CONTEXTO: O nervo musculocutâneo é um dos ramos terminais do fascículo lateral do plexo braquial, sendo responsável pela inervação da musculatura flexora do cotovelo e pela sensibilidade cutânea da face lateral do antebraço. Sua ausência já foi descrita previamente, mas a sua real prevalência é desconhecida. RELATO DE CASO: Este é um relato de caso da ausência do nervo musculocutâneo observada durante a dissecção do membro superior direito de um cadáver do sexo masculino, sendo o seu território de inervação suprido pelo nervo mediano. Deste emergiam três ramos, um para o músculo coracobraquial, outro para o músculo bíceps braquial e o terceiro para o músculo braquial. Este último ramo continuava-se como nervo cutâneo lateral do antebraço. Trata-se de variação anatômica que tem implicações clínico-cirúrgicas, já que a lesão do nervo mediano, neste caso, acarretaria inesperada paralisia da musculatura flexora do cotovelo e hipoestesia da face lateral do antebraço.

CONTEXT: The musculocutaneous nerve is one of the terminal branches of the lateral fasciculus of the brachial plexus, and is responsible for innervation of the flexor musculature of the elbow and for skin sensitivity on the lateral surface of the forearm. Its absence has been described previously, but its real prevalence is unknown. CASE REPORT: A case of absence of the musculocutaneous nerve that was observed during the dissection of the right arm of a male cadaver is described. The area of innervation was supplied by the median nerve. From this, three branches emerged: one to the coracobrachialis muscle, another to the biceps brachii muscle and the third to the brachialis muscle. This last branch continued as a lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. This is an anatomical variation that has clinical-surgical implications, considering that injury to the median nerve in this case would have caused unexpected paralysis of the flexor musculature of the elbow and hypoesthesia of the lateral surface of the forearm.

The minor salivary glands are found scattered throughout the oral mucosa, especially in the lips and soft palate mucosa. Several factors can cause xerostomia, whereas the salivary glands histological characteristics are also considered as factors for defining the etiology. Thus, the minor salivary glands biopsy represents an essential tool for attending the required diagnosis criterion in the classification of Sjögren's Syndrome patients, since it does not present risk for the patient. The objective of this study is to determine the histological description of the minor salivary glands obtained from the biopsies of xerostomia patients and to classify the minor salivary gland histological aspect as the Sjögren's Syndrome. Forty laminas of xerostomia patients that were submitted to minor salivary glands biopsy at the Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Stomatology ambulatory were retrospectively studied. The variation in the glands histological aspect was observed, from the normality up to the presence of inflammatory focus, replacing the conjunctive between acini and ducts, as well as the parenchyma. In 15 cases, the infiltrated inflammatory cells amounted to focus, that is to say, groups of at least 50 inflammatory cells around the acini or ducts, which is a characteristic aspect of the Sjögren's Syndrome. Therefore, the finding of at least one inflammatory focus of 4 mm² of glandular tissue represents a set criterion, although, not the only one in order to classify this patient as having the Sjögren's Syndrome

Las glándulas salivales menores son encontradas distribuidas a través de la mucosa oral, especialmente en los labios y en la mucosa del paladar blando. Varios factores pueden causar xerostomía, donde las características histológicas de las glándulas salivales son también consideradas como factores para definir la etiología. Así, las biopsias de las glándulas salivales menores representan una herramienta fundamental para alcanzar los criterios diagnósticos requeridos en la clasificación de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren, ya que no representa riesgo para los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las características histológicas de las glándulas mencionadas, obtenidas de biopsias de pacientes con xerostomía y clasificar los aspectos histológicos de las glándulas en el síndrome de Sjögren. Estudiamos 40 láminas de pacientes con xerostomía, cuyas glándulas salivales menores fueron sometidas a biopsia en el Servicio de Estomatología de la Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil. Se observaron las variaciones de su aspecto histológico, desde la normalidad hasta la presencia de focos inflamatorios, los cambios del tejido conjuntivo entre los acinos y conductos, como también el parénquima. En 15 casos, el infltrado de células inflamatorias invadió el foco, es decir, grupos de al menos 50 células inflamatorias alrededor de acinos o conductos, lo cual es un aspecto característico del síndrome de Sjögren. Por lo tanto, el hallazgo de al menos un foco inflamatorio de 4 mm² de tejido glandular, representa un buen criterio, aunque no es uno de los criterios a considerar cuando se trata de clasificar a los pacientes con el Síndrome de Sjögren

The existence of Brunner's glands (BGs) in the duodenal submucosa is uncontestable, but their exact distribution along the full extent of the duodenal wall is unknown. Objective: To verify the BGs distribution along the human duodenum. Material and method: Twenty normal duodenums were examined. Two samples were removed from each of the four anatomical portions of the duodenum using a scalpel, in such a way that the whole circumference of each portion was excised. Sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Twelve microscope fields were examined on each duodenal section. The mean numbers of glandular points per field were computed and compared, for the 12 microscope fields of each duodenal section examined. Results: The first duodenal portion presented large quantities of BGs in all of the fields examined. The second duodenal portion also showed the presence of BGs in all the fields examined, albeit in smaller quantities than in the first portion. In the third duodenal portion, BGs were present in six of the duodenums examined. In the fourth duodenal portion, there was a minimal quantity of glands, all located in only ten of the duodenums studied. Conclusions: BGs are present in the submucosa of all duodenal portions, with the greatest concentration in the first portion. Their concentration decreases significantly in the second portion of the duodenum. Furthermore, they become even fewer in number in the third portion and are minimally present in the fourth portion

La presencia de las glándulas de Brunner en la submucosa duodenal es innegable, pero se desconoce su exacta distribución a lo largo de toda la extensión de la pared duodenal. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la distribución de las glándulas duodenales de Brunner (GDB) en la submucosa de duodenos humanos. Para ello, se examinaron 20 duodenos normales en los que fueron seccionados 22cm de cada porción duodenal, retirados con bisturí, de forma tal, que toda la circunferencia de cada segmento fuese extraída. Cada porción seleccionada fue preparada, teñida con hematoxilina-eosina y observada en 12 campos microscópicos diferentes. Las medias de los puntos glandulares por campo fueron computadas y comparadas para 12 campos microscópicos de cada porción del duodeno examinado. El primer segmento duodenal presenta un gran número de GDB en todos los campos microscópicos examinados. El segundo segmento también mostró la presencia de GDB, aunque el número encontrado fue menor. En el tercer segmento GDB fueron encontradas en 6 de los duodenos estudiados. En el cuarto segmento, el número de GDB fue aún menor y se encontraron solamente en 10 de los duodenos analizados. Así, la presencia de GDB ocurre en la submucosa de todos los segmentos duodenales y la mayor incidencia se encuentra en la primera porción, disminuyendo significativamente en la segunda, mucho más en la tercera, siendo mínima en la cuarta

No diagnóstico diferencial das hemorragias do terceiro trimestre da gestação, de causa exclusivamente obstétrica, incluem-se descolamento prematuro da placenta, inserção baixa da placenta (placenta prévia, com seus subtipos), ruptura uterina, ruptura do seio marginal placentário e ruptura de vasos prévios (VP). Os três primeiros diagnósticos são mais freqüentes, têm fatores epidemiológicos conhecidos e, portanto, são de diagnóstico mais fácil. Ocorre que há obstetras com larga experiência prática, assim como ultra-sonografistas especializados em Medicina Fetal, que, apesar de conhecerem o assunto em teoria, nunca se defrontaram na prática obstétrica com os VP e muito menos com sua ruptura. Motivou-nos escrever este artigo o fato de termos assistido e participado, após 32 anos de prática constante e ininterrupta de Obstetrícia, de forma dramática e pela primeira vez, de um caso de ruptura de VP que resultou em óbito fetal, durante o trabalho de parto. Os tratados de Obstetrícia são muito concisos e repetitivos ao tratar do assunto. Porém, ao fazer uma revisão mais acurada sobre o assunto em tela, pudemos constatar que, apesar de tratar-se de eventualidade rara, uma fatalidade, há na literatura atual clara indicação de que é possível o diagnóstico desta entidade mórbida durante a gestação, por meio de tecnologia mais avançada. Feito o diagnóstico, deve o tocólogo interromper a gestação, quando da maturidade fetal, e, deste modo, promover significativa diminuição das altas taxas de mortalidade fetal, que oscilam entre 33 e 100%.

The differential diagnosis of hemorrhages during the third trimester of pregnancy due exclusively to obstetrical causes includes: abruptio placentae, low insertion of placenta (placenta previa with subtypes), rupture of the uterus, rupture of the marginal placental sinus and rupture of the vasa previa. The three first diagnoses occur more frequently, their epidemiological factors are better known and therefore, have an easier diagnosis. It is common for obstetricians with long practical experience, as well as for ultrasonographers specialized in fetal medicine and who thoroughly know their theory, not to have ever been exposed to practical obstetrical cases of vasa previa or their rupture. The reason to write this article was the fact that, during the past 32 years, we have been working constantly and uninterruptedly in obstetrical practice and we have seen only one case of rupture of vasa previa during labor, which killed the fetus. Initially, we investigated the issue in obstetrical textbooks having no luck whatsoever, except for a couple of lines on the subject. Carrying out our search in depth, we were able to learn that, even though a rarity, today's literature on the subject suggests that it is possible to have a diagnosis for this morbid entity during gestation, and to solve the problem by making the cesarian section mandatory in these cases, leading to a significant reduction in the actual fetal mortality figures which, according to experts, vary between 33 and 100%.