The recycle and utilization of expired drugs is a challenge for many countries at present. The employment of expired drugs as green corrosion inhibitors is expected to address both drug recycling and corrosion prevention issues, with significant economic and environmental value. Herein, the individually and combination corrosion inhibition performance of expired amoxicillin (AMC) and penicillin V potassium tablets (PVP) for lowcarbon steel in 20% acetic acid solution containing 600 mg L-1 chloride ion are evaluated by electrochemistry and weight loss method. Both the AMC and PVP present the mixed-type corrosion inhibitors mainly affect the cathode process when used individually. The optimum inhibition efficiency is 61.22% (AMC) and 79.21% (PVP), which all appear in 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1. The AMC and PVP are adsorbed on the steel surface by mixed physisorption and chemisorption, which are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corrosion inhibition rate drops sharply when AMC and PVP are combined use with a close mole ratio. But a small amount of PVP significantly enhance the corrosion inhibition effect of AMC, the corrosion inhibition rate from 61.22 to 79.72%. The corrosion inhibition rate of AMC and PVP combination inhibitor decreased with the increase of temperature. issues value Herein (AMC (PVP 20 60 L1 L 1 L- method mixedtype type 6122 61 22 7921 79 21 79.21 PVP, , 50 5 0 5. 103 10 3 10- L1. 1. chemisorption isotherm ratio 61.2 7972 72 79.72% temperature 2 6 612 792 7 79.2 61. 797 79.72 79. 79.7

SUMMARY: The pharyngeal arch (PA) is a transient structure of vertebrate embryos. Their number varies from species to species; nine in lampreys, seven in teleosts, and six in amniotes. Each pharyngeal arch contains a nerve and an artery as well as skeletomuscular elements. There has been a long-standing controversy about the formation of the fifth PA. Here, we investigated the formation of the fifth PA by tracking the distribution of neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches in chick embryos. Fertilized chick and quail eggs were used. Neural crest cells were detected by using quail-chick cell tracing technique and in ovo electroporation of EGFP constructs. Our results showed that neural crest cells from the post-otic level contributed to all post-otic pharyngeal arches (PA3-6). In contrast, neural crest cells from the somite 1-3 level avoided to invade the third pharyngeal arch, although they gave rise post-otic pharyngeal arches. Based on the trajectory of neural crest cells, the fifth pharyngeal arch was visible between the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch, although it was considerably smaller compared to other arches. The fifth PA forms during early development at least in avian species. It is closer to the sixth PA than the fourth PA. This is in line with the formation of the fifth PAA, which can form a bypass and even fuse with the sixth PAA.

RESUMEN: El arco faríngeo (AF) es una estructura transitoria de los embriones de vertebrados. Su número varía de una especie a otra; nueve en lampreas, siete en teleósteos y seis en amniotas. Cada arco faríngeo contiene un nervio y una arteria, así como elementos esqueleto musculares. Ha existido una larga controversia sobre laformación del quinto arco faríngeo. En este trabajo investigamos la formación del quinto AF mediante el seguimiento de la distribución de las células de la cresta neural en los arcos faríngeos en embriones de pollo. Se utilizaron huevos de pollito y codorniz fertilizados. Las células de la cresta neural se detectaron mediante la técnica de rastreo de células de polluelos de codorniz y la electroporación in ovo de construcciones de EGFP. Nuestros resultados mostraron que las células de la cresta neural del nivel postótico contribuyeron a todos los arcos faríngeos postóticos (AF3-6). Por el contrario, las células de la cresta neural del nivel somita 1-3 evitaron invadir el tercer arco faríngeo, aunque dieron lugar a arcos faríngeos postóticos. Según la trayectoria de las células de la cresta neural, el quinto arco faríngeo era visible entre el cuarto y el sexto arco faríngeo, aunque era considerablemente más pequeño en comparación con otros arcos. El quinto AF se forma durante el desarrollo temprano, al menos en especies de aves. Se encuentra más cerca del sexto AF que del cuarto AF. Esto concuerda con la formación del quinto AAF, que puede formar un bypass e incluso fusionarse con el sexto AAF.

Resumo Muitas das dúvidas, disputas e incompreensões sobre a teoria na pesquisa em Direito ocorrem porque frequentemente não nos atentamos para o fato de que a teoria pode ter diversas definições e usos a depender do tipo de pesquisa em Direito que se produz. Portanto, para esclarecer os diferentes conceitos de teoria e as suas funções, o presente artigo apresenta e discute quatro tipos de pesquisa no Direito, que refletem dimensões diferentes dessa disciplina: Direito como disciplina prática, como ciência social positivista, como ciência social interpretativista e como humanidade. Compreender essas diferenças desfaz algumas confusões e angústia em torno do uso teoria na pesquisa em Direito e permite que se trabalhe com a teoria de forma mais rigorosa, além de ajudar a posicionar o campo da pesquisa em Direito em relação a outras disciplinas e à prática jurídica. dúvidas produz Portanto funções positivista humanidade rigorosa jurídica

Abstract Many of the doubts, disputes, and misunderstandings surrounding theory in legal research are due to our lack of attention to the fact that there are different types of legal research and that each of them understands, uses, and creates theory in its own way. Therefore, to clarify the different concepts and functions of theory, this article presents and discusses four types of legal research, which reflect different discipline dimensions: Law as a practical discipline, Law as a positivist social science, Law as an interpretivist social science, and Law as a humanity. Understanding these differences can help unmake some of the misunderstandings and anxieties around the use of theory in legal research and allow a more rigorous employment of theory by researchers. It also helps to position the field of legal research in relation to other disciplines and legal practice. doubts disputes understands uses way Therefore dimensions science humanity researchers practice

SUMMARY: To compare the advantages and disadvantages of reverse sural fasciocutaneous flap (RSFF) versus medial plantar flap (MPF) in the treatment of skin defects after excision of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the heel. The research participants were 80 SCC patients admitted to Lishui People's Hospital between January 2019 and April 2022, who were assigned to RSFF group (n=37) and MPF group (n=43) according to the flap type. After a one-year follow-up, the survival, flap necrosis and ulceration, as well as pain and tactile sensation recovery of both groups were counted. At the last follow-up, the clinical response was evaluated, and Short-Form 36 Item Health Survey (SF-36) and appearance satisfaction surveys were conducted. No patients died in either group, and one patient in each group developed flap necrosis. The MPF group had better sensory recovery and a lower incidence of flap ulceration (P<0.05). No notable inter-group differences were identified in clinical efficacy and SF-36 scores (P>0.05). The cosmetic satisfaction was higher in MPF group than in RSFF group (P<0.05). MPF contributes to beautiful appearance, better sensory recovery, and low risk of long-term ulceration, while RSFF is suitable for lesions with large defects or those located at the lateral heel.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las ventajas y desventajas del colgajo fasciocutáneo sural inverso (RSFF) versus el colgajo plantar medial (MPF) en el tratamiento de defectos de la piel después de la escisión de un carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) del talón. Los participantes de la investigación fueron 80 pacientes con CCE ingresados en el Hospital Popular de Lishui entre enero de 2019 y abril de 2022, que fueron asignados al grupo RSFF (n=37) y al grupo MPF (n=43) según el tipo de colgajo. Después de un año de seguimiento, se observó la supervivencia, la necrosis y ulceración del colgajo, así como la recuperación del dolor y la sensación táctil de ambos grupos. En el último seguimiento, se evaluó la respuesta clínica y se realizaron encuestas de salud de formato corto de 36 ítems (SF-36) y encuestas de satisfacción. Ningún paciente falleció en ninguno de los grupos y un paciente de cada grupo desarrolló necrosis del colgajo. El grupo MPF tuvo una mejor recuperación sensorial y una menor incidencia de ulceración del colgajo (P <0,05). No se identificaron diferencias notables entre grupos en la eficacia clínica y las puntuaciones del SF-36 (P>0,05). La satisfacción cosmética fue mayor en el grupo MPF que en el grupo RSFF (P<0,05). MPF contribuye a una mejor apariencia, mejor recuperación sensorial y un bajo riesgo de ulceración a largo plazo, mientras que RSFF es adecuado para lesiones con defectos grandes o localizados en la parte lateral del talón.

Resumo Este artigo é baseado em uma amostra representativa e aleatória de 396 decisões monocráticas penais do Supremo Tribunal Federal, proferidas entre 01/01/2020 e 22/06/2021, que mencionam a pandemia de Covid-19. Foram mapeados os pedidos, o tipo de prisão, a data de julgamento, o tipo de ação e o resultado dos pedidos. Em seguida, foi feita uma análise qualitativa dos argumentos utilizados pela Corte para decidir. O objetivo principal do estudo é compreender como a Corte julgou pedidos de desencarceramento e o peso da pandemia de Covid-19 na argumentação judicial. Os dados indicam que a pandemia não teve impacto relevante na forma de decidir do STF em casos de prisão. Prevaleceram os indeferimentos de pedidos de soltura, com significativa mobilização argumentativa de óbices processuais, permitindo que a Corte não se posicionasse sobre questões de mérito. Por outro lado, quando o mérito foi analisado, a pandemia não foi tratada como argumento suficiente para desencarcerar. Ademais, a pandemia, a Recomendação 62 do CNJ e a ADPF 347 não tiveram grande destaque argumentativo nas poucas decisões que concederam pedidos de desencarceramento. A pesquisa reforça o diagnóstico de que a pandemia não mudou o modo como o Judiciário lida com a prisão. Esse achado de pesquisa contribui para a compreensão dos obstáculos para o enfrentamento do superencarceramento no Brasil. 39 Federal 01012020 01 2020 01/01/202 22062021 22 06 2021 22/06/2021 Covid19. Covid19 Covid 19. 19 prisão julgamento seguida Covid-1 judicial soltura processuais lado analisado desencarcerar Ademais 6 34 Brasil 3 0101202 0 202 01/01/20 2206202 2 22/06/202 Covid1 1 Covid- 010120 20 01/01/2 220620 22/06/20 01012 01/01/ 22062 22/06/2 0101 01/01 2206 22/06/ 010 01/0 220 22/06 01/ 22/0 22/

Abstract This article is based on a representative and randomly selected sample of 396 individual criminal decisions from the Federal Supreme Court, issued between January 1, 2020, and June 22, 2021, related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We tracked the petitions, the type of imprisonment, the date of judgment, the type of legal action, and the outcomes of these requests. Subsequently, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the arguments employed by the Court in reaching its decisions. The main objective of the study is to understand how the Court ruled on requests for release from incarceration and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the judicial reasoning. The findings indicate that the pandemic had no relevant impact on the Court’s decision-making process. Dismissals on procedural grounds prevailed, allowing the court to avoid ruling on the merits of a claim. On the other hand, when the merits were analyzed, the pandemic was not treated as a sufficient argument for releasing a prisoner. Additionally, during the pandemic, CNJ’s Recommendation No. 62 and ADPF No. 347 had no argumentative prominence in the few decisions that granted requests for release. This research reinforces the diagnosis that the pandemic has not changed how the Judiciary deals with imprisonment. This finding contributes to understand the challenges in tackling mass incarceration in Brazil. 39 1 2020 22 2021 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 petitions imprisonment judgment action Subsequently Covid19 Covid Covid-1 reasoning Courts s decisionmaking decision making process prevailed claim hand analyzed prisoner Additionally CNJs CNJ No 6 34 Brazil 3 202 2 COVID1 COVID- Covid1 Covid- 20

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increasing adoption of robotic-assisted cystectomy with intracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD), despite its complexity, prompts a detailed comparison with extracorporeal urinary diversion (ECUD). Our study at a single institution investigates perioperative outcomes and identifies risk factors impacting the success of these surgical approaches. Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 174 patients who underwent robotic-assisted cystectomy at the University of Louisville from June 2016 to August 2021 were reviewed. The cohort was divided into two groups based on the urinary diversion method: 30 patients underwent ECUD and 144 underwent ICUD. Data on demographics, complication rates, length of hospital stay, and readmission rates were meticulously collected and analyzed. Results: Operative times were comparable between the ICUD and ECUD groups. However, the ICUD group had a significantly lower intraoperative transfusion rate (0.5 vs. 1.0, p=0.02) and shorter hospital stay (7.8 vs. 12.3 days, p<0.001). Factors such as male sex, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, intravesical therapy, higher ASA, and ACCI scores were associated with increased Clavien-Dindo Grade 3 or higher complications. Age over 70 was the sole factor linked to a higher 90-day readmission rate, with no specific characteristics influencing the 30-day rate. Conclusion: Robotic cystectomy with ICUD results in shorter hospitalizations and lower intraoperative transfusion rates compared to ECUD, without differences in operative time, high-grade postoperative complications, or readmission rates. These findings can inform clinical decision-making, highlighting ICUD as a potentially more favorable option in appropriate settings. Introduction roboticassisted robotic assisted ICUD, , (ICUD) complexity ECUD. . (ECUD) approaches Methods analysis 17 201 202 reviewed method 14 demographics analyzed Results However 0.5 05 0 5 (0. vs 10 1 1.0 p=0.02 p002 p 02 7.8 78 7 8 (7. 123 12 12. days p<0.001. p0001 p<0.001 001 p<0.001) sex history mellitus therapy ASA ClavienDindo Clavien Dindo complications 90day day 90 30day Conclusion time highgrade high grade decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making settings (ICUD (ECUD 20 0. (0 1. p=0.0 p00 7. (7 p000 p<0.00 00 9 2 ( p=0. p0 p<0.0 p=0 p<0. p= p<0 p<

Abstract Based on the inverse piezoelectric effect and other characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics, a new type of piezoelectric variable friction damper is developed, and the output performance test of piezoelectric ceramic actuator and piezoelectric variable friction damper is carried out, and the parametric mechanical model of the damper is established by using Simulink to carry out numerical simulation, and compared and analyzed with the test results. The results of the study show that the simulation and the test present a good regular agreement. With the increment of loading voltage, the displacement deformation and zero-displacement thrust of piezoelectric ceramic actuator are approximately linear with the loading voltage; when the loading voltage is increased by 15V every time, the test value of the output damping force of the damper increases by 259.66N on average step by step, and the simulated value increases by 256.14N step by step, and the damping force has a linearly incremental relationship with the voltage and the slope of the linear increase is 16.434. ceramics developed agreement zerodisplacement zero V time 25966N N 259 66N 25614N 256 14N 16434 16 434 16.434 25 1643 1 43 16.43 2 164 4 16.4 16.

Abstract Tsunamis, despite their rarity, are among the deadliest natural disasters, inflicting catastrophic damage on both coastal and inland regions. Given their highly site-specific impact, a comprehensive understanding of tsunami wave flow characteristics is crucial for effective tsunami preparedness and for safeguarding civil engineering structures. This study investigates the formation and progression of tsunami bores as they transition into surges near the shore. We employed a wave-flume experimental approach, with a specific focus on the Malaysian coastline. Experiments took place in a wave flume with a length of 40 m and a platform designed to replicate the gentle slopes commonly found in Malaysian coastal areas vulnerable to tsunamis. The primary focus lied in measuring key flow parameters, including flow depths and velocities near the shore. Wet bed bores were marked by a sudden rise in water depth and considerable air entrainment in the front region. As these waves transformed into dry bed surges, the front slope became gentler, and aeration diminished, while peak velocities increased. Additionally, the study also delves into the relations between flow depth and velocity concerning Froude numbers and momentum flux. The outcomes contribute significantly to global initiatives aimed at improving coastal resilience against tsunamis. Tsunamis rarity disasters regions sitespecific site impact structures shore waveflume approach coastline 4 tsunamis parameters region gentler diminished increased Additionally flux

This work is based on the precursor compound cyproflanilide and designs a series of methoxy containing meta-diamine compounds. By replacing the fluorine atom on the phenyl ring in cyproflanilide with methoxy group, 17 derivatives (12a-12q) were obtained with yields ranging from 46 to 92%, which were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and infrared. The insecticidal activities were evaluated against the Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera frugiperda. Compound N-(3-((2-bromopropane-4-(perfluoropropan-2-yl))-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methoxyphenyl)-N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6-fluoronicotinamide (12q) showed significant insecticidal activity against the Plutella xylostella with a mortality rate of 97.67% at a concentration of 1 mg L-1. It also exhibited moderate activity against the Spodoptera frugiperda at a concentration of 0.1 mg L-1, which can be used as a template for structure modification to obtain higher insecticidal activity. metadiamine meta diamine compounds group 12a12q aq 12a 12q q (12a-12q 4 92 92% highresolution high resolution spectrometry 1H H 13C C infrared N32bromopropane4perfluoropropan2yl6trifluoromethylphenylmethoxyphenylNcyclopropylmethyl6fluoronicotinamide NbromopropaneperfluoropropanyltrifluoromethylphenylmethoxyphenylNcyclopropylmethylfluoronicotinamide N 3 2 bromopropane perfluoropropan yl 6 trifluoromethyl methoxyphenyl cyclopropylmethyl fluoronicotinamide (12q 9767 97 67 97.67 L1. L1 L 1. L-1 01 0 0. L1, 1, 9 trifluoromethylphenylmethoxyphenylNcyclopropylmethyl 976 97.6 L- 97.

Abstract: The current issue of cultural identity is an inevitable manifestation of the contradictions and dilemmas of China’s economic and social development in the cultural field. Its root lies in modern China’s backward social development and the invasion of foreign culture, which is manifested by indifference to excellent traditional culture. English is a widely used international language, which is used worldwide. In recent years, with the popularity of English, college English teaching has also received more and more attention. Philosophy is highly theoretical, speculative and difficult to understand, which requires English teachers to be good at utilizing various beneficial resources to mobilize students’ subjectivity and creativity. English is one of the beneficial resources, and proper use of English in cultural identity can have unexpected teaching effects. Therefore, how to use college English education thoughts to enhance national cultural identity is of great significance for promoting the overall development of college English education and promoting national cultural construction. This article discusses how to cultivate national cultural awareness and cultivate national cultural one in the process of English teaching. On this basis, this paper puts forward new ideas to promote the overall development of English teaching in colleges and universities and build national culture. In addition, it emphasized that English knowledge must be integrated with the one learned in order to enable students to better understand different cultures, enhance students’ interest in various countries’ philosophy and culture, and enhance students’ own sense of cultural identity. Abstract Chinas China s field culture language worldwide years attention theoretical creativity effects Therefore construction basis addition cultures countries

Resumen: La cuestión hoy en día de la identidad cultural es una manifestación inevitable del progreso económico y social de China en el ámbito de la cultura. Sus raíces se encuentran en el lento desarrollo social de la China moderna y en la invasión de la cultura extranjera, que se manifiesta en la apatía hacia la gran cultura tradicional. El inglés es una lengua internacional de uso común que se habla en todo el mundo. Con la creciente popularidad del inglés, la enseñanza universitaria de este idioma ha acaparado una mayor atención en los últimos años. La filosofía es muy teórica, hipotética y difícil de entender, por lo que los profesores de inglés deben ser hábiles a la hora de movilizar la subjetividad y la creatividad de los alumnos mediante el uso de numerosos y beneficiosos recursos. El inglés es un recurso valioso, y su uso correcto en la identificación cultural puede tener implicaciones educativas imprevistas. En consecuencia, la forma de emplear las ideas de la enseñanza universitaria del inglés para fortalecer la identidad cultural nacional es fundamental para avanzar en el crecimiento general de la enseñanza universitaria del inglés y la construcción de la cultura nacional. Resumen extranjera tradicional mundo años teórica entender recursos valioso imprevistas consecuencia

ABSTRACT Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which is categorized via destruction of joint cartilage and it also affects the various joints, especially knees and hips. Sinomenine active phytoconstituents isolated from the stem of Sinomenium acutum and already proof anti-inflammatory effect against the arthritis model of rodent. In this experimental protocol, we scrutinized the anti-osteoarthritis effect of sinomenine against monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) induced OA in rats. Methods: MIA (3 mg/50 μL) was used for inducing the OA in the rats, and rats received the oral administration of sinomenine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight) up to the end of the experimental study (four weeks). The body and organs weight were estimated. Aggrecan, C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II), glycosaminoglycans (GCGs), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) were analyzed. Results: Sinomenine significantly (P < 0.001) boosted the body weight and reduced the heart weight, but the weight of spleen and kidney remain unchanged. Sinomenine significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the level of nitric oxide, MCP-1 and improved the level of aggrecan, IFN-γ and GCGs. Sinomenine remarkably upregulated the level of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and suppressed the level of malonaldehyde. It effectually modulated the level of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators and significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the level of MMPs, like MMP-1, 2, 3, 9 and 13. Conclusions: Sinomenine is a beneficial active agent for the treatment of OA disease. Purpose (OA joints hips antiinflammatory anti rodent protocol antiosteoarthritis osteoarthritis (MIA Methods 3 ( mg50 mg 50 mg/5 μL 2.5, 25 2 (2.5 75 7 7. mgkg kg four weeks. weeks . weeks) estimated Aggrecan Cterminal C terminal crosslinked cross linked CTXII, CTXII CTX , (CTX-II) GCGs, GCGs (GCGs) protein1 protein 1 protein- MCP1, MCP1 MCP (MCP-1) IFNγ, IFNγ IFN γ (IFN-γ) antioxidant MMP (MMP analyzed Results P 0.001 0001 0 001 unchanged oxide MCP- aggrecan glutathione malonaldehyde MMPs MMP1, MMP1 1, MMP-1 13 Conclusions mg5 mg/ 2.5 (2. (CTX-II (GCGs (MCP-1 (IFN-γ 0.00 000 00 MMP- 2. (2 (MCP- 0.0 (MCP 0.

SUMMARY Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS). Pediatric patients with PPNAD typically have unusual skin lesions and slow growth with unknown causes. We present a case of a female Chinese patient with PPNAD caused by the germline PRKACA gene copy number gain of chromosome 19. The patient initially presented with kidney stones, short stature, and obesity. After further testing, it was discovered that the patient had diabetes, mild hypertension, low bone mass, a low ACTH level, and hypercortisolemia, and neither the low-dose or high-dose dexamethasone suppression test was able to inhibit hematuric cortisol, which paradoxically increased. PPNAD was pathologically diagnosed after unilateral adrenalectomy. Chromosome microarrays and whole exon sequencing analyses of the peripheral blood, as well as testing of sectioned adrenal tissue, showed a rise in the copy number of the duplication-containing PRKACA gene on chromosome 19p13.13p13.12, a de novo but not heritable gene defect that causes disease. The clinical signs and symptoms supported the diagnosis of Carney complex (CNC). One significant mechanism of CNC pathogenesis may be the rise in germline PRKACA copy number of chromosome 19. When assessing PPNAD patients for CNC, the possibility of PRKACA gene amplification should be considered. The effect of PRKACA gene amplification on the clinical manifestations of CNC needs to be confirmed by more cases. (PPNAD ACTHindependent independent Cushings Cushing s CS. CS . (CS) 19 stones stature obesity diabetes hypertension mass level hypercortisolemia lowdose dose highdose high cortisol increased adrenalectomy blood tissue duplicationcontaining duplication containing 19p1313p1312 pp 19p13 13p13 12 p 19p13.13p13.12 CNC. (CNC) considered cases (CS 1 19p1313p131 19p1 13p1 19p13.13p13.1 (CNC 19p1313p13 19p 13p 19p13.13p13. 19p1313p1 19p13.13p13 19p1313p 19p13.13p1 19p13.13p

It is important to identify the types of tobacco diseases accurately and take effective control measures in time to improve the efficiency of tobacco planting. In this paper, a hand-held near-infrared spectrometer was used to collect the spectral data of different types of tobacco disease samples. The training models were established via convolutional neural network algorithm. Meanwhile, the traditional classification algorithms support vector machine and back propagation neural network were also compared. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of convolutional neural network algorithm was the highest and the overall performance of the model was the best. The rapid detection method based on a hand-held near-infrared spectrometer and convolutional neural network algorithm could identify tobacco leaf disease species efficiently, non-destructively, quickly and accurately, which provided a new technical reference for tobacco leaf disease species detection and identification. planting paper handheld hand held nearinfrared near infrared samples Meanwhile compared best efficiently nondestructively, nondestructively non destructively, destructively non-destructively identification

Nicotine and glycerol are the two important indexes of reconstituted tobacco and they determine the quality of the reconstituted tobacco. A hand-held near infrared spectrometer was used to collect the spectral data of reconstituted tobacco leaves, and three algorithms of principal component regression, partial least squares and support vector machine were used to build the prediction model of the nicotine and glycerol content in reconstituted tobacco leaves. The experimental results showed that the support vector machine algorithm could achieve the best prediction results compared with principal component regression and partial least squares algorithms. The proposed method can rapidly determine the nicotine and glycerol content of the reconstituted tobacco leaves and it provides a new technical reference for improving the quality of new tobacco. handheld hand held