSTRACT As the world’s population grows, agriculture is facing an increasing demand for productivity, efficiency, and sustainability to ensure food security. The adoption of a production system similar to that of Industry 4.0 is considered to be a way to address this problem in agriculture. This approach can be seen in precision agriculture. This new technological trend has an impact on agricultural machinery and the way it is designed. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide an overview of digital systems in agricultural machinery and their impact on equipment design processes in a developing digital agriculture scenario. Digital devices are already present in several types of equipment, performing or supporting tasks such as automatic steering and variable-rate applications. In addition, a large number of sensors monitor the crops, environment, production losses, and operational parameters in real time. Technological breakthroughs, however, are the adoption of emerging alternatives such as IoT, electric power vehicles, and small autonomous machines, which are already being implemented in other areas. Consequently, the development process of agricultural machines now involves several specialty domains besides the usual mechanics, compelling companies to employ the transverse concurrent engineering of several specialties at the same design situation and moment.

Abstract Polymer compatibilizer agents are crucial for industrial materials development. Compatibilizer agents may be prepared by melt-grafting in the reactive extrusion process which is cheaper and environmentally friendly. Maleic anhydride-grafted acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS-g-MA) has emerged as a relevant compatibilizer agent for immiscible blends, like polycarbonate (PC)/ABS. In this work, ABS-g-MA was prepared by a simple reactive extrusion process using ABS, maleic anhydride (MA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The MA:BPO ratios of 1:0.5 and 1:1 varying the content of MA by 1, 2 and 5 wt% were investigated. The grafting reaction was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), grafted degree (GD%), thermal and rheological analysis. The effectiveness of the compatibilizer agent was evaluated in PC/ABS blends (70/30 and 85/15 blend ratios). The addition of 5 wt% of ABS-g-MA (5 MA:2.5 BPO) in the PC/ABS blends promoted an expressive reduction of ABS domain sizes and better dispersion in the PC matrix.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos atendimentos de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de intoxicações exógenas acidentais e os fatores associados às internações hospitalares. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com base na revisão dos registros de todas as intoxicações acidentais de indivíduos com até 19 anos de idade, atendidos no setor de toxicologia de um hospital público de referência em 2013, excluídos os acidentes com animais peçonhentos e insetos. A intencionalidade da intoxicação foi baseada nos relatos. Foram calculadas percentagens e frequências para as variáveis qualitativas, e medidas de tendência central e de dispersão das variáveis quantitativas contínuas. Foi realizada análise múltipla, utilizando regressão logística binária para identificar as variáveis associadas à internação hospitalar das vítimas atendidas. Resultados: Em 2013, foram identificados 353 atendimentos em crianças e adolescentes. A faixa etária mais prevalente foi a de zero a quatro anos (72,5%), e predominaram indivíduos do sexo masculino (55%). A maioria dos atendimentos foi de pacientes residentes na região metropolitana (83%). Noventa por cento das intoxicações ocorreram nos domicílios; 82,7% se deram pela via oral, especialmente por medicamentos (36,5%) e produtos de limpeza (29,4% de todas as intoxicações). Resultaram em internações 12,2% dos casos, ocorrendo um único óbito. As variáveis associadas à internação foram: residir fora do município sede (razão de chances [OR]=5,20; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 2,37-11,44) e o envolvimento de mais do que uma substância na intoxicação (OR=4,29; IC95% 1,33-13,82). Conclusões: O ambiente doméstico é o principal local em que ocorrem as intoxicações em crianças e adolescentes, especialmente por ingestão de medicamentos e produtos de limpeza e abaixo de quatro anos de idade. Esses achados justificam a priorização de ações preventivas direcionadas para esse perfil de acidentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the profile of children and adolescents admitted for exogenous unintentional poisoning in the emergency room and analyze factors associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on hospital records of all subjects up to 19 years-old admitted in 2013 at a specialized toxicology service on a major public emergency hospital due to unintentional intoxication (as reported). Accidents with poisonous animals and insects were excluded. Percentages and frequencies were calculated for the qualitative variables, and measures of central tendency and dispersion for the continuous quantitative variables. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to identify variables associated with subsequent in-hospital admissions. Results: In 2013, 353 cases were reported. Poisonings were more frequent in children 0-4 years-old (72.5%) and in boys (55%). The vast majority was of dwellers of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (83%), and 90% of the accidental poisonings occurred at home. 82.7% of the poisonings occurred by oral ingestion, especially of medicinal (36.5%) and cleaning products (29.4% of all poisonings). Only 12.2% of the cases resulted in hospitalization, and only one resulted in death. Residing outside Belo Horizonte (OR=5.20 [95%CI 2.37-11.44]) and poisoning by two or more products (OR=4.29 [95%CI 1.33-13.82]) were considered risk factors for hospitalization. Conclusions: Accidental poisonings occurred most frequently by ingestion of household medications and cleaning products, especially among children under 4 years-old. Preventive strategies should be primarily directed for this prevalent profile.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada pelo clearance da creatinina endógena (estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular - eTFG) menor que 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 no Brasil e os fatores associados. Métodos: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico transversal de base domiciliar. Os dados foram obtidos em subamostra de participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), realizada em 2013, na qual foi feita coleta de sangue para medida de creatinina plasmática e calculado a eTFG (n = 7.457). Os grupos de variáveis explicativas foram: características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas, antropometria e avaliação de saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências de eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) utilizando a regressão de Poisson para calcular a razão de prevalência bruta (RPb) e ajustada (RPaj) por idade, sexo, escolaridade e região. Resultados: A prevalência de eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 foi de 6,48% (IC95% 5,88 - 7,09). Após ajuste, mantiveram-se associados: sexo feminino (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,16 - 1,68), idade 45-59 anos (RPaj = 7,27; IC95% 3,8 - 14,1), 60 anos ou mais (RPaj = 33,55; IC95% 17,8 - 63,4), obesidade (RP = 1,32; IC95% 1,1 - 1,7), diabetes (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,2 - 1,8), autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,2 - 1,9); menor RPaj foi encontrado nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, entre fumantes e com consumo elevado de sal. Conclusão: eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 foi mais elevada no sexo feminino, aumentou com a idade, foi associada com obesidade, diabetes e pior avaliação de saúde. O conhecimento da prevalência da doença renal crônica, por meio de exames bioquímicos e dos fatores de risco e proteção, é essencial para subsidiar políticas públicas de saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify the prevalence of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in Brazil and the associated factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional household-based epidemiological survey. Data were collected from the National Health Survey (PNS), conducted in 2013, by carrying out creatinine blood test and GFR calculation (n = 7,457). The groups of explanatory variables were: sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, chronic diseases, anthropometry, and health assessment. The prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the Poisson regression to calculate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR and adjPR) by age, sex, education level, and region. Results: The prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was 6.48% (95%CI 5.88 - 7.09). After the adjustment, the following aspects remained associated: women (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.16 - 1.68), age of 45-59 years (adjPR = 7.27; 95%CI 3.8 - 14.1), 60 years or older (adjPR = 33.55; 95%CI 17.8 - 63.4), obesity (PR = 1.32 (95%CI 1.1 - 1.7), diabetes (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.2 - 1.8), poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 1.50; 95%CI 1.2 - 1.9); and the lowest adjPR was found for the Northeast and Southeast regions, among smokers with high salt intake. Conclusion: GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was higher in women, increased with age, in addition to being associated with obesity, diabetes, and poor self-rated health. Knowing the prevalence of chronic kidney disease through biochemical tests and risk and protective factors are paramount to support public health policies.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada pelo clearance da creatinina endógena (estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular - eTFG) menor que 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 no Brasil e os fatores associados. Métodos: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico transversal de base domiciliar. Os dados foram obtidos em subamostra de participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), realizada em 2013, na qual foi feita coleta de sangue para medida de creatinina plasmática e calculado a eTFG (n = 7.457). Os grupos de variáveis explicativas foram: características sociodemográficas, estilos de vida, doenças crônicas, antropometria e avaliação de saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências de eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) utilizando a regressão de Poisson para calcular a razão de prevalência bruta (RPb) e ajustada (RPaj) por idade, sexo, escolaridade e região. Resultados: A prevalência de eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 foi de 6,48% (IC95% 5,88 - 7,09). Após ajuste, mantiveram-se associados: sexo feminino (RP = 1,40; IC95% 1,16 - 1,68), idade 45-59 anos (RPaj = 7,27; IC95% 3,8 - 14,1), 60 anos ou mais (RPaj = 33,55; IC95% 17,8 - 63,4), obesidade (RP = 1,32; IC95% 1,1 - 1,7), diabetes (RP = 1,44; IC95% 1,2 - 1,8), autoavaliação de saúde ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,50; IC95% 1,2 - 1,9); menor RPaj foi encontrado nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, entre fumantes e com consumo elevado de sal. Conclusão: eTFG < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 foi mais elevada no sexo feminino, aumentou com a idade, foi associada com obesidade, diabetes e pior avaliação de saúde. O conhecimento da prevalência da doença renal crônica, por meio de exames bioquímicos e dos fatores de risco e proteção, é essencial para subsidiar políticas públicas de saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify the prevalence of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in Brazil and the associated factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional household-based epidemiological survey. Data were collected from the National Health Survey (PNS), conducted in 2013, by carrying out creatinine blood test and GFR calculation (n = 7,457). The groups of explanatory variables were: sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, chronic diseases, anthropometry, and health assessment. The prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using the Poisson regression to calculate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR and adjPR) by age, sex, education level, and region. Results: The prevalence of GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was 6.48% (95%CI 5.88 - 7.09). After the adjustment, the following aspects remained associated: women (PR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.16 - 1.68), age of 45-59 years (adjPR = 7.27; 95%CI 3.8 - 14.1), 60 years or older (adjPR = 33.55; 95%CI 17.8 - 63.4), obesity (PR = 1.32 (95%CI 1.1 - 1.7), diabetes (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.2 - 1.8), poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 1.50; 95%CI 1.2 - 1.9); and the lowest adjPR was found for the Northeast and Southeast regions, among smokers with high salt intake. Conclusion: GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was higher in women, increased with age, in addition to being associated with obesity, diabetes, and poor self-rated health. Knowing the prevalence of chronic kidney disease through biochemical tests and risk and protective factors are paramount to support public health policies.

Abstract Background: The increase in body temperature in febrile states caused by diseases, prolonged trapping or stress affects the seminal quality. The objective was to evaluate how the spermogram of individuals affected by a systemic bacterial infection and its recovery after antibiotic therapy was modified. Methods: The case was presented in two Blackbelly sheep, belonging to the flock of the Center for Research, Postgraduate and Conservation of Amazonian Biodiversity. Semen is extracted weekly using the artificial vagina technique. In March 2018 it was observed that the two males presented different pathologies. On the same day that the symptoms were detected in the two rams, the treatment was implemented, without performing the etiological identification of the pathogens. After the treatment was started, serial semen extractions were performed for two months, once a week, two jumps in the morning between 9:00 and 11:00 am, with a difference of 10 to 15 minutes each. A total of 16 samples of each ro-ro were obtained. Results: The pH of the ejaculates of both rams ranged from 7.3 before treatment and in their recovery, to 6.1 at the most critical time of infection. In the volume of the ejaculates, it was observed that there were differences 1.15 ± 0.19 ml and 1.00 ± 0.15 ml respectively (p≤0.001). The concentration of the ejaculate was 3000 (500-6000) x106 / ml and 2200 (800-6000) x106 / ml. Both rams showed the same behavior with respect to color, mass motility, individual and progressive, which were affected from the second extraction until the tenth, from which they slowly began to recover their normal values. Conclusions: In the two clinical cases presented, the greatest impact on seminal quality was observed in the first 7 to 8 samples, all the analyzed parameters being affected, coinciding with the duration of the spermatogenesis cycle.

Resumen Antecedentes: El aumento de la temperatura corporal en los estados febriles causados por enfermedades, arreos prolongados o estrés, afectan la calidad seminal. El objetivo fue evaluar cómo se modificó el espermograma de individuos afectados por una infección bacteriana sistémica y su recuperación posterior a la antibióticoterapia. Métodos: El caso se presentó en dos machos ovinos raza Blackbelly, pertenecientes a la majada del Centro de Investigación, Posgrado y Conservación de la Biodiversidad Amazónica. Se extrae semen en forma semanal mediante la técnica de vagina artificial. En marzo de 2018 se observó que los dos machos presentaban diferentes patologías. El mismo día que se detectaron los síntomas a los dos carneros, se implementó el tratamiento, sin realizar la identificación etiológica de los agentes patógenos. Luego de comenzado el tratamiento, se realizaron extracciones seriadas de semen durante dos meses, una vez a la semana, dos saltos por la mañana entre las 9:00 y las 11:00 h, con una diferencia de 10 a15 min cada uno. Se obtuvieron en total 16 muestras de cada carnero. Resultados: El pH de los eyaculados de ambos carneros varió de 7,3 antes del tratamiento y en su recuperación, a 6,1 en el momento más crítico de la infección. En el volumen de los eyaculados, se observó que hubo diferencias 1,15 ± 0,19 ml y 1,00 ± 0,15 ml, respectivamente (P ≤ 0,001). La concentración de los eyaculado fue de 3 000 (500-6 000) x106/ml y 2 200 (800-6000) x106/ml. Ambos carneros mostraron el mismo comportamiento respecto al color, la motilidad masal, individual y progresiva, que resultaron afectadas desde la segunda extracción hasta la décima, a partir de la cual lentamente comenzaron a recuperar sus valores normales. Conclusiones: En los dos casos clínicos presentados se observó el mayor impacto sobre la calidad seminal en las primeras 7 a 8 muestras viéndose afectados todos los parámetros analizados, en coincidencia con la duración del ciclo de la espermatogénesis.