The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Linn.) is a tropical fruit cultivated in the tropical forests of Southeast Asian countries. It is recognized as the queen of fruits due to its unique color, aroma, and flavor. It has been used for centuries in Southeastern Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Many functional molecules with high medicinal value are obtained from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit, whose major constituent is xanthone α-mangostin. Several studies have been carried out over the last decades to further investigate and understand the pharmacological properties associated with the plant and its main chemical constituents, belonging to the class of xanthones. In addition, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its importance and its potential application in medicinal chemistry. Prenylated xanthones, which include α-mangostin, are secondary metabolites particularly common in plants belonging to the Clusiaceae family. These substances have been intensively investigated for their potential as biologically active agents. This article describes a critical analysis of published data related to the properties of α-mangostin, aiming to provide a more detailed view of its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Garcinia mangostana Linn. Linn countries color aroma flavor diseases αmangostin. αmangostin α mangostin. mangostin α-mangostin constituents xanthones addition chemistry αmangostin, mangostin, family agents

Turmeric, obtained from the dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), is a golden colored material, commonly used around the world for seasoning and coloring food dishes. Since antiquity, turmeric has been widely used in the treatment of several diseases in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine (Ayurveda), where it is also known by other names such as Kanchani (goddess gold) or also Gauri (having a bright and luminous face), a designation stemming from the gilded appearance of the plant material. Curcumin, the main chemical component of turmeric, is responsible both for its properties as dyes as well as its biological activities. This diarylheptanoid was first isolated almost two centuries ago and had its chemical structure determined in 1910 as being diferuloylmethane. Subsequently, more detailed and relevant data were obtained furthering the understanding of structural features of curcumin. The classical methodology for the synthesis of curcumin and other curcuminoids was described in 1960 by Pabon. Subsequently, different variations on this methodology have been developed, culminating with the synthesis of different curcuminoids. Several studies have been published in recent years on the biological activities exhibited by curcumin including its antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and leishmanicidal activities.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da piperina, como suplemento fitogênico, na dieta de frangos de corte. Pintos com sete dias de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos (n = 24), com quatro repetições (n = 6). A piperina foi adicionada na ração nas concentrações de 0, 60, 120 e 180 mg kg‑1 por 35 dias consecutivos. Foram avaliados: parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos; desempenho e rendimento de carcaça. Também foram realizadas análises histomorfométricas. A adição de 120 e 180 mg kg‑1 de piperina não alterou o peso corpóreo e a conversão alimentar dos frangos, enquanto 60 mg kg‑1 de piperina interferiram positivamente em ambos os parâmetros, de 36 a 42 dias de idade, e aumentaram significativamente a superfície de absorção do duodeno e do íleo. Não foi observada alteração macroscópica no tamanho e na coloração dos órgãos dos frangos alimentados com as rações com as concentrações de piperina avaliadas. A suplementação com 120 e 180 mg kg‑1 de piperina é tóxica ao tecido hepático e reduz a superfície de absorção do jejuno. A dieta suplementada como 60 mg kg‑1 de piperina é segura.

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of piperine as a phytogenic additive in chicken broiler diet. Seven‑day‑old male chicks were randomly allocated in four experimental treatments (n = 24), with four replicates (n = 6). The piperine was added to diets at concentrations of 0, 60, 120, and 180 mg kg‑1 for 35 consecutive days. The following were evaluated: biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters; performance and carcass yield. Histomorphometric analyses were also carried out. The addition of 120 and 180 mg kg‑1 of piperine did not alter broiler body weight and feed conversion, whereas 60 mg kg‑1 of piperine interfered positively in both parameters from 36 to 42 days of age and significantly increased the absorption surface of the duodenum and the ileum. No macroscopic alteration in organ size and color was observed in the broilers fed diets with the evaluated concentrations of piperine. The supplementation of 120 and 180 mg kg‑1 of piperine is toxic to liver tissue and reduces the absorption surface of the jejune. The diet supplemented with 60 mg kg‑1 of piperine is safe.

O efeito tóxico da piperina, principal amida presente em diversas espécies de pimenta, foi avaliada em frangos de corte por meio da administração oral (0,00, 1,12, 2,25 e 4,5mg kg-1 peso vivo) por 14 dias consecutivos. Foram empregados 60 pintos machos (Cobb Avian 48) com sete dias de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n=15). Foram avaliados parâmetros como: ganho de peso, peso relativo do fígado e alterações hematológicas e anatomopatológicas. A administração oral de piperina não interferiu no ganho de peso ou no peso relativo do fígado, além de não promover alteração no tamanho e na coloração dos órgãos ou no aparecimento de lesões de parênquima e nas mucosas do órgão. Todavia, alterações histopatológicas dose-dependentes foram observadas. A piperina não foi capaz de alterar significativamente os parâmetros hematológicos analisados, com exceção do leucograma, em que as doses de 1,12mg e 2,25mg kg-1 promoveram aumento do número de heterófilos e do número total de leucócitos, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que a dose oral de 1,12mg de piperina por quilo não é tóxica para frangos de corte, sendo semelhante aos resultados obtidos para ratos e camundongos. Além disso, constatou-se a capacidade da piperina em aumentar o número total de leucócitos circulantes a partir da dose de 2,25mg kg-1 nessa espécie animal.

The toxic effect of piperine, the main amide compound of different pepper species, was evaluated on broiler chickens by oral administration at 0.00, 1.12, 2.25 and 4.50mg kg-1 concentrations for 14 days. Sixty seven days old male chicks (Cobb Avian 48) randomly allocated to four experimental groups (n=15) were used in this work. Parameters such as: body weight gain, liver relative weight, hematological and anatomopathological alterations were analyzed. The oral route administration did not interfere on weight gain or liver relative weight, as well as, any modification on size and organs' color and/or parenchyma/mucous membranes injuries were observed; however, liver histopathological changes were noticed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, piperine did not alter hematological parameters, except for leukocytes counting, which at 1.12 and from 2.25mg kg-1 caused an increase of heterophils and in the total number of leukocytes, respectively. The results suggest that 1.12mg kg-1 of piperine orally administrated is not toxic for broiler chickens, as previously observed for rats and mice. Moreover, 2.25mg kg-1 of piperine seems to increase the total number of leukocytes for this animal specie.

Resumo A síntese e determinação estrutural de ésteres derivados do ácido cinâmico permitiu obter análogos dos ésteres naturais isolados de Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne e avaliar o potencial alelopático dos mesmos através de bioensaios de germinação de sementes de alface e tomate. As substâncias que promoveram maior inibição da germinação das sementes analisadas foram: 3,4-metilenodioxifenil acrilato de hexadecila; 3,4-metilenodioxifenil propionato de hexadecila; 3,4-metilenodioxi-6-nitrofenil propionato de hexadecila; e ferrulato de sitosterila. As estruturas foram determinadas através da análise de dados fornecidos por espectrometria de infravermelho, de massas e de RMN de 1H e 13C. tomate 3,4metilenodioxifenil 34metilenodioxifenil metilenodioxifenil 3,4 3 4 hexadecila 3,4metilenodioxi6nitrofenil 34metilenodioxi6nitrofenil metilenodioxinitrofenil metilenodioxi 6 nitrofenil sitosterila infravermelho H 13C C 4metilenodioxifenil 34 3, 4metilenodioxi6nitrofenil

Abstract The synthesis and structural determination of cinnamates esters derivative let us to obtain some similar products to natural esters isolated from Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne, and to evaluate their allelopathic potencial by bioassays of lettuce and tomato seed germination. The substances which promoted more inhibition to seed germination were 3,4-metilenedioxiphenyl hexadecyl acrylate; 3,4-metilenedioxiphenyl hexadecyl propionate; 3,4-metilenedioxi-6-nitrophenyl hexadecyl propionate, and sitosteryl ferulate. The structures were determined by infrared, mass and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Koehne 3,4metilenedioxiphenyl 34metilenedioxiphenyl metilenedioxiphenyl 3,4 3 4 acrylate propionate 3,4metilenedioxi6nitrophenyl 34metilenedioxi6nitrophenyl metilenedioxinitrophenyl metilenedioxi 6 nitrophenyl ferulate infrared H C spectroscopy 4metilenedioxiphenyl 34 3, 4metilenedioxi6nitrophenyl