Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions beyond the known and effective lifestyle interventions, as an adjunct to the treatment of adult patients with hypertension, a significant risk factor for fatal cardiovascular diseases. The evaluated interventions included alternative therapies, like traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture (three studies), mind-body therapy (10 studies) and dietetic/nutraceutical supplements (10 studies). The results suggest that some of these therapies may be promising adjuncts to antihypertensive treatment. Among the mentioned therapies, auricular acupressure, tai chi, yoga, qigong and meditation stand out. In addition, certain nutraceuticals and phytotherapeutic agents like omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, probiotics, resveratrol, soy isoflavones, garlic extract and extra virgin olive oil may be recommended as part of a healthy diet, like the Mediterranean or DASH diet, known for its impact on cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, as far as public policies aimed at the comprehensive treatment of chronic noncommunicable diseases are concerned, these therapies, as part of nonpharmacological management, can effectively complement hypertension treatment, providing patients with additional options for controlling their blood pressure and improving their cardiovascular health. However, more research is needed to confirm their long-term efficacy and safety.

Resumen Este estudio se dirigió a evaluar la eficacia de intervenciones no farmacológicas más allá de las conocidas y efectivas intervenciones en el estilo de vida como complemento al tratamiento de pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial, factor de riesgo significativo para enfermedades cardiovasculares mortales. Entre las intervenciones evaluadas, se incluyeron las terapias alternativas, como la medicina tradicional china y la acupuntura (tres estudios), las terapias mente-cuerpo (diez estudios) y la suplementación con productos dietéticos/nutracéuticos (diez estudios). Los resultados sugieren que algunas de estas terapias pueden ser prometedoras como complemento al tratamiento antihipertensivo. Entre las terapias mencionadas, se destacan la acupresión auricular, el taichi, el yoga, el qigong y la meditación. Además, ciertos nutracéuticos y fitoterapéuticos, como los ácidos grasos omega 3, la coenzima Q10, la vitamina C, los probióticos, el resveratrol, las isoflavonas de soja, el extracto de ajo y el aceite de oliva extravirgen, pueden ser recomendados como parte de una dieta saludable, como la dieta mediterránea o DASH, reconocida por su impacto en el riesgo cardiovascular. En conclusión, en lo que respecta a las políticas públicas dirigidas al manejo integral de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, estas terapias, dentro del manejo no farmacológico, pueden complementar eficazmente el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial, brindando a los pacientes opciones adicionales para controlar su presión arterial y mejorar su salud cardiovascular. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para confirmar su eficacia y seguridad a largo plazo.

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify the main factors considered in home administration, specifically pointing out their relationship with educational level, age and gender. It is hypothetically stated (H0) that educational level, age and gender do not present a direct relationship with family administration. A direct analysis was carried out of the way in which income and expenditure has been presented at the national level, taking as a direct reference the National Survey of Household Income and Expenses (ENIGH) 2022, with a total of 37 million homes analyzed. As a complement, a survey was carried out with a sample of 212 cases, to identify and contrast the way in which some families manage their homes (case study) through the chi-square test, using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software package, to perform is statistical analysis. The results indicated that the main source of household income was work, which amounted to 65.7% of total income, followed by transfers and estimated housing rent, which represented 17.2 and 11.8%, respectively. Current spending by large items was for food, beverages and tobacco, later for transportation and in third position for education. Households in CDMX, Baja California and Querétaro presented the highest average monthly expenditure. Likewise, the results of the case study showed that only 56% recognize that they manage their homes and of them 58% are women. Finally, H0 is accepted, since the result of the test is greater than 0.05, which shows that there is no direct correlation between home administration and: age, gender or educational level.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los factores principales considerados en la administración del hogar para luego señalar su relación con el nivel educativo, la edad y el género. Para ello, se realizó un análisis directo de la forma en cómo se ha presentado el ingreso y gasto a nivel nacional, a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2022, con un total de 37 millones de viviendas analizadas. Como complemento se efectuó una encuesta con una muestra de 212 casos para identificar y contrastar la forma en que algunas familias administran sus hogares (caso de estudio) a través de la prueba de ji al cuadrado, utilizando el software IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Los resultados señalaron que la principal fuente de ingreso de los hogares fue el trabajo, que sumó el 65.7 % del ingreso total, posteriormente las transferencias y la estimación del alquiler de la vivienda, que representaron el 17.2 y 11.8 %, respectivamente. El gasto corriente por grandes rubros fue para alimentos, bebidas y tabaco, posteriormente para transporte y en tercera posición para la educación. Los hogares de la CDMX, Baja California y Querétaro presentaron el mayor gasto promedio mensual. Igualmente, los resultados del caso de estudio mostraron que únicamente el 56 % reconocen que administran sus hogares y de ellos 58 % son mujeres. Finalmente se acepta la H0, ya que el resultado de la prueba fue mayor que 0.05, es decir, no existe una correlación directa entre la administración del hogar con la edad, el género ni el nivel de educativo.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os principais fatores considerados na administração doméstica e depois apontar sua relação com escolaridade, idade e gênero. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise direta à forma como as receitas e despesas têm sido apresentadas a nível nacional, com base no Inquérito Nacional ao Rendimento e Despesas das Famílias (ENIGH) 2022, com um total de 37 milhões de lares analisados. Como complemento, foi realizado um inquérito a uma amostra de 212 casos para identificar e contrastar a forma como algumas famílias gerem as suas casas (estudo de caso) através do teste do qui-quadrado, utilizando o software IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Os resultados indicaram. que a principal fonte de rendimento do agregado familiar era o trabalho, que representava 65,7% do rendimento total, seguido das transferências e da renda estimada de habitação, que representava 17,2 e 11,8%, respetivamente. Os gastos correntes por grandes itens foram para alimentos, bebidas e fumo, depois para transportes e na terceira posição para educação. As famílias em CDMX, Baja California e Querétaro apresentaram as despesas médias mensais mais elevadas. Da mesma forma, os resultados do estudo de caso mostraram que apenas 56% reconhecem que gerem as suas casas e destes 58% são mulheres. Por fim, aceita-se H0, uma vez que o resultado do teste foi superior a 0,05, ou seja, não há correlação direta entre administração domiciliar com idade, sexo ou escolaridade.

Abstract Background: Medial arterial calcification (MAC) of the foot is a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetics. The MAC score is a tool to describe with plain radiographs the burden of inframalleolar arterial calcification. Objective: To determine the degree of association between MAC and the risk of major amputation. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study analyzing radiographs of extremities with diabetic foot from March 1, 2021 to July 31, 2022. They were classified according to their MAC score and interventions performed at 6 months were recorded; chi-square test and relative risk test were performed to determine significant association between severe MAC and major amputation. Results: Out of 102 extremities studied, 37 patients (35.9%) had severe MAC; 28 suffered major amputation, with a significant risk estimation (RR: 3.28, CI: 95% 1.985-5.428). Conclusion: Severe MAC in patients with diabetic foot increases 3.2 times the risk of a major amputation during the 6 months following the appearance of an ulcer.

Resumen Antecedentes: La calcificación arterial de la capa media en el pie (CAMP) es un factor predictivo de morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular en diabéticos. La puntuación de CAMP es una herramienta para describir con radiografías simples la carga de calcificación arterial infra maleolar. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de asociación entre CAMP con el riesgo de amputación mayor. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo de cohortes analizando radiografías de extremidades con pie diabético del 1 marzo de 2021 al 31 julio de 2022. Se clasificaron según su puntuación CAMP y se registraron las intervenciones realizadas a 6 meses; se realizó prueba de chi cuadrada y riesgo relativo para determinar asociación significativa entre CAMP grave y amputación mayor. Resultados: De 102 extremidades estudiadas, se encontró CAMP grave en 37 pacientes (35.9%); 28 sufrieron amputación mayor, con una estimación de riesgo significativa (RR: 3.28, IC: 95% 1.985-5.428). Conclusión: CAMP grave en paciente con pie diabético aumenta 3.2 veces el riesgo de una amputación mayor durante los 6 meses posteriores a la aparición de una úlcera.

ABSTRACT This study investigated oxidative damage and exocrine dysfunction of fetal pancreas caused by maternal nutritional restriction. Eighteen ewes carrying singleton fetus were randomly divided into control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME/BW0.75/d, n = 6), restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.33 MJ ME/BW0.75/d, n = 6), and restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.18 MJ ME/BW0.75/d, n = 6) at d 90 of pregnancy. Maternal undernutrition was imposed from d 90 to 140 of pregnancy. At 140 d of gestation, fetal blood and pancreas tissue were collected to determine fetal pancreatic extracellular matrix, antioxidant capacity, and indicators of exocrine dysfunction. With the decrease of maternal nutrition, the fetal body weight, pancreatic weight, and DNA content were reduced in RG2 compared with CG, and increased and thickened collagen fibers were observed in RG2. Fetuses in RG2 exhibited increased collagen 3 (COL3) and fibronectin (FN) levels relative to CG, and the COL1:COL3 ratio was lower than that of the CG. For RG1, we found increased COL3 compared with CG. Malondialdehyde, serum amylase, and serum lipase in fetal pancreas in RG2 increased, but the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) decreased compared with the CG. The impaired ovine fetal pancreas growth, antioxidant imbalance, and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction are induced by maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy. restriction CG (CG libitum 067 0 67 0.6 MEBW075d MEBWd ME BW0 75 BW ME/BW0.75/d 6, 6 , RG1 RG (RG1 033 33 0.3 RG2, (RG2 018 18 0.1 9 pregnancy 14 gestation matrix nutrition weight COL (COL3 FN (FN COL1COL3 COLCOL COL1 COL1:COL Malondialdehyde amylase TAOC T AOC (T-AOC growth imbalance 06 0. MEBW 7 (RG 03 01 (COL COL1COL

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar los porcentajes de resistencia a los antibióticos, de bacterias colectadas de unidades de salud (US) en Hermosillo y Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México. Participaron ocho US de Hermosillo y tres de Ciudad Obregón, nueve pertenecen al sector público y dos al sector privado. Se analizaron los resultados de identificación y drogorresistencia de 15,653 aislamientos en un periodo de un año (2019 - 2020). Posteriormente, se compararon seis unidades de salud de Hermosillo, para los periodos 2014-2015 y 2019 - 2020. Las diferencias , entre poblaciones y periodos de tiempo, se obtuvieron mediante chi quadrada. Durante el periodo 2019 - 2020, los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron Escherichia coli (32.9 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.4 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.6 %) y Staphylococcus aureus (6.6 %). Se detectaron diferencias en la resistencia a fármacos ampliamente utilizados como cefalosporinas, quinolonas y carbapenémicos, entre las instituciones de Hermosillo y Ciudad Obregón. En seis unidades de salud de Hermosillo, se observó una disminución en los porcentajes de resistencia para la mayoría de los antibióticos ensayados en 2020, respecto a 2015. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la resistencia a los antibióticos entre los aislamientos clínicos de Hermosillo y Ciudad Obregón, dos ciudades separadas por sólo 252 km.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the antibiotic resistance percentages of bacteria collected from health units (HU) in Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico. Eight HU from Hermosillo and three HU from Ciudad Obregón, nine belong to the public sector and two to the private sector. Overall, 15,653 results of identification and drug resistance from clinical bacterial isolates were analyzed for a one-year period (2019 - 2020). Subsequently, a comparative study was carried out for six health units in Hermosillo, for 2014 - 2015 and 2019 - 2020 periods. Differences between populations and time periods were assessed through the Chi square test, for differences among populations and time periods. Altogether, for the 2019 - 2020 period the most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli (32.9 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.4 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.6 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.6 %). Different resistance percentages to widely used drugs such as cephalosporins, quinolones and carbapenems were detected. A significant decrease in resistance percentages was observed, in six HU in Hermosillo, for most of the antibiotics tested in 2020, compared to 2015. Significative differences were found in antibiotic resistance between clinical isolates from Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregón, two cities that are separated by only 252 km (156 miles).

ABSTRACT Explaining where plants originated and how plants migrated between eastern Asia and other Northern Hemisphere regions is still challenging. The genus Arisaema is considered a good example to illuminate this process, due to its wide distribution in both the tropical and temperate zones. Based on comprehensive taxon sampling, the historical biogeography of Arisaema was conducted using the molecular data from four chloroplast DNA regions. The phylogeny of Arisaema was studied by using ML and BI methods. Divergence times of Arisaema species were estimated by the uncorrelated lognormal Bayesian method. The ancestral area reconstruction of Arisaema was performed with BioGeoBEARS and Bayes-DIVA. Our results indicated that the crown group of Arisaema originated in Southeast Asia ca. 31.28 Ma. After the initial origin, Arisaema was inferred to have become widespread in Southeast Asia. Members in Himalayas, Africa and North China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula region (NJK region) were derived from migrants originating in Southeast Asia. American members were derived from migrants originating in the NJK region. Arisaema originated in Southeast Asia during the Oligocene with the development of tropical rainforest and a warm, moist climate. During the Oligocene to Miocene, Southeast Asia was the original center for the diversification of Arisaema in the NJK region.

Abstrato Introdução A irrupção de doenças emergentes como a COVID-19 causa uma série de alterações nas pessoas, incluindo enfermeiras, que estão na primeira linha de atendimento. Alguns dos efeitos incluem a presença de ansiedade, depressão, estresse, insônia e angústia. Objetivo Avaliar o nível de incerteza sobre a doença COVID-19 no pessoal de enfermagem de segundo nível em Morelia, Michoacán, México. Metodologia Estudo descritivo e transversal, em uma amostra de 160 enfermeiros de hospitais públicos ou privados de segundo nível de assistência, amostra de conveniência não-probabilística contatados via Facebook. Foram incluídos enfermeiros no atendimento direto a pacientes, utilizando a versão modificada da Escala de Incerteza de Doença e um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e ocupacionais. Foram usadas estatísticas descritivas e o qui-quadrado. O anonimato dos participantes foi respeitado. Resultados A maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (87,5%), enfermeiras licenciadas (63,1%), idade média de 36,7 anos (SD=8,5) e 36,9% tinham estado em contato com pacientes da COVID-19. A incerteza total foi moderada em 56,9% e no pessoal de enfermagem em contato com os pacientes da COVID-19 foi de 64,8%. Foi encontrada uma relação estatisticamente significativa (p=≤0,05) entre incerteza e sexo, escolaridade; treinamento COVID-19 e uso de equipamento de proteção pessoal; disponibilidade de máscara facial e equipamento de proteção pessoal; fazer o curso COVID-19 e ter contato com pacientes COVID-19. Conclusões Houve incerteza moderada na equipe de enfermagem dos hospitais de segundo nível, com diferenças nas variáveis pessoais, treinamento e disponibilidade de material e equipamento.

Abstract Introduction The outbreak of emerging diseases such as COVID-19 has caused a series of alterations in people, including nurses, who are in the first line of care. Some of the effects include the presence of anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia, and anguish. Objective Evaluate the level of uncertainty about COVID-19 disease in second-level nursing staff in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. Methodology Descriptive and cross-sectional study, in a sample of 160 nurses from public and private second-level care hospitals, non-probabilistic convenience sampling contacted via Facebook. Nurses in direct patient care were included, using the modified community version of the Illness Uncertainty Scale and a sociodemographic and occupational data questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square were used. The anonymity of the participants was respected. Results Most of the participants were women (87.5%), licensed nurses (63.1%), mean age 36.7 years (SD=8.5) and 36.9% had been in contact with COVID-19 patients. Total uncertainty was moderate in 56.9% and in nursing personnel in contact with COVID-19 patients it was 64.8%. A statistically significant relationship (p=≤0.05) was found between uncertainty and sex, schooling; COVID-19 training and use of personal protective equipment; availability of face shield and personal protective equipment; have taken COVID-19 course and have had contact with COVID-19 patients. Conclusions There was moderate uncertainty in the nursing personnel working at second-level care hospitals, with differences in personal variables, training and availability of material and equipment.

Resumen Introducción La irrupción de enfermedades emergentes como la COVID-19 provoca una serie de alteraciones en las personas, incluyendo al personal de enfermería, quienes se encuentran en la primera línea de atención. Algunas afectaciones incluyen la presencia de ansiedad, depresión, estrés, insomnio y angustia. Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de incertidumbre ante la enfermedad COVID-19 en personal de enfermería de segundo nivel de atención en Morelia, Michoacán, México. Metodología Estudio descriptivo y transversal, en muestra de 160 enfermeras/os de hospitales públicos o privados de segundo nivel de atención, muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia contactados vía Facebook. Se incluyeron enfermeras en atención directa a pacientes, utilizando Escala de Incertidumbre ante la Enfermedad en versión comunitaria modificada y cédula de datos sociodemográficos y laborales. Se empleó estadística descriptiva y chi cuadrada. Se respetó el anonimato de los participantes. Resultados La mayoría de los participantes fueron mujeres (87.5%), licenciadas en enfermería (63.1%), edad promedio de 36.7 años (DE=8.5) y 36.9% habían tenido contacto con pacientes COVID-19. La incertidumbre total fue moderada en 56.9% y en personal de enfermería en contacto con pacientes COVID-19 fue 64.8%. Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa (p=≤0.05) entre incertidumbre y sexo, escolaridad; capacitación en COVID-19 y uso de equipo de protección personal; disponibilidad de careta y equipo de protección personal; tomar curso de COVID-19 y tener contacto con pacientes COVID-19. Conclusiones Existió incertidumbre moderada en el personal de enfermería de hospitales de segundo nivel de atención, con diferencias en variables personales, de capacitación y disponibilidad de material y equipo.

Resumen Introducción La rápida transición del medio rural a la adopción de hábitos alimenticios de zonas urbanas, el sedentarismo, las dificultades de acceso a la salud, ponen a la población en mayor riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes, sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que se enfocan en este fenómeno a nivel rural. Conocer el riesgo permite identificar las áreas problemáticas y revertir la situación a través de modelos de atención para esta población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los factores de riesgo presentes en una comunidad rural de Guanajuato. Material y Métodos Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal; muestra no probabilística de 164 personas sin diabetes, se calculó con Epidat 3.1, intervalo de confianza al 95%, precisión del 3%; se aplicó el Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo para la Diabetes Mellitus. Para la colecta se hizo un recorrido de casa por casa hasta completar la muestra, para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la chi cuadrada y cálculo de odds ratio. Resultados El 71%(117) de la población fueron mujeres; el promedio para la edad fue de 43 años; el 85% de los sujetos presentaron un alto riesgo de padecer diabetes; los tres principales factores de riesgo fueron: 57.9% (95) con sobrepeso y obesidad, el 77.4%(127) de la muestra con cintura superior al parámetro recomendado, 75.6% (124) de la muestra presentó antecedentes heredofamiliares; en cuestión de género las mujeres presentaron 3 veces más riesgo de diabetes (p=<.05). Conclusión Los entornos rurales muy contrario a lo que se observaba, tienen alto riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes, probablemente va de la mano con los cambios de hábitos de las comunidades, pues la industrialización las ha invadido, con todo lo que conlleva, como lo señala Moreno L.

Abstract Introduction The rapid transition from rural to urban eating habits, sedentary lifestyles and poor access to healthcare put people at higher risk of getting diabetes. However, only a few studies focus on this phenomenon at the rural level. Understanding risks allow identifying problem areas and reversing the situation by using healthcare models in this population. This study is aimed to describe risk factors found in a rural community in Guanajuato. Material and Methods A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 164 individuals without diabetes, which was calculated using Epidat 3.1, 95% Confidence Interval and 3% accuracy. Type 2 diabetes risk assessment questionnaire was implemented. Results 71% (117) of the population were women at an average age of 43; 85% of individuals were at a high risk for diabetes. The three main risk factors were 57.9% (95) were overweight and obese, 77.4% (127) had their waist circumference above suggested parameters and 75.6% (124) had a family history. As for gender, women were three times more likely to develop diabetes (p=<.05). Conclution Rural environments, unlike previous observations, are at high risk of developing diabetes, which probably goes in parallel with changes in community habits, given that industrialization has already invaded them, including all aspects that it entails, as Moreno L points out.

Resumo Introdução A rápida transição dos hábitos alimentares rurais para os urbanos, os estilos de vida sedentários e as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde põem a população em maior risco de contrair diabetes. No entanto, poucos estudos se concentram neste fenômeno no âmbito rural. O conhecimento do risco nos permite identificar as áreas problemáticas e reverter a situação através de modelos de atenção a esta população. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os fatores de risco presentes em uma comunidade rural de Guanajuato. Material e Métodos Estudo observacional transversal descritivo; amostra não probabilística de 164 pessoas sem diabetes, calculada com Epidat 3.1, intervalo de confiança de 95%, precisão de 3%; Questionário de Fatores de Risco para Diabetes Mellitus foi aplicado. Para a coleta de dados, foi feita uma pesquisa casa a casa até a conclusão da amostra; para a análise estatística, foram utilizados o chi quadrado e cálculo dos odds ratios. Resultados 71% (117) da população eram mulheres; a média de idade foi de 43 anos; 85% dos indivíduos apresentaram alto risco de diabetes; os três principais fatores de risco foram: 57,9% (95) com sobrepeso e obesidade, 77,4% (127) da amostra com a cintura acima do parâmetro recomendado, 75,6% (124) da amostra apresentou histórico familiar; em termos de gênero, as mulheres apresentaram 3 vezes o risco de diabetes (p=<,05). Conclusão Os ambientes rurais, ao contrário do que foi observado, têm alto risco de desenvolver diabetes, o que provavelmente vai junto com as mudanças de hábitos em comunidades, já que a industrialização as invadiu, com tudo o que isso implica, como aponta Moreno L.

Abstract This paper analyzes discrimination against young indigenous street venders in public spaces. Discrimination experiences are analyzed based on a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods and a review of 2010 census data. Results confirm that discrimination, harassment, segregation of public spaces, and extortion due to their ethnicity lead to indigenous marginalization in the city. Implications include the State assumption of young indigenous street vendors as a problem and its formulation of policies for the use of public space to justify their removal. For this, different data analysis techniques and different actors were included in order to have a broader vision of the phenomenon. Among its conclusions, it highlights that young indigenous street vendors relate work with acquiring a sense of responsibility, just as the State does not guarantee social welfare.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la discriminación de jóvenes indígenas vendedores ambulantes en espacios públicos. A partir de una triangulación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos y de una revisión de datos censales de 2010, se analizan las experiencias de discriminación. Como resultado, se confirma que la discriminación, el acoso, la segregación de los espacios públicos y la extorsión por la condición étnica conducen a la marginalidad indígena en la ciudad. Entre las implicaciones se tiene que el Estado supone como problema a los jóvenes indígenas vendedores ambulantes y formula políticas de uso del espacio público para justificar su retiro. En el estudio, se involucran diferentes técnicas de análisis de información y a diferentes actores para tener una visión más amplia del fenómeno. Entre las conclusiones, destaca que los jóvenes indígenas vendedores ambulantes relacionan el trabajo con la adquisición de sentido de responsabilidad, así como el Estado no garantiza bienestar social.

The effect of annealing process on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg/Al composite plates fabricated by cast-rolling was investigated in this study. The results show that the interfacial transition zone can be divided into three regions: a Mg transition region, an Al transition region, and an intermediate region, respectively. The microhardness of the interfacial transition zone is higher than that of AZ31B and A356.When the annealing temperature is 250 ºC, the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions required for the formation of new intermetallic compounds have been met. While, for an annealing temperature at, or above, 300 ºC, the width of the interfacial transition zone, annealing temperature, and time follow model: ∆ X 2 = 2 . 07 × 10 4 exp − 60407 RT t − 11 . 54 exp 21211 RT. The shear strength reaches a maximum value of 116 MPa when the annealing temperature is 200 ºC. Cleavage fracture occurs at the side of the AZ31B alloy and quasi-cleavage fracture at the side of the A356 alloy.

Abstract Organ transplantation represents the only alternative to survive or improve the quality of life of many patients; however, there is a serious shortage of organs to be transplanted. The present study explored the attitudes towards postmortem organ donation in Mexico, comparing the results by gender, age and schooling. The Attitudes towards Postmortem Organ Donation Questionnaire (ADOP in Spanish) was applied to 897 adults, which is composed of three factors: Favorable Attitudes, Unfavorable Attitudes, and Distrust. Women, the youngest participants and those with higher education were more willing to donate their organs when they die, and had the lowest scores on the Unfavorable Attitudes and Distrust factors. The statistical tests used were chi square, student t test, one-way ANOVA, and logistic regression. When comparing the results among the three factors of the ADOP, it was shown that participants recognize the importance of organ donation. The results may be useful to sensitize the population, particularly to older individuals and those with low schooling, in order to improve organ donation rates.

Resumen El trasplante de órganos representa la única alternativa para sobrevivir o mejorar la calidad de vida de muchos pacientes; sin embargo, existe una grave escasez de órganos para trasplante. En el presente estudio se exploraron las actitudes hacia la donación de órganos postmortem en México, comparando los resultados por sexo, edad y escolaridad. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Donación de Órganos Postmortem (ADOP) a 897 adultos, el cual consta de tres factores: Actitudes Favorables, Actitudes Desfavorables y Desconfianza. Las pruebas estadísticas usadas fueron chi cuadrada, t de student, ANOVA de una vía, y regresión logística. Las mujeres, los más jóvenes y los de mayor escolaridad se mostraron más dispuestos a donar sus órganos al morir, y tuvieron los puntajes más bajos en los factores de Actitudes Desfavorables y Desconfianza. Al comparar los resultados de los factores del ADOP, se observó que los participantes reconocen la importancia de la donación de órganos. Los resultados pueden servir para sensibilizar a la población, particularmente a los individuos de mayor edad y baja escolaridad, con el fin de mejorar la tasa de donación de órganos.

El propósito fue demostrar diferencias en las conductas alimentarias entre preescolares que recibieron lactancia materna completa (LMC: exclusiva o predominante) y preescolares que recibieron sucedáneos de la leche humana (SLH), que acuden a jardín de niños de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara. En estudio trasversal analítico por conveniencia, se seleccionaron a 177 preescolares de tres a cinco años de edad, sanos, nacidos a término, peso normal al nacer, con antecedentes de alimentación con LME o SLH que acudían a tres jardines de niños. Se aplicó un cuestionario vali dado de conductas alimentarias que consta de ocho escalas. Se obtuvieron variables socioeconómicas y demográficas de las familias e indicadores antropométricos de los participan tes. Se aplicaron pruebas t de Student, U de Mann-Whitney, Chi cuadrado, razón de momios, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y regresión logística. Hubo 2.8 veces mayor probabilidad de puntaje elevado en la escala comer menos por emociones en el grupo de SLH [RM=2.8 (1.0, 8.3), p=0.037]. Se observaron 15 correlaciones significativas entre las diferentes escalas del cuestionario en el grupo de LMC (62.5%) y nueve en el grupo de SLH (37.5%). Hubo siete correlaciones significativas entre las escalas en el grupo LMC que no fueron significativas en el grupo de SLH. En preescolares que recibieron LMC, a mayor lentitud para comer hubo menor irritabilidad hacia los alimentos (r=-0.325, p=0.01). Los preescolares con antecedentes de LMC tendrían menor probabilidad de alteraciones de conducta alimentaria y mostraron mayor número de correlaciones significativas entre las escalas que los preescolares que recibieron SLH.

The purpose was to demonstrate differences in eating behaviors among preschool children who received full breastfeeding (FBF: exclusive or predominant) and preschool children who received human milk substitutes (HMS), who attend kindergarten in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. In analytical cross-sectional study by convenience, 177 preschoolers, three to five years old, healthy, term infants with normal weight at birth and feeding history of FBF or HMS attending three kinder gartens were selected. A validated questionnaire of eating behaviors consisting of eight scales was applied. Socioeconomic and demographic variables of families and anthropometric indicators of participants were obtained. Student's t test, U Mann-Whitney, chi-square, odds ratio, Pearson correlation coefficient and logistic regression tests were ap plied. There were 2.8 times more likely to score high on the scale eat less by emotions in HMS group [OR = 2.8 (1.0, 8.3), p = 0.037]. Fifteen significant correlations between different scales of the questionnaire in the FBF group (62.5%) and nine in the HMS group (37.5%) were observed. There were seven significant correlations among the scales in FBF group, but not significant in the HMS group. In preschoolers receiving FBF, more frequency of eating slowly was related to less irritability to food (r=-0.325, p=0.01).Preschoolers with a history of FBF would be less likely to have alterations in eating behavior and showed more significant correlations between the scales that preschoolers who received HMS.

Paraguay has a high incidence of cervical cancer in women of 35/100,0000 in 2008 and the human papilloma virus (HPV) is the causative agent. The planning of preventive measures can be benefited by the knowledge of the viral types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the clinical and demographic characteristics of the HPV types present in women with negative cytology for squamous intraepithelial lesion. This was a cross-sectional study with an analytical compound in 207 women with negative cytology for squamous intraepithelial lesion from health centers in Asunción. The typification was performed by polymerase chain reaction using MY09/11 and GP5/GP6 primers, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and reverse linear hybridization. The association between HPV and clinical-demographic characteristics was determined by chi-square analysis (EpiInfo version 3.2). A high frequency of HPV (21%) was detected being the predominant type HPV 16 (4.3%) followed by HPV 58/31 (2.4% each). An association between the presence of HPV and age was observed (p=0.0002) and a higher frequency of HPV in women younger than 30 years was detected which decreased when age increased, showing a slight increase in women of 60 years or more. In conclusion, the data show a high frequency of HPV and HPV 16 in women under 30 years of age with negative cytology and suggest a need for further monitoring in order to identify persistent infections that could cause cervical lesion.

Paraguay posee una alta tasa de incidencia de cáncer de cuello uterino de 35/100.0000 mujeres en el año 2008 y el virus de papiloma humano (HPV) es su agente causal. La planificación de medidas de prevención puede ser beneficiada con conocimientos sobre los tipos virales, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar características clínico-demográficas y los tipos de HPV presentes en mujeres con citología negativa para lesión escamosa intraepitelial. Estudio de corte transverso con componente analítico en 207 mujeres con citología negativa para lesión escamosa intraepitelial provenientes de centros de salud de Asunción. La tipificación fue realizada por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa utilizando cebadores MY09/11 y GP5/GP6, seguida de polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos de restricción e hibridación lineal reversa, respectivamente. La asociación entre HPV y las características clínico-demográficas fue determinada por análisis de Chi cuadrado (EpiInfo versión 3,2). Se detectó alta frecuencia de HPV (21%), siendo el tipo predominante HPV 16 (4,3%) seguido de HPV 58/31 (2,4% cada uno). Se observó asociación entre la presencia de HPV y la edad (p=0,0002), detectándose mayor frecuencia de HPV en mujeres menores a 30 años, la cual, disminuyó al aumentar la edad, presentando un ligero aumento en mujeres de 60 años o más. En conclusión, los datos muestran una alta frecuencia de HPV y HPV 16 en mujeres menores a 30 años con citología negativa y sugieren la necesidad de realizar control posteriormente, a fin de identificar las infecciones persistentes que podrían causar lesión de cuello uterino.

ABSTRACT Introduction Identify that influence the evaluation of program users diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods Data from the ENSA 2000, were analyzed, in a sample of 88,499 adults 18 years of diabetes mellitus program. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-squared test; the V of Cramer and logistic regression to model the probability of issuing a negative program evaluation. Results 81.7% gave a positive evaluation program. It found less probability to issue a negative evaluation program in the group of 81 to 90 years, in women, in public sector institutions and when expect less than 10 minutes (Exp B=.529, p>.01). Discussion and Conclusions Age, gender, institution and the waiting time are factors that affect the perception of diabetes mellitus program evaluation.

RESUMEN Introducción Identificar los factores que influyen en la evaluación de los usuarios del programa diabetes mellitus. Materiales y Métodos Se analizó la base de datos ENSA 2000, en una muestra de 88,499 adultos mayores de 18 años del programa diabetes mellitus. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo, se aplicó la prueba Chi cuadrado; la V de Cramer y se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para modelar la probabilidad de emitir una evaluación negativa al programa. Resultados El 81.7% emitió una evaluación positiva del programa. Se encontró menor probabilidad de emitir una evaluación negativa en el grupo de 81 a 90 años; en las mujeres, en las instituciones del sector público y cuando se espera menos de 10 minutos (Exp B=.529; p>0.01). Discusión y Conclusiones La edad, el sexo, la institución y el tiempo de espera son factores que afectan la percepción de la evaluación del programa diabetes mellitus.

Introducción: Identificar los factores que influyen en la evaluación de los usuarios del programa diabetes mellitus. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizó la base de datos ENSA 2000, en una muestra de 88,499 adultos mayores de 18 años del programa diabetes mellitus. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo, se aplicó la prueba Chi cuadrado; la V de Cramer y se construyó un modelo de regresión logística para modelar la probabilidad de emitir una evaluación negativa al programa. Resultados: El 81.7% emitió una evaluación positiva del programa. Se encontró menor probabilidad de emitir una evaluación negativa en el grupo de 81 a 90 años; en las mujeres, en las instituciones del sector público y cuando se espera menos de 10 minutos (Exp B=.529; p>0.01). Discusión y Conclusiones: La edad, el sexo, la institución y el tiempo de espera son factores que afectan la percepción de la evaluación del programa diabetes mellitus. (Rev Cuid 2012;3(3):300-7).

Introduction: Identify that influence the evaluation of program users diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: Data from the ENSA 2000, were analyzed, in a sample of 88,499 adults 18 years of diabetes mellitus program. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-squared test; the V of Cramer and logistic regression to model the probability of issuing a negative program evaluation. Results: 81.7% gave a positive evaluation program. It found less probability to issue a negative evaluation program in the group of 81 to 90 years, in women, in public sector institutions and when expect less than 10 minutes (Exp B=.529, p>.01). Discussion and Conclusions: Age, gender, institution and the waiting time are factors that affect the perception of diabetes mellitus program evaluation.