ABSTRACT The study aimed to propose critical levels (CL) and sufficiency ranges of phosphorus (P) in leaves and soil, and rates of maximum technical (MTE) and economic (MEE) efficiency, to maximize marketable bulb yield in garlic (Allium sativum) cultivars grown in a subtropical climate. Field experiments were conducted for two seasons on clay soils in southern Brazil. The cultivars ‘Chonan’, ‘Ito’, and ‘Roxo Caxiense’ were subjected to the application of P rates (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 kg P2O5·ha-1·yr-1). Garlic yield, soil P concentrations (Mehlich-1), and total P in leaves were determined. The CL in relation to total yield garlic yield were 3.5, 4.5, and 3.4 g P·kg-1 in leaves and 18, 28, and 14 mg P·dm-3 in soil, for ‘Chonan’, ‘Ito’, and ‘Roxo Caxiense’, respectively. The CL in relation to marketable garlic yield were 4.0, 3.5, and 3.6 g P·kg-1 in leaves and 22, 26, and 13 mg P·dm-3 in soil, for the respective cultivars. The MTE rates were 397 and 336 kg P2O5·ha-1, and the MEE rates were 353 and 297 kg P2O5·ha-1, for total and marketable garlic bulb yield. Based on our results, we recommend that garlic growers use when possible the individual nutritional reference values for specific garlic cultivars. (CL (P (MTE (MEE efficiency Allium sativum climate Brazil ‘Chonan, Chonan ‘Chonan , ‘Chonan’ ‘Ito, Ito ‘Ito ‘Ito’ Roxo Caxiense 0, 0 (0 50 100 250 P2O5·ha1·yr1. P2O5ha1yr1 POhayr P2O5·ha 1·yr 1 . P2O5 ha yr O P2O5·ha-1·yr-1) Mehlich1, Mehlich1 Mehlich (Mehlich-1) determined 35 3 5 3.5 45 4 4.5 34 3. P·kg1 Pkg1 Pkg P·kg P·kg- 18 28 P·dm3 Pdm3 Pdm P·dm dm P·dm- Caxiense, respectively 40 4.0 36 6 22 26 39 33 P2O5·ha1, P2O5ha1 POha 1, P2O5·ha-1 29 results ( 10 25 ha1 yr1 P2O5·ha1·yr1 P2O5ha1yr P2O5ha 1yr PO P2O P2O5·ha-1·yr-1 (Mehlich-1 4. kg1 2 dm3 P2O5·ha1 P2O5·ha- P2O5·ha1·yr P2O5·ha-1·yr- (Mehlich- P2O5·ha-1·yr (Mehlich

ABSTRACT Soils with a long-term history of animal manure application exhibit higher residual effects of nitrogen (N) in soil and can affect the efficiency with which N will be used. This study aimed to evaluate how the immediate and residual effect of 16 applications of animal manure reflects on yields of black oat and corn rotation system, as well as N use efficiency. The study was carried out in no-tillage from 2004 to 2016 in Brazil. The treatments were pig slurry (PS), dairy slurry (DS), pig deep-litter (PL), mineral fertilizer (MF), and control (C). Prior to the sowing of black oat, in which 16 animal manure applications had already been made, an area of the soil was delimited where the treatments were not applied. This area was referred to as unfertilized (U) soil. Applications were carried out in the remaining area and were referred to as fertilized (F) soil. The highest dry matter yield and N accumulation in black oat and corn were found in F soils treated with DS and PL, respectively. In corn, the highest grain yield and N accumulation in grains were found with DS and PS. In U soil, the 16 applications (of DS especially) resulted in yields and N accumulation greater than the control and MF, but lower than those in F. The highest N use efficiency was found with DS. The history of animal manure applications was not enough to rule out additional applications in the following years.

RESUMEN Los suelos arenosos de la región Campanha Gaúcha son naturalmente bajos en contenidos de fósforo (P) disponible, por lo que requiere una atención especial con la fertilización previo a la siembra. Sin embargo, aún no existen trabajos de investigación que permitan una calibración adecuada para determinar el contenido de P disponible en suelos para el cultivo de vides viníferas jóvenes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la fertilización fosfatada en las variedades jóvenes de vid Chardonnay y Pinot Noir a fin de sugerir dosis a la recomendación de P, en suelos arenosos. En Octubre de 2011 fueron aplicadas seis dosis de P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 y 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 año-1) en suelo y transplantadas las variedades Chardonnay (experimento 1) y Pinot Noir (experimento 2). El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con tres repeticiones, y diez plantas. Fueron evaluados los contenidos de P en el suelo, en hojas, altura de plantas, diámetro del tallo y materia seca del material podado durante las cosechas del 2011/12 a 2014/15. La adición de dosis crecientes de P incrementó el contenido de P disponible en el suelo después de los tres años del establecimiento de los experimentos cuando las dosis fueron superiores de 40 y 60 de P2O5 ha-1 en las variedades Pinot Noir y Chardonnay, respectivamente. En todos los estados los contenidos en P en suelo, fueron suficientes, por lo tanto, el crecimiento y contenido de P en las Hojas, no fueron afectadas.

ABSTRACT Sandy soils of the Campanha Gaúcha region have naturally low levels of available phosphorus (P), which is why special attention to pre-planting fertilization is important. However, there are no studies that enable a proper calibration method to determine P content available in soil for young grapevines. The study aimed to evaluate phosphorus fertilization for young grapevines of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir in order to provide support for the recommendation of P in sandy soils. In October, 2011 we applied six doses of P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1) in soil and transplanted cultivars of Chardonnay (experiment 1) and Pinot Noir (ex-periment 2). The design of each experiment was randomized blocks with ten plants and three replications. We evaluated P content in the soil and leaves. We determined plant height, stem diameter and dry matter of the pruned material from crop seasons 2011/12 to 2014/15. The addition of increasing P doses elevated P content available in soil three years after implementing the experiments, but exclusively in doses above 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, respectively. However, P content in soil for every applied P dose remained below sufficiency level, and therefore growth parameters and leaf P content were virtually unaffected.

Em áreas de vinhedos, uma significativa quantidade de nutrientes pode retornar anualmente ao solo durante a decomposição de resíduos de espécies de plantas de cobertura. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a decomposição e liberação de nutrientes de resíduos de aveia-preta e ervilhaca depositados nas linhas de plantio de videiras sem e com cobertura plástica e nas entrelinhas. Este estudo foi conduzido em um vinhedo comercial em Bento Gonçalves, RS, no período de outubro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. Resíduos de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) e ervilhaca (Vicia villosa) foram coletados, submetidos a análises químicas (C, N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e bioquímicas (cellulose - Cel, hemicellulose - Hem e lignina - Lig) e acondicionados em bolsas de decomposição, que foram depositadas em linhas de plantio sem cobertura plástica (LPSCP), linhas de plantio com cobertura plástica (LPCCP) e entrelinha (EL). Em 0, 33, 58, 76 e 110 dias depois da deposição das bolsas de decomposição, os resíduos foram coletados, preparados e submetidos à análise dos teores totais de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. As maiores quantidades e porcentagens de matéria seca e nutrientes remanescentes, com exceção do Ca, em resíduos de aveia-preta, no período de outubro até fevereiro, que coincide do florescimento até a colheita da uva, foram observadas na LPCCP, o que promoveu maior proteção da superfície do solo, evitando o escoamento superficial de solução derivada das entrelinhas; entretanto, retardou a ciclagem de nutrientes. A taxa de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes de resíduos de ervilhaca, de outubro até fevereiro, não foi influenciada pela posição de deposição dos resíduos no vinhedo, o que pode ser atribuído, especialmente, aos menores valores de relação C/N e Lig/N. Independentemente do tipo de resíduo, aveia-preta ou ervilhaca, a maior taxa de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes aconteceu, especialmente, até os 33 dias após a deposição dos resíduos na superfície do solo, o que coincidiu com o florescimento das videiras, que é um dos estágios fenológicos de maior demanda de nutrientes.

A significant quantity of nutrients in vineyards may return to the soil each year through decomposition of residues from cover plants. This study aimed to evaluate biomass decomposition and nutrient release from residues of black oats and hairy vetch deposited in the vines rows, with and without plastic shelter, and in the between-row areas throughout the vegetative and productive cycle of the plants. The study was conducted in a commercial vineyard in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil, from October 2008 to February 2009. Black oat (Avena strigosa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) residues were collected, subjected to chemical (C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and biochemical (cellulose - Cel, hemicellulose - Hem, and lignin - Lig content) analyses, and placed in litter bags, which were deposited in vines rows without plastic shelter (VPRWS), in vines rows with plastic shelter (VPRS), and in the between-row areas (BR). We collected the residues at 0, 33, 58, 76, and 110 days after deposition of the litter bags, prepared the material, and subjected it to analysis of total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content. The VPRS contained the largest quantities and percentages of dry matter and residual nutrients (except for Ca) in black oat residues from October to February, which coincides with the period from flowering up to grape harvest. This practice led to greater protection of the soil surface, avoiding surface runoff of the solution derived from between the rows, but it retarded nutrient cycling. The rate of biomass decomposition and nutrient release from hairy vetch residues from October to February was not affected by the position of deposition of the residues in the vineyard, which may especially be attributed to the lower values of the C/N and Lig/N ratios. Regardless of the type of residue, black oat or hairy vetch, the greatest decomposition and nutrient release mainly occurred up to 33 days after deposition of the residues on the soil surface, which coincided with the flowering of the grapevines, which is one of the phenological stages of greatest demand for nutrients.